Article(id=1227591335968965038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694534400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-13, revisedDate=1700409600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610182038, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610182038, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610182038, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610182038, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1385, endPage=1395, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591338078699991, articleId=1227591335968965038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Study on the mechanism and characteristics of vibration isolation and reduction via rubber surface waves, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the challenging issue of low-frequency continuous spectrum reduction and isolation of ship equipment vibration,a vibration reduction method based on surface wave energy attenuation is proposed. Taking the rubber-fiberglass composite vibration system as an example,the damping characteristics of rubber surface waves are calculated using the finite element method. The influence of parameters such as thickness,damping coefficient,and Young’s modulus on surface wave attenuation is preliminarily explored. Experimental tests on rubber surface wave attenuation are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the surface wave attenuation method. The results demonstrate that the surface wave effect has a good vibration reduction performance,especially at high frequencies. The surface wave attenuation effect strengthens with increasing medium thickness,but not in a completely positive correlation. Reduction of the medium’s elastic modulus enhances the attenuation effect noticeably. Increasing damping is beneficial for surface wave attenuation. Compared to full-coverage rubber layers,local coverage of rubber layers on top of the isolating foundation provides better vibration reduction benefits.

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针对船舶设备振动低频连续谱减隔振难题,提出了一种基于表面波能量衰减的基座结构减振方法。以橡胶-玻璃钢耦合振动系统为例,基于有限元法分析了橡胶表面波效应的减振特性,探究了橡胶厚度、杨氏模量、阻尼系数等参数对表面波减振特性的影响规律,并开展了橡胶表面波减振特性试验,验证该减振方法的有效性。研究结果表明:表面波效应具有良好的减振效果,且在高频效果更为显著;表面波减振效果随介质厚度的增加而增强,但并非完全正相关;随着介质杨氏模量的减小,减振效果显著增强;增大阻尼有利于表面波减振效果的提升;与全覆盖橡胶层相比,在隔振基础上局部覆盖橡胶层具有更优的减振效果。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
庞福振(1980—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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秦宇璇(1997—),女,博士研究生。E-mail:

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秦宇璇(1997—),女,博士研究生。E-mail:

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秦宇璇(1997—),女,博士研究生。E-mail:

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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335968965038, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度ρ/(kg∙m-3)杨氏模量E/GPa泊松比ν阻尼比η
玻璃钢24002000.350.03
橡胶13800.0080.490.43
), ArticleFig(id=1227654468012015681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335968965038, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度ρ/(kg∙m-3)杨氏模量E/GPa泊松比ν阻尼比η
玻璃钢24002000.350.03
橡胶13800.0080.490.43
), ArticleFig(id=1227654468142039113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335968965038, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Calculation conditions for the influence of thickness parameter on vibration reduction characteristic

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号厚度h/mm杨氏模量E/MPa阻尼比η
1108.240.43
2308.240.43
3508.240.43
4808.240.43
), ArticleFig(id=1227654468238508108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335968965038, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

厚度参数对减振特性影响的计算条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号厚度h/mm杨氏模量E/MPa阻尼比η
1108.240.43
2308.240.43
3508.240.43
4808.240.43
), ArticleFig(id=1227654468368531542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335968965038, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Calculation conditions for the influence of Young’s modulus on vibration reduction characteristic

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号厚度h/mm杨氏模量E/MPa阻尼比η
3508.240.43
5500.8240.43
65082.40.43
), ArticleFig(id=1227654468473389142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335968965038, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

杨氏模量对减振特性影响的计算条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号厚度h/mm杨氏模量E/MPa阻尼比η
3508.240.43
5500.8240.43
65082.40.43
), ArticleFig(id=1227654468578246748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335968965038, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Calculation conditions for the influence of damping parameter on vibration reduction characteristic

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号厚度h/mm杨氏模量E/MPa阻尼比η
3508.240.43
7508.240.001
8508.240.10
9508.240.30
), ArticleFig(id=1227654468670521438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335968965038, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

阻尼参数对减振特性影响的计算条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号厚度h/mm杨氏模量E/MPa阻尼比η
3508.240.43
7508.240.001
8508.240.10
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橡胶表面波减隔振机理及特性研究
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秦宇璇 , 李海超 , 汤旸 , 江沛 , 庞福振
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1385-1395
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1385-1395
橡胶表面波减隔振机理及特性研究
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秦宇璇 , 李海超, 汤旸, 江沛, 庞福振
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工程大学船舶工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
  • 秦宇璇(1997—),女,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

庞福振(1980—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Study on the mechanism and characteristics of vibration isolation and reduction via rubber surface waves
Yuxuan QIN , Haichao LI, Yang TANG, Pei JIANG, Fuzhen PANG
Affiliations
  • College of Shipbuilding Engineering,Harbin Engineering University,Harbin 150001,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309039
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针对船舶设备振动低频连续谱减隔振难题,提出了一种基于表面波能量衰减的基座结构减振方法。以橡胶-玻璃钢耦合振动系统为例,基于有限元法分析了橡胶表面波效应的减振特性,探究了橡胶厚度、杨氏模量、阻尼系数等参数对表面波减振特性的影响规律,并开展了橡胶表面波减振特性试验,验证该减振方法的有效性。研究结果表明:表面波效应具有良好的减振效果,且在高频效果更为显著;表面波减振效果随介质厚度的增加而增强,但并非完全正相关;随着介质杨氏模量的减小,减振效果显著增强;增大阻尼有利于表面波减振效果的提升;与全覆盖橡胶层相比,在隔振基础上局部覆盖橡胶层具有更优的减振效果。

减隔振  /  表面波  /  橡胶  /  振级落差  /  波形转换

In response to the challenging issue of low-frequency continuous spectrum reduction and isolation of ship equipment vibration,a vibration reduction method based on surface wave energy attenuation is proposed. Taking the rubber-fiberglass composite vibration system as an example,the damping characteristics of rubber surface waves are calculated using the finite element method. The influence of parameters such as thickness,damping coefficient,and Young’s modulus on surface wave attenuation is preliminarily explored. Experimental tests on rubber surface wave attenuation are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the surface wave attenuation method. The results demonstrate that the surface wave effect has a good vibration reduction performance,especially at high frequencies. The surface wave attenuation effect strengthens with increasing medium thickness,but not in a completely positive correlation. Reduction of the medium’s elastic modulus enhances the attenuation effect noticeably. Increasing damping is beneficial for surface wave attenuation. Compared to full-coverage rubber layers,local coverage of rubber layers on top of the isolating foundation provides better vibration reduction benefits.

vibration isolation and reduction  /  surface wave  /  rubber  /  vibration level difference  /  waveform conversion
秦宇璇, 李海超, 汤旸, 江沛, 庞福振. 橡胶表面波减隔振机理及特性研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1385 -1395 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309039
Yuxuan QIN, Haichao LI, Yang TANG, Pei JIANG, Fuzhen PANG. Study on the mechanism and characteristics of vibration isolation and reduction via rubber surface waves[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1385 -1395 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309039
船舶机械设备运行时产生的振动和噪声是船舶航行时的主要噪声源[1],设备基座作为连接设备与船体结构的主要结构,也是抑制设备振动传递的重要途径。振动能量通常以弹性波形式在结构中传播[2],能量传递方式依赖于弹性波波形,对于各向同性介质而言,横波衰减程度大于纵波。此外,弹性波在结构表面会形成沿自由表面传播的表面波(瑞利波),当结构受点源激励时,振动能量主要聚集在表面波中。因此,基于弹性波波形转换和表面波传递特性,将纵波转换为横波[3],并减少向结构内部传递的波形,对于结构减振设计和船舶振动噪声控制具有重要意义。
在传统基座减振设计中,通常利用不同材料或结构之间的阻抗失配实现波形转换[4]和弹性波调控[5-6],从而减少能量的传递,如通过增加阻尼或改变结构形式提高基座振动传递损失[7-9]。在此方面,陈琦等[10]利用波分析法探究了不同边界条件对刚性连接的两平板振动能量衰减特性的影响,表明在结构上进行合理的阻尼层布置能够有效抑制振动能量传递。文献[11-13]通过在船舶典型结构中加入阻振质量和黏弹性夹层的方式在振动波传递路径上构造多次阻抗失配,有效阻断了船体振动噪声主分量的传递。马建刚等[14]提出了一种具有多带隙特性的抑振结构,有效向低频拓宽了振动控制频带。近年来,超材料和超表面概念的提出为振动弹性波传递控制提供了新的思路。ZHU等[15]设计了一种基于嵌入板中的环式锥形单元的超表面,可实现表面波异常折射、聚焦等功能。在后续研究中,ZHU等[16]用连杆连接各单元,通过调节亚波长局域共振超表面的相位梯度,使全角度入射波均实现全反射,从而达到振动隔离的目的[17]。XU等[18]根据广义斯涅尔定律提出了一种非共振元脊以实现声表面波传播轨迹的控制。LEE等[19]设计了基于垂直和水平谐振器的超表面单元,通过调节有效刚度和质量实现纵波传播过程中的2π相位跨度和全传输。
目前关于表面波的研究中,大多通过结构超表面设计实现对表面波的轨迹控制,鲜有涉及表面波减振机理及规律特性。为此,本文提出一种基于表面波衰减特性的减振方法,以橡胶层-玻璃钢层耦合振动系统为例,从橡胶层厚度、材料参数和实际应用等方面利用有限元法分析耦合系统的减隔振特性,探究橡胶表面波减振机理和规律,并开展表面波减振特性试验,验证该减振方法的有效性,旨在为船舶设备减振提供方法支撑。
平面波在均质各向同性介质中传播时,其波形、速度和传播方向均不会发生改变,当介质密度和弹性常数改变时将发生反射和透射。在弹性分界面上形成的反射波和透射波将向弹性介质内传播,称为体波。本节讨论在弹性体自由表面上由波的反射引起的波形转换,如图1所示,图中坐标系为右手系,x2方向为垂直纸面向外方向。以纵波(P波)和横波(SV波)同时入射为例,x1ox2平面为介质自由表面,x1ox3平面为波的入射面。图1中,P(φ)P(φ')分别表示入射纵波和反射纵波;SV(ψ)SV(ψ')分别表示入射横波和反射横波;θPθS分别为P波和SV波的入射角,θP'θS'为对应的反射角;ρλμ为材料的密度和拉梅常数。
入射P波、SV波和反射P波、SV波的波函数分别为:
φ=Ae[i(kP1x1-kP3x3-ωt)]
ψ=Be[i(kS1x1-kS3x3-ωt)]
φ'=A'e[i(kP1x1+kP3x3-ωt)]
ψ'=B'e[i(kS1x1+kS3x3-ωt)]
式中,ω为波频率;k为波数;AA'BB'分别为P波和SV波的入射波、反射波振幅。
由自由表面应力边界条件:
σ33|x3=0 , σ31|x3=0
可最终解得由P波入射产生的P-P反射和P-S反射的反射系数[20]RPPRPS,以及由SV波入射产生的S-P反射和S-S反射的反射系数RSPRSS,分别如下式所示:
RPP=cS2sin(2θP)sin(2θS)-cP2cos2(2θS)cS2sin(2θP)sin(2θS)+cP2cos2(2θS)
RPS=-2cScPsin(2θP)cos(2θS)cS2sin(2θP)sin(2θS)+cP2cos2(2θS)
RSP=2cPcScos(2θP)sin(2θS)cS2sin(2θP)sin(2θS)+cP2cos2(2θS)
RSS=cS2sin(2θP)sin(2θS)-cP2cos2(2θS)cS2sin(2θP)sin(2θS)+cP2cos2(2θS)
式中,cPcS分别为P波和SV波的波速。可求得方程(6)~(9)各波形的反射系数。
由斯涅尔定律[21-22](Snell law):
sinθPcP=sinθScS
以P波和SV波入射橡胶层自由表面为例,其位移反射系数如图2所示。可以看出,当P波和SV波入射角度在[π/8,3π/4]范围内时,SV波的反射系数较高,表明在该区间内有较多的入射P波经自由表面反射后转换为SV波,且反射波的振幅均小于入射波,这意味着在橡胶自由表面的反射波中SV波能量占比较高,能量衰减程度更大,有利于减少振动能量传递。
相对于体波而言,在弹性介质自由表面还存在另一种波动,其振幅仅在界面附近存在一定量值,随着离开表面距离的增加而迅速减小,其波动能量主要集中在表面,称为表面波。弹性体自由表面附近的表面波波动能量主要集中于瑞利波中,瑞利波由具有相同传播速度的P型表面波和SV型表面波叠加而成。均质、各向同性、不可压缩介质中的P波和SV波弹性波方程为:
{ρ2Φt2=(λ+2μ)2Φρ2Ψt2=μ2Φ
式中,Φ为描述纵波在弹性体中传播的标量势;Ψ为描述横波在弹性体中传播的矢量势。
取自由表面在x=0处,设方程的解为:
{Φ=ϕae-αxei(ωt-kRz)Ψ=ψae-βxei(ωt-kRz)
式中,ϕaψa分别为纵波和横波的振幅;kR=ω/cR,其中cR为表面波速度;αβ为待定系数,具有如下关系:
{α=kR2-kP2β=kR2-kS2
式中,kP=ω/cPkS=ω/cSkPkS分别表示弹性介质中的纵波数和横波数。
g=(cRcS)2,q=(cRcP)2,则:
{α=ωcR1-qgβ=ωcR1-g
由于弹性体在空气中存在自由表面,可近似为弹性体表面与真空接触,即在x=0处的表面应力为零,则满足边界条件的状态方程可用势函数表示为:
{[2Φt2-2cS2(2ψxz+ 2Φz2)]x=0=0[2ψx2-2ψz2+22Φxz]x=0=0
联立方程(12)~(14),可得:
{ω2[1-2(cScR)2]ϕa+2iβωcS2cRψa=02ωαcRϕa-i(β2+ω2cR2)ψa=0
若方程(16)存在非零解,则式(16)的系数行列式应为零:
[1-2(cScR)2](β2+ω2cR2)+4αβ(cScR)2=0
式(17)即为瑞利方程[23],当介质材料参数给定时,即可确定介质中的纵波和横波波速,从而求出瑞利表面波的波速。将方程(17)改写为:
g3-8g2+8(3-2q)g+16(q-1)=0
由式(18)可求出表面波的传播速度cR,由于q=(cScP)2=μλ+μ=1-2ν2(1-ν)仅与泊松比ν有关,因此,由方程(18)可求得唯一表面波速度为:
cR=gcS
表面波质点运动轨迹方程为:
u12(x1,x3,t)ξ2(x3)+u32(x1,x3,t)ζ2(x3)=1
式中,u1u3分别为表面波质点在x3x1方向的位移,ξζ分别为对应方向的振幅。
由式(20)可知,表面波质点运动轨迹为椭圆(如图3所示),因此,质点偏振椭圆幅度随深度的增加逐渐减小,即振动能量逐渐减小。
此外,由方程(14)可求出势函数中的待定系数即衰减常数αβ
{α=ωcR1-qg=2πλR1-qgβ=ωcR1-g=2πλR1-g
式中,λR为表面波波长。
表面波与体波不同,其振幅是离表面衰减的,衰减常数αβ的值决定了表面波离表面衰减的程度,由式(21)可以看出,表面波的衰减程度与波长成反比,波长越短,表面波衰减越快。因此,利用表面波衰减特性进行减隔振设计,可大幅减少设备振动能量向基座及船体结构传递,提高船舶振动噪声水平。
本文以橡胶层-玻璃钢层耦合振动系统为例开展橡胶表面波减振特性研究[24]。建立具有自由表面的橡胶-玻璃钢耦合振动系统计算模型如图4所示,橡胶层与玻璃钢层结构尺寸a×b = 1 m×1 m,厚度h=0.05 m。模型底部简支边界条件,在橡胶层表面中心位置加载垂直向下的集中力载荷F=1 N,根据结构的对称性,仅选取一侧的考核点,利用有限元方法计算考核点振动频域响应。
计算模型材料参数如表1所示,其中橡胶材料属性为测试所得的10~1000 Hz频段均值。需要说明的是,本文使用橡胶层仅作为表面波减振特性计算示例,忽视其黏弹性及非线性特性,将橡胶层近似视为弹性材料。
首先开展橡胶表面波减振效应有效性验证,通过在橡胶层表面覆盖密度低且刚度大的理想结构限制橡胶层表面波的产生,用以对比具有自由表面的橡胶层,建立如图5所示的计算模型,并开展模态分析证明模型的有效性。
模态分析结果如图6所示。由图6可知,在橡胶层表面覆盖理想结构覆盖层对其模态影响较小,可在低频范围内对橡胶层无自由表面的状态实现较好的模拟。
在上述模型的基础上,开展具有/无自由表面的橡胶层振动响应分析,以橡胶隔振层的振级落差LD作为隔振效果的评价指标,定义如下:被隔振物体振动响应的有效值与对应基础响应的有效值之比的常用对数的20倍,如下式所示:
LD=20lgx¨1/x¨0x¨2/x¨0=20lgx¨1x¨0-20lgx¨2x¨0=Lx¨1-Lx¨2
式中,x¨1Lx¨1x¨2Lx¨2分别为被隔振物体和基础的振动加速度响应、振动加速度级;x¨0=10-6 m/s2为振动加速度参考值。
具有/无自由表面的橡胶层振动响应云图如图7所示。可以看出,相较于无自由表面的橡胶层响应情况,具有自由表面的橡胶层表现出明显的表面波现象,波动呈离面衰减趋势且衰减较快。图8为激励点及非激励点处的振级落差曲线。在激励点处,当橡胶层存在自由表面时,振级落差将提升10 dB以上,在非激励点处,具有自由表面的橡胶层在50 Hz以上频段隔振表现良好;整体而言,具有自由表面的橡胶层具有相对更佳的隔振效果,证实了表面波减振效应的有效性。
基于有限元法计算橡胶-玻璃钢耦合振动系统在不同橡胶层厚度条件下的减振特性,计算模型特性参数如表2所示。本文中的分析频段为1~1000 Hz,计算结果如图9所示。
根据图9可知,当橡胶层厚度变化时,模型激励位置处的振动加速度响应曲线趋势及量级基本一致,橡胶层激励点处的响应幅值随厚度的增大而减小,且高频减小更为显著,但两者并非线性关系。橡胶层在45 Hz附近的响应峰值由玻璃钢层的固有模态引起,峰值位置随厚度的增加往低频偏移。覆盖橡胶层后,玻璃钢层的响应有所降低,结合图10的模态分析结果可知,玻璃钢层的振动响应峰值频点与模态频率对应,且受橡胶阻尼作用影响往低频偏移。橡胶层厚度变化对振级落差影响较大,随着橡胶层厚度的增加,振级落差逐渐增大,表明隔振效果随厚度的增加而增强,但当厚度h>0.05 m时,进一步增加橡胶厚度对减振效果的提升不明显;在200 Hz以内,橡胶层隔振峰值所在频率随厚度的增加向低频偏移,表明该频段内的振动衰减主要通过橡胶阻尼作用实现;在200~1000 Hz频段,不同厚度橡胶层的振级落差差距较大且高频处的峰值削弱明显,证明除阻尼作用外,橡胶表面波效应在高频发挥了更好的减振作用;橡胶层的平均振级落差与原点振级落差规律基本一致。
基于有限元方法计算耦合系统在不同杨氏模量下的振动特性,需要说明的是,本文的目的是探究各材料属性对表面波减振特性的影响规律,并非实际材料,计算模型特性参数如表3所示。分析频段为1~1000 Hz,计算结果如图11所示。
根据图11可知,具有不同杨氏模量的橡胶层在激励位置处的振动响应趋势基本一致,杨氏模量较小时,橡胶响应较大。E=0.824 MPa时,在680 Hz处有明显响应峰谷,推测为该频点处橡胶层与玻璃钢层产生模态交叉现象所导致;覆盖橡胶层后,玻璃钢层的振动响应幅值被显著削减且高频峰值削减程度较大,频域响应峰值频点位置往低频偏移。由橡胶层振级落差曲线的变化趋势可知,减小杨氏模量有利于增强橡胶层的减隔振性能。
图12所示为耦合系统在370和860 Hz频点处的振动响应情况。可以看出,橡胶层的振动响应由激励位置逐渐向周向及深度方向呈波动衰减趋势,响应主要集中于橡胶层表面,向下传递较少,且高频响应衰减更快,验证了表面波效应的减振特性。
基于有限元方法计算阻尼参数对橡胶-玻璃钢耦合系统振动特性的影响规律,计算模型特性参数如表4所示,有限元计算结果如图13所示。
根据图13可知,随着结构阻尼的增大,橡胶层激励位置处的振动加速度响应减小,整体趋势基本一致;当阻尼过小时,频响曲线在高频呈锯齿形波动,该现象主要由橡胶高频振动模态引起;当覆盖橡胶层后,玻璃钢层的振动响应显著降低,但橡胶的阻尼变化对其影响较小。不同阻尼参数下橡胶层的振级落差曲线整体趋势基本一致,200 Hz以内量级差异较小,在200~1000 Hz频段橡胶层的减振作用随阻尼参数的增加而增强,在隔振峰值处的作用更为显著,当η>0.3时,进一步增加结构阻尼对减振效果的改善作用不明显。
实际工程中设备与基座通常通过设备机脚连接,因此,在探究上述材料特征参数对表面波减振特性影响规律的基础上,仅在设备机脚所在位置局部敷设橡胶层,进一步开展橡胶层布局情况对减振特性的影响,敷设方案如图14所示。
基于前述模型及计算方法,建立局部橡胶层-玻璃钢层耦合分析有限元模型,计算表面波减振特性,以对比全局敷设橡胶层情况,计算结果如图15所示。
根据图15可知,相较于在玻璃钢层表面全局敷设橡胶层,仅在设备机脚位置局部敷设橡胶层的原点振动响应有所降低,原点振级落差在200 Hz以内,差异较小,在200~1000 Hz频段局部敷设橡胶层表现出更优异的隔振性能,全局敷设橡胶层在120和500 Hz附近具有隔振峰值。在实际应用中,综合考虑结构总体重量因素,局部敷设橡胶层可在大幅减轻总重的同时保持良好的减振效果,相较于全局敷设橡胶层更具有优势。
图16所示,以覆盖橡胶层的平板结构为试验对象验证表面波减振效果及本文方法的有效性,试验模型吊装固定,振动加速度测点均匀布置于模型钢面,分别在钢面及橡胶面对应位置处施加激励力。试验原理如图17所示,采用力锤激励的方式,通过加速度传感器采集不同测点的振动响应信号存储至计算机进行分析处理。以原点振动加速度传递函数作为振动特性考核指标,原点振动加速度传递函数定义如下:
Hxxv(ω)=u¨x(ω)Fx(ω)
式中,Fx(ω)为激励;u¨x(ω)为激励点处的振动加速度。
试验测得的原点振动加速度传递函数曲线如图18所示。由试验结果可以看出,相比于未敷设橡胶的结构,敷设橡胶后激励位置及拾振位置处的频响曲线趋势基本一致,在200 Hz以上频段的振动加速度级有显著降低。结合如图19所示的振级落差曲线可见,激励位置及拾振位置处的振级落差在200 Hz以下的低频段内均较小,随频率的升高而逐渐增大,在少数频点处的振级落差出现负值,推测是由于橡胶与钢板之间的共振效应及橡胶的非线性效应所致。由此可见,橡胶层对于10~1000 Hz频段均具有隔振作用,但由于表面波效应的存在,其在高频段内具有更好的隔振效果。
此外,为进一步验证本文仿真计算方法的有效性,建立了与试验相对应的有限元仿真计算模型,并将激励位置处的仿真计算结果与试验测试结果进行对比,如图20所示。仿真计算与试验测试所得的频响曲线整体趋势基本一致,试验结果略大于仿真结果。经分析,误差主要由试验与仿真模型边界条件难以完全一致,且试验测试信噪比不足、仿真模型参数输入不足等问题导致,因此可近似认为本文的有限元仿真计算结果较为准确。
本文基于有限元法开展橡胶-玻璃钢耦合振动系统表面波减振特性研究,通过理论和数值分析以及试验手段,从橡胶特性参数及布局方式等角度分析了表面波减振效应规律,揭示了表面波减隔振机理。结论如下:
(1)表面波效应具有良好的减振效果,且在高频效果更为显著;相较于在减振基础上全局敷设橡胶层的减振方案,局部敷设橡胶层具有更轻的质量和更佳的减振效果。
(2)表面波减振作用随介质厚度的增加而增强,但并非完全正相关,本文算例中,当橡胶厚度达到0.05 m后,进一步增加厚度,减振效果增强不明显;随着介质弹性模量的减小,表面波减振效果显著增强;增大阻尼有利于增强表面波减振作用。
(3)本文以橡胶为例探究了表面波减振机理,结果表明介质厚度和杨氏模量是影响表面波减振作用的关键参数,可在此基础上探寻存在表面波效应的其他介质,并进一步针对如何实现和利用表面波减振开展研究,形成表面波减振方法和结构设计流程。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2006229)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52101351)
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2025年第38卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309039
  • 接收时间:2023-09-13
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-13
  • 修回日期:2023-11-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2006229)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52101351)
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    哈尔滨工程大学船舶工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001

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庞福振(1980—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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