Article(id=1227591335520174501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687017600000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-18, revisedDate=1702915200000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610181932, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610181932, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610181932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610181932, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1405, endPage=1413, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591336019296687, articleId=1227591335520174501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Frequency-domain prediction method for wake-induced vibrations of a downstream flexible riser, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The riser bundle system is an important equipment to explore oil and gas in ocean engineering. Under ocean flows,upstream and downstream risers in tandem will experience vortex-induced vibrations and wake-induced vibrations,respectively,which seriously threatens the structural fatigue life. To predict the vibration responses of a downstream flexible riser,this paper develops a semi-empirical frequency-domain prediction method for wake-induced vibrations based on the classical vortex-induced vibration prediction method of a single flexible riser. Considering the wake shielding effect on the downstream riser due to the existence of the upstream riser,the reductive wake velocity becomes the flow velocity to excite the vibrations of the downstream riser. Then,the upstream-to-downstream diameter ratio is utilized to determine whether the frequency capture occurs. The added mass coefficient of the downstream riser will be adjusted when the frequency capture occurs,otherwise it is 1 constantly. Subsequently,the prediction is based on the resonance condition. The excitation coefficients from a series of forced oscillation tests of a rigid cylinder are approximate to be the wake-induced force coefficients. According to the balance between the modal structural damping force and the modal hydrodynamic force amplitudes,the modal amplitude can be non-iteratively solved. Afterwards,the wake-induced vibration displacements can be calculated based on the mode superposition method. By comparing prediction results with the experimental results,the proposed method can basically correctly predict the dominant frequency,displacement,strain and fatigue damage of the wake-induced vibration for the downstream flexible riser. Therefore,the present method is conducive to the multiple-riser system design in practical engineering.

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立管集束系统是海洋工程中重要的油气开采装备,在洋流作用下串列布置的上、下游立管分别发生涡激振动和尾流致振响应,严重威胁结构疲劳寿命。为了预报下游柔性立管的振动响应,在传统单立管涡激振动预报方法的基础上发展了尾流致振半经验频域预报方法。考虑上游立管对下游立管的尾流遮蔽效应,以折减的尾流流速作为下游立管的激振流速;并将上、下游立管直径比作为频率捕获的发生判据,下游立管附加质量系数在频率捕获发生时进行调整,否则恒为1;进而以共振条件作为预报基准,采用刚性圆柱强迫振荡试验获得的激励系数近似尾流激振载荷系数,利用模态结构阻尼力与模态水动力幅值平衡无迭代求解激发模态幅值,进而基于模态叠加法计算尾流致振位移。通过对比预报结果与试验结果可知,所提方法基本能够准确预报下游柔性立管尾流致振的主导频率、位移、应变幅值和疲劳损伤。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
付世晓(1976—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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赵冰(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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赵冰(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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赵冰(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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articleId=1227591335520174501, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=涡激振动)], refs=[Reference(id=1227654465247970290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335520174501, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=89, issue=null, pageStart=25, pageEnd=38, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=SUMNER D, REITENBACH H K, journalName=Journal of Fluids and Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUMNER DREITENBACH H K. 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articleId=1227591335520174501, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Relationship between the hydrodynamic excitation coefficients Cv,the vibration amplitude ratio A* and the dimensionless vibration frequency f*, figureFileSmall=DnOk6WAdiOsgJw8Eu7puLQ==, figureFileBig=Q+mM/wrsBtK/ssFxchBPMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654460487434984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335520174501, language=CN, label=图3, caption=水动力激励系数Cv和振幅比A*与无因次振动频率f*的关系, figureFileSmall=DnOk6WAdiOsgJw8Eu7puLQ==, figureFileBig=Q+mM/wrsBtK/ssFxchBPMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654460588098290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335520174501, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Modal amplitude solved by graphic solution method[27], figureFileSmall=T0gUQnHMwMyo00eIbt4iyg==, figureFileBig=WEY9zHV6oxnXI67fiLrwDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654460734898942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figureFileSmall=D7R6WSEJL7XFwsm80kfUZQ==, figureFileBig=gxNgMAPdKISJ493fr57BLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654463079514964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335520174501, language=CN, label=图9, caption=下游大直径圆柱LC的最大疲劳损伤预报结果

注:Df,pre为预报结果,Df,exp为试验结果,单位:1/年。

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注:Df,pre为预报结果,Df,exp为试验结果,单位:1/年。

, figureFileSmall=v/G2PVcrPA1KtgGMPfJ9og==, figureFileBig=FJC9SYI50Ew7vkBbhUd/qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654464002261933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335520174501, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Physical parameters of flexible cylinder models[28]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数LCSC
长度L/m8.08.0
直径D/mm28.3218.05
长细比L/D282.49443.21
单位长度干重m/(kg⋅m-1)1.6840.511
质量比m*2.732.01
弯曲刚度EI/(N⋅m2)115.514.4
拉伸刚度EA/N4.30×1061.65×106
结构阻尼比ζ0.0030.003
预张力T0/N14470
), ArticleFig(id=1227654464102925235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335520174501, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

柔性圆柱模型物理参数[28]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数LCSC
长度L/m8.08.0
直径D/mm28.3218.05
长细比L/D282.49443.21
单位长度干重m/(kg⋅m-1)1.6840.511
质量比m*2.732.01
弯曲刚度EI/(N⋅m2)115.514.4
拉伸刚度EA/N4.30×1061.65×106
结构阻尼比ζ0.0030.003
预张力T0/N14470
), ArticleFig(id=1227654464211977147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335520174501, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Dominant frequencies of the downstream large- diameter cylinder LC (S*=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由流速U/(m⋅s-1)平均尾流流速U¯w/(m⋅s-1)主导模态Nd试验值fexp/Hz预报值fpre/Hz相对误差|fpre-fexp|/fexp
0.100.0810.550.535%
0.200.1621.141.2610%
0.300.2521.371.296%
0.350.2932.212.357%
0.400.3332.132.3812%
), ArticleFig(id=1227654464409109440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335520174501, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

下游大直径圆柱LC的主导频率 (S*=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由流速U/(m⋅s-1)平均尾流流速U¯w/(m⋅s-1)主导模态Nd试验值fexp/Hz预报值fpre/Hz相对误差|fpre-fexp|/fexp
0.100.0810.550.535%
0.200.1621.141.2610%
0.300.2521.371.296%
0.350.2932.212.357%
0.400.3332.132.3812%
), ArticleFig(id=1227654464509772741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335520174501, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Dominant frequencies and added mass coefficients of the downstream small-diameter cylinder SC(S*=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由流速U/(m⋅s-1)平均尾流流速U¯w/(m⋅s-1)主导模态Nd试验值fexp/Hz预报值fpre/Hz附加质量系数Ca
0.100.0610.550.551.587
0.200.1121.141.141.916
0.300.1831.991.991.617
0.350.1932.052.051.745
0.400.2232.122.121.693
), ArticleFig(id=1227654464627213260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335520174501, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

下游小直径圆柱SC的主导频率及附加质量系数(S*=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由流速U/(m⋅s-1)平均尾流流速U¯w/(m⋅s-1)主导模态Nd试验值fexp/Hz预报值fpre/Hz附加质量系数Ca
0.100.0610.550.551.587
0.200.1121.141.141.916
0.300.1831.991.991.617
0.350.1932.052.051.745
0.400.2232.122.121.693
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下游柔性立管的尾流致振频域预报方法
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赵冰 , 付世晓 , 张萌萌 , 邓鹏乾 , 付雪鹏
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1405-1413
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1405-1413
下游柔性立管的尾流致振频域预报方法
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赵冰 , 付世晓 , 张萌萌, 邓鹏乾, 付雪鹏
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学海洋工程国家重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 赵冰(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

付世晓(1976—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Frequency-domain prediction method for wake-induced vibrations of a downstream flexible riser
Bing ZHAO , Shixiao FU , Mengmeng ZHANG, Pengqian DENG, Xuepeng FU
Affiliations
  • Stake Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306041
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立管集束系统是海洋工程中重要的油气开采装备,在洋流作用下串列布置的上、下游立管分别发生涡激振动和尾流致振响应,严重威胁结构疲劳寿命。为了预报下游柔性立管的振动响应,在传统单立管涡激振动预报方法的基础上发展了尾流致振半经验频域预报方法。考虑上游立管对下游立管的尾流遮蔽效应,以折减的尾流流速作为下游立管的激振流速;并将上、下游立管直径比作为频率捕获的发生判据,下游立管附加质量系数在频率捕获发生时进行调整,否则恒为1;进而以共振条件作为预报基准,采用刚性圆柱强迫振荡试验获得的激励系数近似尾流激振载荷系数,利用模态结构阻尼力与模态水动力幅值平衡无迭代求解激发模态幅值,进而基于模态叠加法计算尾流致振位移。通过对比预报结果与试验结果可知,所提方法基本能够准确预报下游柔性立管尾流致振的主导频率、位移、应变幅值和疲劳损伤。

尾流致振  /  频域预报  /  下游立管  /  涡激振动

The riser bundle system is an important equipment to explore oil and gas in ocean engineering. Under ocean flows,upstream and downstream risers in tandem will experience vortex-induced vibrations and wake-induced vibrations,respectively,which seriously threatens the structural fatigue life. To predict the vibration responses of a downstream flexible riser,this paper develops a semi-empirical frequency-domain prediction method for wake-induced vibrations based on the classical vortex-induced vibration prediction method of a single flexible riser. Considering the wake shielding effect on the downstream riser due to the existence of the upstream riser,the reductive wake velocity becomes the flow velocity to excite the vibrations of the downstream riser. Then,the upstream-to-downstream diameter ratio is utilized to determine whether the frequency capture occurs. The added mass coefficient of the downstream riser will be adjusted when the frequency capture occurs,otherwise it is 1 constantly. Subsequently,the prediction is based on the resonance condition. The excitation coefficients from a series of forced oscillation tests of a rigid cylinder are approximate to be the wake-induced force coefficients. According to the balance between the modal structural damping force and the modal hydrodynamic force amplitudes,the modal amplitude can be non-iteratively solved. Afterwards,the wake-induced vibration displacements can be calculated based on the mode superposition method. By comparing prediction results with the experimental results,the proposed method can basically correctly predict the dominant frequency,displacement,strain and fatigue damage of the wake-induced vibration for the downstream flexible riser. Therefore,the present method is conducive to the multiple-riser system design in practical engineering.

wake-induced vibration  /  frequency-domain prediction  /  downstream riser  /  vortex-induced vibration
赵冰, 付世晓, 张萌萌, 邓鹏乾, 付雪鹏. 下游柔性立管的尾流致振频域预报方法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1405 -1413 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306041
Bing ZHAO, Shixiao FU, Mengmeng ZHANG, Pengqian DENG, Xuepeng FU. Frequency-domain prediction method for wake-induced vibrations of a downstream flexible riser[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1405 -1413 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306041
在海洋工程中,立管系统通常采用集束方式进行安装。以顺流向作为参考方向,相邻两根立管之间会形成串列、并列和交错三种布置方式[1],其中串列多立管系统在洋流作用下会发生较为复杂的流致振动 (flow-induced vibration,FIV) 响应。在串列立管系统中,上游立管承受自由来流作用发生典型的涡激振动 (vortex-induced vibration,VIV)响应,而处于上游立管尾流之中的下游立管则会发生复杂的尾流致振 (wake-induced vibration,WIV)响应[2-5]。海洋立管的流致振动响应会诱发严重的结构疲劳损伤,此外,串列布置的相邻立管发生尾流干涉可能还会导致立管碰撞等问题,对立管系统安全性造成威胁。因此,准确预报立管流致振动响应,对实际工程中的结构安全设计具有一定的指导意义。
实际工程中相邻立管的间距通常会超过4倍管径,上游立管基本不受下游立管影响,因此可以采用单柔性立管的VIV预报方法。典型的VIV预报方法主要包括计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法[6-7]、基于尾流振子模型[8-9]和激励载荷系数模型[10-14]的半经验方法。CFD方法能够精细求解流固耦合方程组,但是对网格质量和计算资源要求较高,通常用于低雷诺数下的机理解释;尾流振子方法通过非线性Van Der Pol方程模拟流体激振力,但是计算结果对方程中复杂的经验参数较为敏感;半经验载荷模型方法通过刚性圆柱强迫振动试验建立激励系数和振动幅值及频率的关系,利用能量平衡迭代方法进行振动响应求解,发展出频域和时域两种预报方法,其中频域方法已被开发成SHEAR7[15]和VIVANA[16]等工程软件。此外,近年来机器学习算法快速发展,为柔性立管VIV提供了新的预报思路[17-18]
在下游柔性立管WIV研究中,ZHAO等[5]通过串列异直径双圆柱模型试验发现,小直径柔性圆柱位于下游时,与上游大直径圆柱横流(crossflow,CF)方向主导频率相同,这种现象称为频率捕获,当小直径柔性圆柱位于上游时,并未发生频率捕获。XU等[19]在类似的模型试验中也发现频率捕获现象。王浩杰等[20]开展了长径比为460的串列双柔性立管尾流干涉振动数值仿真,同样观察到频率捕获现象。这种现象是由于直径和弯曲刚度较小的下游圆柱被上游圆柱的尾流完全控制,通过调整附加质量系数改变系统固有频率,从尾流中俘获更多能量从而激发大幅的WIV响应[21]。CHEN等[22]采用CFD方法,研究了低雷诺数剪切流作用下尾流干涉对等直径串联双柔性立管振动响应和波形的影响,通过对振动能量的瞬态分析,发现了上、下游立管流致振动的“同相”和“反相”特征,下游立管的振动模态通常低于上游管道的振动模态。CFD方法是预报串列多柔性立管流致振动的可行方法[23-25],但是耗费计算资源和时间巨大,雷诺数较低,并不适用于实际工程。SOARES等[26]将尾流折减模型与尾流阵子模型相结合,发展了下游刚性圆柱的尾流致振预报方法,这种方法涉及的模型经验参数较为复杂,仅适用于刚性圆柱,尚未拓展至长细比较大的双柔性立管。
综上,下游柔性立管的尾流干涉响应行为较为复杂,而当前下游立管的WIV响应预报方法主要集中在CFD方法,尚无适用于工程的半经验预报方法。为了实现下游柔性立管WIV响应的快速预报,本文借鉴传统VIV预报方法,调整WIV的激发流速与附加质量系数,采用基于强迫振动试验获得的水动力系数作为尾流激振载荷系数,发展下游柔性立管的WIV半经验频域预报方法,以期为海洋工程中的多立管系统设计提供指导意义。
柔性立管的流致振动响应可以采用有阻尼强迫振动方程进行描述。根据结构动力学理论,简谐激励下的柔性立管在模态空间的频域控制方程为:
(k˜r-m˜rωe2+ic˜rωe)a˜reiωet=F˜a,reiωet
式中,k˜r为第r阶模态刚度;m˜r为模态质量,计及结构质量和附加质量;c˜r为模态结构阻尼;a˜r为第r阶模态响应幅值;F˜a,r为第r阶模态激励力幅值;ωe为激励频率;t为时间。
频响函数Hr(iωe)为:
Hr(iωe)=a˜rF˜a,r=1k˜r-m˜rωe2+ic˜rωe=βrm˜rωn,r2e-iθr
式中,ωn,r为结构第r阶固有频率,且ωn,r=k˜r/m˜rθr为第r阶相位差;βr为第r阶动力放大系数,表示为:
βr=|11-γr2+2iζγr|=1(1-γr2)2+(2ζγr)2
式中,γr为激励频率和第r阶固有频率的比值,γr=ωe/ωn,rζ为结构阻尼比,ζ=c˜r/(2m˜rωn,r)
因此,忽略相位差后第r阶模态响应幅值表示为:
a˜r=F˜a,r|Hr(iωe)|=F˜a,rβrm˜rωn,r2
则物理空间下的振动位移y为:
y(z,t)=rϕr(z)a˜reiωet
式中,ϕr为第r阶位移模态;z为轴向坐标。
当外激力为多频激励F=jF˜a, jeiωe,jt时,根据线性系统的叠加原理,对应的多频响应可以表示为:
y(z,t)=jrϕr(z)a˜jreiωe,jt=        jrϕr(z)F˜a,jrβjrm˜rωn,r2ei(ωe,jt-θjr)
式中,下标“j”为频率成分编号。
位移均方根值(RMS)为:
yRMS(z)=12j(rϕr(z)a˜jr)2=   12j[rϕr(z)F˜a,jrm˜rωn,r2βjr(ωe,j,ωn,r)]2
根据小变形假设,应变ε和位移y满足ε=-R2y/z2R为立管半径),则振动弯曲应变RMS值为:
εRMS(z)=18j[rDϕr(z)F˜a,jrm˜rωn,r2βjr(ωe,j,ωn,r)]2
式中,D为立管直径,D = 2R
进而,当假设流致振动疲劳损伤过程符合高斯随机过程、应力概率密度函数服从瑞利分布时,疲劳损伤可以表示为:
Df(z)=jωe,jTt2πa|rEDsϕr(z)|F˜a,jr|βjrm˜rωn,r2|b  Γ(1+b2)
式中,Tt为全年时间;E为立管弹性模量;Γ为Gamma函数;Ds为结构直径;abN-S曲线(NSa=bN为循环次数,S为应力幅值)的参数。
综上,柔性立管流致振动响应预报的关键是确定模态载荷幅值F˜a,jr和激励频率ωe,j
本文以单立管VIV频域预报方法为基础,以模型试验观测串列双柔性圆柱的干涉振动特性为依据,以共振作为下游立管WIV条件,从而获得更为保守的预报结果。
预报流程如图1所示,主要分为4个步骤:
(1) 设置附加质量系数并开展模态分析
根据相关研究,上、下游立管在一定的串列间距范围内会发生复杂的尾流干涉作用,但是如果间距增大到某一值时,尾流干涉现象则可以忽略不计。在本文的研究中,针对一定间距范围内发生尾流干涉的串列双管进行流致振动预报,因此,在其他参数一定的条件下,本文将上、下游立管直径比作为频率捕获的发生判据。需要说明的是,频率捕获可能还与上、下游立管刚度等参数有关,但是目前相关研究有限,以直径比作为频率捕获的判据还需要进一步完善。
附加质量系数是影响结构在流体中固有频率的重要参数,在涡激振动预报软件SHEAR7中,圆柱的附加质量系数简化为定值1;在软件VIVANA中,圆柱的附加质量系数可在一定范围内变化,从而对圆柱的固有频率进行调整。在本文中,当上游立管直径Du与下游立管直径Dd的比值Du/Dd<1时,未发生频率捕获,附加质量系数Ca=1;否则,发生频率捕获,调整下游立管Ca使其某一阶固有频率与上游立管的CF主导频率相等。如图2所示,预报频率捕获时调整Ca的方法为:
① 假设初始Ca为1,开展模态分析eig[Ke+KtMs+MaCa)]获得初始固有频率fn,d(0),其中,KeKt分别为结构弯曲刚度和轴向张力引起的刚度矩阵,MsMa分别为结构质量和附加质量引起的质量矩阵。
② 对比上游立管振动频率fo,u和下游立管初始固有频率fn,d(0)。如果|fo,u-fn,d(r)(0)|<|fo,u-fn,d(r+1)(0)|,则第r阶模态被激发,减小Ca使得fo,u=fn,d(r);否则,第r+1阶模态被激发,增加Ca使得fo,u=fn,d(r+1)。通过调整附加质量系数,可以得到图1中发生频率捕获的特征,同时保证下游立管以固有频率振动,即fo,u=fo,d=fn,dfo,d为下游立管振动频率)。
(2) 确定激发模态和激励频率 (SHEAR7[15]
确定下游立管激发模态和激励频率的方法与SHEAR7[15]中VIV预报方法基本相同。
① 识别潜在激发频率。下游立管的某一阶固有频率如果处于泄涡频率区间,即min[StdUwDd(1-δ/2)]fn,dmax[StdUwDd(1+δ/2)],则可以识别为潜在激发频率fn,d(p),其中St表示斯特劳哈尔数,Uw表示上游立管的尾流流速。Std为下游立管的斯特劳哈尔数,发生频率捕获时Std=fo,uDd/Uw,否则Std可以按照VIV预报取值,一般为0.18 ~ 0.2。δ为经验参数,可以取为0.4,通常可以获得良好的预报结果。
② 判定水动力激励/阻尼区间。对于每一阶潜在激发频率fn,d(p),如果沿管长约化速度Ur=Uw/(fn,d(p)Dd)满足条件1-δ/2StUr1+δ/2St,则对应的立管分段为水动力激励区间Le(p,否则为水动力阻尼区间Ld(p。均匀流场中立管一般均为水动力激励区间。沿管长的水动激励力fhez)和水动力阻尼力fhdz)分别为:
{fhe(z)=Cv(z)12ρu2(z)D(z), zLefhd(z)=-Chd(z)ωeA(z), zLd
式中,CvChd分别为SHEAR7[15]中的水动力激励系数和阻尼系数;u为作用于立管的流速;ρ为来流密度;A为振动幅值。激励系数Cv与振动幅值A* A*=A/D) 有关,根据刚性圆柱强迫振动试验获得的激励系数如图3所示,进而发展出的激励系数模型为:
Cv(A*)={-Cv,max-Cv,A*=0(ACv=max*)2(A*-ACv=max*)2+    Cv,max,0A*ACv=max*-Cv,max(ACv=0*-ACv=max*)2(A*-ACv=max*)2+    Cv,max,ACv=max*<A*ACv=-1*
其中,不同的特征激励系数和振动幅值如图3所示。
水动力阻尼系数为:
Chd(z)={ωeπρD2(z)2[22Reω+csw(A*(z))2]+  crlρD(z)U(z), Ur<7crhρU2(z)ωe, Ur7
式中,Reω为振荡雷诺数,Reω=ωe2D/νν为运动黏性系数,本文中半经验参数cswcrlcrh分别取为0.18、0.2和0.2。
③ 筛选激发模态。针对每一阶潜在激发模态,计算初始模态能量参数Πp=F˜a0,p22ωn,p(c˜p+b˜p),其中,c˜p为第p阶潜在激发模态结构阻尼,b˜p为第p阶潜在激发模态水动力阻尼,b˜p=Ld,pChd(z)ϕp2(z)dzF˜a0,p=Le,p0.5ρUw2DCv,max(z)|ϕp(z)|dz,其中Cv,max为最大激励系数,求解模态力时采用模态绝对值的目的是保证激励水动力与立管振动的速度同相位。如果无因次初始能量参数Πj*=Πj/max(Πp)大于阈值,则第j阶模态可以被激发,通常阈值取0.2可以识别出主要的激发模态,降低阈值则可以识别更多的参与模态,这种方法不影响主导模态识别。
(3) 求解模态幅值和激励载荷(LU等[27]
根据假设条件③,水动力的激励频率等于第j阶固有频率ωn,j,此时频率比γ=1,发生共振,根据式(3)和(4),模态幅值a˜jj=F˜a,jj/c˜jωn, j2
根据LU等[27]发展的无迭代VIV预报理论,第j阶模态力幅值有两种相等的表达方式,分别为模态水动力幅值F˜a,jj(h)和模态结构阻尼力幅值F˜a,jj(s),后者可由式(4)获得:
{F˜a,jj(h)=Lϕj(z)fh,j(z)dz=Le,j|ϕj(z)|fhe,j(z)dz+    Ld,jϕj(z)fhd,j(z)dzF˜a,jj(s)=c˜jωn,ja˜jj
式中,fh为水动力,包括激励力fhe和阻尼力fhd
根据式(13),当模态力幅值相等时,模态幅值可通过图解法进行求解,如图4所示,这种方法的物理意义为水动力与结构阻尼力实现了动态平衡。
(4) 计算尾流致振WIV响应
由于各阶模态在时间轴上存在竞争关系,即在不同的时间区间内涡激振动响应的主导模态不同,相应的主导激励力频率也不相同,这种行为称作时间共享。根据VIVANA[16],为了能够在频域预报中考虑时间共享的影响,将不同激励频率的水动力赋予不同的权重wj=Ej/jEj,其中,Ej=Le,jUw3(z)D2(z)ACv=0*dz。因此,计及时间共享权重的下游立管的WIV位移RMS值、应变RMS值和疲劳损伤分布分别为:
{yRMS(z)=12jwj(rϕr(z)F˜a,jrβjrm˜rωn,r2)2εRMS(z)=18jwj(rDϕr(z)F˜a,jrβjrm˜rωn,r2)2Df(z)=jwjωe,jTt2πa|rEDsϕr(z)|F˜a,jr|βjrmrωn,r2|b    Γ(1+b2)
为了验证下游柔性立管WIV预报方法,异直径串列双柔性立管模型试验结果作为对比基准。试验装置实物图和模型图如图5所示,两个直径不同的柔性圆柱模型LC和SC竖直浸没于水中,上端铰接,同时由张紧器提供预张力,下端固接[28]。两个圆柱模型在水平滑轨上被动拖曳形成均匀流场,流速为0.1~0.4 m/s,串列布置方式包括两种:上游LC+下游SC和上游SC+下游LC,如图6所示,串列壁间距比(S*=S/DSC)为3~8。模型物理参数如表1所示。在试验设计时,表1中模型张力需要保证两个模型预张力/模型湿重的比值满足特定值,立管模型直径则根据原型立管进行缩尺(缩尺比为19),虽然实际工程中小直径立管可能通常对应较小的预张力,但是这两个比值在本文试验设计过程中是相互独立的。
试验结果表明,小直径圆柱模型SC位于上游时,不发生频率捕获,下游大直径圆柱模型LC受上游尾流干涉影响较小,WIV响应与到单圆柱模型的VIV响应具有很大程度的相似性;而圆柱模型LC位于上游时,发生频率捕获,下游圆柱模型SC的WIV响应较为复杂,与单圆柱相比主导模态降低、振动幅值增大;此外,尾流干涉现象在S*=8条件下仍然会发生[28]
在预报下游圆柱WIV响应时,输入流速为上游圆柱的尾流流速,根据计及上游圆柱VIV的尾流模型[28]进行求解,下文分析中将给出平均尾流流速U¯w作为参考。
大直径圆柱LC位于下游时,不发生频率捕获。表2对比了间距比S*=5时下游大直径圆柱LC的CF主导频率预报结果和试验结果。从表2中可以看出,相对误差最大为12%,说明本文方法能够获得较为准确的预报下游圆柱LC的主导频率。
图7为间距比为S*=5时下游大直径圆柱LC在CF方向的WIV位移和应变幅值RMS预报结果。可以看出,预报的振动位移和应变幅值沿管长变化趋势与试验结果基本相同。但是,在流速U=0.35 m/s时,如图7(g)所示,预报的位移与试验结果在模型中段存在一定差别,这是由于试验中下游圆柱LC的振动主导模态由第2阶向第3阶过渡,而预报结果基于频率锁定条件,主导模态为第3阶;在图7(h)中,应变的预报结果和试验结果可以观察到3阶模态,但预报结果较为保守。整体而言,本文方法预报的位移和应变RMS值具有较高的准确性。
图8为所有测试工况的下游圆柱LC在不同测点处的振动应变RMS预报结果与试验结果对比情况。可以观察出预报的应变结果与试验直接测量的结果基本沿着对角线分布,说明预报结果与试验结果具有较高的吻合度。
由于试验中模型下端为固定端约束,应力较大,而实际工程中会采用特殊装备减小端部应力与疲劳,因此,本文只针对模型上端部分(0<z/L<0.9)进行分析。在计算疲劳时,本文将圆柱模型的应变转换为原型立管应变,取钢材弹性模量E=2.1×1011 Pa,N-S曲线(NSa=b)的参数:lga=12.436和b=3.0。
图9为下游大直径圆柱LC的最大疲劳损伤预报结果。可以看出,预报结果与试验结果基本吻合,个别工况下预报结果略微偏小,可能是由于预报的频率偏小。
小直径圆柱SC位于下游时,发生频率捕获。为了实现频率捕获现象的预报,下游小圆柱模型的附加质量系数需要进行调整,表3为下游小直径圆柱模型SC在间距比S*=5时的主导频率和调整后的附加质量系数。可以看出,调整Ca后下游圆柱SC的主导频率预报结果与试验结果相等,实现了上游LC+下游SC串列布置条件下的频率捕获现象预报。
图10为所有测试工况的下游圆柱SC在CF方向的附加质量系数,可以看出调整后的附加质量系数取值在0~2.5范围内,与无因次频率(fo*=foDSC/U¯w)的关系基本沿着VIVANA[16]中单圆柱的Ca-fo*曲线分布,说明基于尾流流速的下游圆柱SC具有与单圆柱VIV基本相同的附加质量系数,同时通过调整附加质量系数实现频率捕获的方法是合理的。因此,本文基于尾流流速,借鉴单立管VIV预报方法,对下游立管进行WIV预报的方法具有一定的可行性。
图11为下游小直径圆柱SC在间距比S*=5时振动位移和应变幅值的RMS预报结果与试验结果对比图。由于受上游尾流干涉影响较强,下游圆柱SC的振动响应无显著规律,模态参与成分较为复杂,但是本文方法能够准确预报主导模态。预报结果基本能够反映出试验位移和应变沿管长的变化趋势,但是幅值大小相对保守。预报结果与试验结果之间的差异可能包括:试验结果中参与模态阶数较多,而本文预报结果以单一模态为主导;基于频率共振条件获得的预报结果会偏大;采用的载荷近似模型与真实的尾流激振载荷仍然存在一定的差异。在传统单立管VIV预报研究中,这种预报差异仍然处于可以接受的范围内[1127],而且对于工程设计而言,预报结果保守则设计偏安全。
图12对比了所有测试工况的下游圆柱SC不同测点处的振动应变RMS预报结果与试验结果。可以看出,预报的应变最大值明显大于试验测量的最大值,说明预报结果偏保守,对于立管结构设计是偏安全的。这种差异可能源于实际的尾流致振响应具有较强的非线性,而本文对这一问题进行了线性简化,采用频域方法进行预报。
图13为下游小直径圆柱SC的最大疲劳损伤预报结果。可以看出,多数工况下疲劳损伤预报结果较为保守,而在U=0.35 m/s时预报结果偏小,可能是由于试验中的多模态响应行为被预报,预报结果只反映了主导模态的结果。在工程设计中,如果要获得更为安全的方案,可以在预报结果基础上考虑10倍的安全系数。
针对双管串列布置的下游柔性立管,本文发展了一种定常流场尾流致振半经验频域预报方法,以上游立管尾流流速作为下游立管的激振流速,根据上、下游立管直径比判断是否发生频率捕获,调整下游立管附加质量系数使其某一阶固有频率与上游立管CF主导频率相同,进而借鉴单立管VIV频域预报方法开展下游立管的激发模态识别与WIV响应求解。
通过与异直径串列双柔性圆柱模型流致振动试验对比,本文方法能够较为准确地预报未发生频率捕获的下游大直径圆柱的振动主导频率、位移、应变幅值及疲劳损伤;同时能够准确预报下游小直径圆柱在上游大直径圆柱影响下的频率捕获现象。
本文对下游柔性立管的尾流致振频域预报方法进行了探索,但是由于试验条件有限,部分振动特性尚未观测;本文采用VIV预报方法的载荷系数模拟下游立管尾流激振载荷,可能无法反映真实载荷特性;同时,频域预报方法虽然能够简化研究问题,但是无法计及非线性因素;对CF和IL双自由度耦合的WIV预报还需要进行进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U19B2013)
  • 国家杰出青年科学基金资助项目(51825903)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目
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2025年第38卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306041
  • 接收时间:2023-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-18
  • 修回日期:2023-12-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U19B2013)
国家杰出青年科学基金资助项目(51825903)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目
作者信息
    上海交通大学海洋工程国家重点实验室,上海 200240

通讯作者:

付世晓(1976—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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