Article(id=1227591335029437150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691164800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-05, revisedDate=1694448000000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610181815, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610181815, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610181815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610181815, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1616, endPage=1624, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591335272706791, articleId=1227591335029437150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Horizontal dynamic response of offshore extended helical pile with multiple helixes under combined loads, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the Biot’s poroelastic model and the Euler-Bernoulli beam equations,the dynamic response of extended helical pile foundations with multiple helixes is studied. The equivalent stiffness model is used to simulate the helixes on the helical pile. With the utilization of the integral transform,the variable separation methods,and the impedance matrix transfer method,the analytical solution to the dynamic response of helical piles with multiple helixes is derived. Through the comparisons with the simplified analytical solutions and the experimental results,the correctness of the proposed model is justified. Finally,with the presentation of a comprehensive parametric study,some dominant impact factors on the dynamic responses are revealed,and the optimal design scheme is suggested accordingly. The main conclusion of this study can be concluded as:An increase of the extension ratio of helix will increase the complex impedance and resonance frequency at the pile top of the helical pile. An increase of the ratio of helix spacing to width will increase the complex impedance of the pile top,but the effect on the resonance frequency is not significant. An increase of the vertical static load at the top of the pile will significantly reduce the complex impedance and resonance frequency at the pile top. The helix inclination has an optimal range in the effect of complex impedance of the pile top.

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基于Biot饱和多孔介质模型和Euler-Bernoulli梁方程,采用等效刚度对海上多叶螺旋桩的螺旋叶进行模拟,通过积分变换、分离变量和刚度矩阵传递法推导了多叶片螺旋桩的频域响应解析解,并通过与简化桩基水平振动响应解和螺旋桩水平自振试验进行对比,验证了本文方法的正确性;通过参数分析探究了成层饱和土中半埋入多叶螺旋桩的水平动力响应特性及其影响因素。得到的主要结论为:螺旋叶片外伸比的增大会提高螺旋桩的桩顶复阻抗及共振频率;螺旋叶片距宽比的增大会提高桩顶复阻抗,但对于共振频率的影响不明显;桩顶所受的竖向荷载增加,桩顶复阻抗和共振频率会显著降低;叶片螺旋倾角的取值对桩顶复阻抗的作用效果存在一个最佳的范围。

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吴文兵(1988—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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季洪玄(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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季洪玄(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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季洪玄(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335029437150, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Dynamic property parameters of soil

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土层深度/m剪切波速/(m·s-1)重度/(kN·m-3)剪切模量/MPa泊松比
0~1.516418.2490.35
1.5~5.517017.8530.42
5.5~6.020618.8810.49
6.0~9.024017.51040.49
), ArticleFig(id=1227654461791863631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591335029437150, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土的动力特性参数

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土层深度/m剪切波速/(m·s-1)重度/(kN·m-3)剪切模量/MPa泊松比
0~1.516418.2490.35
1.5~5.517017.8530.42
5.5~6.020618.8810.49
6.0~9.024017.51040.49
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组合荷载下海上半埋入多叶螺旋桩水平动力响应分析
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季洪玄 , 吴文兵 , 高堂哲 , 张云鹏
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1616-1624
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1616-1624
组合荷载下海上半埋入多叶螺旋桩水平动力响应分析
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季洪玄 , 吴文兵 , 高堂哲, 张云鹏
作者信息
  • 中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院勘察与基础工程系,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 季洪玄(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

吴文兵(1988—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Horizontal dynamic response of offshore extended helical pile with multiple helixes under combined loads
Hongxuan JI , Wenbing WU , Tangzhe GAO, Yunpeng ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Department of Exploration and Foundation Engineering,Faculty of Engineering,China University of Geosciences (Wuhan),Wuhan 430074,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308010
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基于Biot饱和多孔介质模型和Euler-Bernoulli梁方程,采用等效刚度对海上多叶螺旋桩的螺旋叶进行模拟,通过积分变换、分离变量和刚度矩阵传递法推导了多叶片螺旋桩的频域响应解析解,并通过与简化桩基水平振动响应解和螺旋桩水平自振试验进行对比,验证了本文方法的正确性;通过参数分析探究了成层饱和土中半埋入多叶螺旋桩的水平动力响应特性及其影响因素。得到的主要结论为:螺旋叶片外伸比的增大会提高螺旋桩的桩顶复阻抗及共振频率;螺旋叶片距宽比的增大会提高桩顶复阻抗,但对于共振频率的影响不明显;桩顶所受的竖向荷载增加,桩顶复阻抗和共振频率会显著降低;叶片螺旋倾角的取值对桩顶复阻抗的作用效果存在一个最佳的范围。

螺旋桩  /  等效刚度  /  成层饱和土  /  Euler梁模型  /  水平动力响应

Based on the Biot’s poroelastic model and the Euler-Bernoulli beam equations,the dynamic response of extended helical pile foundations with multiple helixes is studied. The equivalent stiffness model is used to simulate the helixes on the helical pile. With the utilization of the integral transform,the variable separation methods,and the impedance matrix transfer method,the analytical solution to the dynamic response of helical piles with multiple helixes is derived. Through the comparisons with the simplified analytical solutions and the experimental results,the correctness of the proposed model is justified. Finally,with the presentation of a comprehensive parametric study,some dominant impact factors on the dynamic responses are revealed,and the optimal design scheme is suggested accordingly. The main conclusion of this study can be concluded as:An increase of the extension ratio of helix will increase the complex impedance and resonance frequency at the pile top of the helical pile. An increase of the ratio of helix spacing to width will increase the complex impedance of the pile top,but the effect on the resonance frequency is not significant. An increase of the vertical static load at the top of the pile will significantly reduce the complex impedance and resonance frequency at the pile top. The helix inclination has an optimal range in the effect of complex impedance of the pile top.

helical pile  /  equivalent stiffness  /  layered saturated soil  /  Euler beam model  /  horizontal dynamic response
季洪玄, 吴文兵, 高堂哲, 张云鹏. 组合荷载下海上半埋入多叶螺旋桩水平动力响应分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1616 -1624 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308010
Hongxuan JI, Wenbing WU, Tangzhe GAO, Yunpeng ZHANG. Horizontal dynamic response of offshore extended helical pile with multiple helixes under combined loads[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1616 -1624 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308010
桩基础是海洋能源工程尤其是海上风电工程中使用最广泛的基础形式,据统计,全球范围内超过80%的海上风电使用大直径单桩基础[1]。但是,海上桩基施工机具多、条件差、难度高、污染大,显著增加了海上能源的开发成本,对海洋生物造成了负面影响。螺旋桩作为一种新型异形桩,具有施工机具少、过程快、污染小、可回收等优点,并且其特有的螺旋叶片结构能够提供更大的水平抗倾覆能力,在海洋工程中有巨大的应用前景[2-5]
螺旋桩在其发明之初,主要以短桩的形式提供上部结构所需的抗拔力,因此不少螺旋桩相关的前期研究都集中在其抗拔承载力上。比如,ILAMPARUTHI等[6]总结了浅埋抗拔螺旋桩(锚)的竖向破坏形式,包括竖向滑动破坏、锥形破坏和扇形破坏,并通过试验归纳了不同埋置比条件下的螺旋桩破坏因数经验公式。刘志鹏等[7]进一步推导了深埋螺旋桩的抗拔承载力计算公式,并通过模型试验验证了公式的准确性。周航等[8]通过模型试验,研究了螺旋桩的成桩效应对抗拔承载力的影响,并对螺旋叶片的埋深与几何尺寸提出了优化设计方法。除了抗拔特性外,关于螺旋桩竖向受压特性的研究也较为丰富:林祥军等[9]研究了不同成桩方式和设计参数对套管螺旋桩抗压承载性能的影响;基于单桩基础沉降变形预测中常用的荷载传递函数,董天文等[10]发展了多级突变荷载传递函数的螺旋桩纵向变形预测模型,并推导出一种桩顶荷载-位移的显式解;KURIAN等[11]考虑了螺旋叶片几何形状的复杂性,采用有限元的方法在微观层面上研究了螺旋桩在线弹性和非线性范围内的动力响应;AL-BAGHDADI等[12]研究了螺旋桩在砂土中承受竖向和横向联合荷载时的变形特性和承载规律。
在海洋工程的应用场景,尤其是海上风电设施中,螺旋桩更多地承受水平动力荷载的作用,例如海风荷载、波浪荷载以及地震荷载等。在这样的工程场景中,螺旋桩更易发生水平倾覆破坏和水平共振破坏,而非竖向破坏,因此对螺旋桩水平动力特性的研究是螺旋桩能否在海洋工程中推广的关键。近年来,螺旋桩的水平动力特性得到了国内外学者的广泛关注。白云灿[13]从理论和试验两方面对螺旋单桩的水平动力问题开展研究,推导了基于Winkler地基模型的螺旋桩动力响应解析解,并通过模型试验对螺旋桩的频域响应进行了研究,归纳了螺旋叶片直径对螺旋桩水平共振频率的影响。张新春等[14]运用模型试验研究了桩体几何效应对螺旋桩水平动力响应特性的影响;王超哲等[15]基于等效刚度原理和黏弹性地基反力模型建立了黏弹性地基中螺旋桩的水平振动方程,并推导出了螺旋桩的水平动力响应中的位移、弯矩和剪力解析解;ELKASABGY等[16]通过自振试验研究了不同螺旋叶片数量和间距时螺旋桩的频域响应特性,并重点对螺旋桩的频域位移幅值进行了分析,发现在同样工况下螺旋桩的水平变形仅为普通单桩基础的61.8%,并进一步建立了螺旋桩-土系统的等效线性分析模型。韦芳芳等[17]通过有限元分析将桩-土的非线性相互作用简化为界面的摩尔-库仑摩擦罚函数,研究了倾斜螺旋桩荷载-位移响应,并指出倾斜螺旋桩叶片数量越多,其承载能力越大,且首层叶片的埋深影响逐渐减弱。上述研究虽然显著推动了对螺旋桩水平动力特性的理论认识,但所形成的相关理论均未考虑饱和土体的影响,而螺旋桩在海洋工程中的应用场景要求在研究螺旋桩-土的相互作用问题时必须充分考虑土体的性质影响[18-20]。而在各种土体的多孔介质模型中,Biot多孔介质黏弹性模型应用最为广泛,胡安峰等[21]基于Biot多孔介质理论研究了楔形桩-土的动力相互作用,并推导了相应解析解。闫启方等[22]通过引入桩-桩相互作用因子的方式研究了饱和土中群桩的动力响应特性,并指出饱和土中群桩的桩间距对整体动力阻抗的影响最大,甚至高于桩-土模量比的影响。
目前,饱和土中螺旋桩的动力响应问题仍未得到充分研究,同时海上螺旋桩往往处于竖向和水平的组合荷载工作条件下,已有文献证明竖向荷载的存在对普通桩基水平动力特性的影响巨大[23-25]
本文通过等效刚度法将螺旋桩等效为具有多段变径部分的直桩,以此简化螺旋桩的几何效应,并采用Biot多孔介质理论对螺旋桩桩周饱和土体进行建模,建立了组合荷载条件下半埋入螺旋桩-土系统的水平动力响应数学模型,推导了相应解析解,并通过解的退化和与试验的对比验证了本文解的正确性。进一步,通过参数分析,研究了螺旋叶片大小、位置等结构参数对桩身水平动力特性尤其是共振频率的影响。
螺旋桩在组合荷载下的动力响应计算模型如图1所示,图中r为各点到桩轴的水平距离。
桩顶受到水平动剪力Qp、动弯矩Mp以及竖向静荷载F的作用,桩长为H,桩身的质量密度为ρp,根据桩周土性质和等效刚度转换后的桩身性质,将桩-土系统共划分为n层,每段桩弹性模量为Epi,截面惯性矩为Ipi,螺旋桩直桩部分的直径为d0,螺旋叶片的外径为d',第i段桩的等效直径为di,其底部到桩顶的距离为hi,外露段桩长为h1,螺纹导程为Ph,相邻叶片中心间距为S
本文模型引入如下基本假设:
(1) 桩周土体为两相饱和黏弹性介质,且其在受到桩身水平挤压的情况下发生的竖向变形可忽略不计;
(2) 根据《海上风电场工程风电机组基础设计规范》(NB/T 10105—2018)[26]的规定,海上桩基允许发生的挠度较小(一般全周期内泥面处累积倾角小于0.5°),变形一般仅发生在弹性阶段,因此本文在研究桩-土系统的水平振动时,只考虑桩-土系统的弹性变形;
(3) 直桩段简化为Euler-Bernoulli梁方程,螺旋叶段通过等效刚度法等效为变截面直桩段,螺旋桩桩底为固定端;
(4) 桩-土界面无相对滑动且桩壁不透水。
由于螺旋叶片的存在,螺旋桩是一种复杂的变截面桩结构,其实物图和模型图分别如图2(a)和(b)所示。本文参考张新春等[27]在研究钢管螺纹桩时提出的等效刚度法,将螺旋叶片对单桩整体刚度的提升用等效刚度进行模拟,首先建立等效刚度转换方程:
EpIp=Ep'Ip'
式中,Ep为螺旋段的弹性模量;Ip为螺旋段的截面惯性矩;Ep'为等效直桩的弹性模量;Ip'为等效直桩的截面惯性矩。由于等效前后桩身的材料相同,因此具有相同的弹性模量,即Ep=Ep',得到等效直桩的截面惯性矩:
Ip'=[3πd04+8b3(csc3φ)(d'-d0)] /192
式中,b为螺旋叶片厚度;φ为螺旋倾角。则等效直桩的直径为:
dd=64Ip'/π4
根据以上等效刚度法将螺旋部分等效成具有相同刚度的直桩,因此最终整根桩等效为具有多段变截面部分的直桩,如图2(c)所示。每个螺旋叶段长度为一个螺距,螺纹为单线,旋向一致,对应等效刚度模型的变径段长度为导程Ph,直桩段有di=d0,螺旋叶段有di=dd
本文采用Biot多孔介质理论,建立两相介质的成层饱和土动力平衡方程,并通过势函数分解和积分变换法可得桩-土连续变形条件下直桩段桩-土系统中桩周土对桩的水平作用力与桩水平位移的关系如下[18]
qs=ηup
η=-πr{[λ+2μ+αM(α+f1)]χ1β12K1(β1r)+[λ+2μ+αM(α+f2)]χ2β22K1(β2r)+χ3μβ32K1(β3r)}
式中,qs为土对桩的水平抗力;η为桩周土的复阻抗;up为桩水平位移;λμ为土的拉梅常数;αM为计算土体积模量的参数;K1()为第二类一阶虚宗量贝塞尔函数;f1f2χ1χ2χ3β1β2β3为文献[19]中定义的与桩周土振动方程有关的系数。
设桩的水平位移为upi(z,t),考察桩上微元的受力,两端受剪力Qp、弯矩Mp、竖向静荷载F的作用,分布力qsi为桩周土对桩的水平抗力,桩上部自由段土抗力为0。桩身微元段受力分析如图3所示。
由水平方向受力平衡可得:
-qsidz-dQp=ρpApidz2upit2
式中,Api为第i段桩的横截面面积。
由弯矩平衡并略去二阶微分可得:
dMp+Fdupi=Qpdz
同时根据梁的小挠度微分方程:
Mp=EpiIpi2upiz2
得到第i段桩的水平振动控制方程为:
EpiIpi4upiz4+F2upiz2+ηiupi+ρpApi2upit2=0
式中,ηi为第i段桩周土的复阻抗。
根据工程实际,桩底边界条件可选取为自由、铰支和固定,本文以桩底固定为例,边界条件为:
upn|z=H=0
upnz|z=H=0
对于简谐振动,将桩的水平位移写为Upi(z)eiωt,并代入式(9)中化简得:
d4Upi(z)dz4+2Bd2Upi(z)dz2-CUpi(z)=0
式中,B=F2EpiIpiC=ρpApiω2-ηiEpiIpi,其中ω为桩身振动角频率。方程的通解为:
Upi(z)=X1isin(ζ1iz)+X2icos(ζ1iz)+X3isinh(ζ2iz)+X4icosh(ζ2iz)
式中,ζ1i=B2+C+Bζ2i=B2+C-BX1iX2iX3iX4i表示待定系数。
将桩身位移Upi(z)、转角ϕpi(z)、弯矩Mpi(z)和剪力Qpi(z)用矩阵表示,记矩阵:
Yi(z)=[Upi(z)ϕpi(z)Mpi(z)Qpi(z)]T
Ti(z)=[DGNVζ1iG-ζ1iDζ2iVζ2iN-Jiζ1i2D-Jiζ1i2GJiζ2i2NJiζ2i2V-Jiζ1i3GJiζ1i3DJiζ2i3VJiζ2i3N]
Xi=[X1iX2iX3iX4i]T
式中,Ji=EpiIpiD=sin(ζ1iz)G=cos(ζ1iz)N=sinh(ζ2iz)V=cosh(ζ2iz),则有:
Yi(z)=Ti(z)Xi
将每段桩顶部处的桩身位移、转角、弯矩和剪力作为已知边界条件求解待定系数得:
Xi=Ti-1(hi-1)Yi(hi-1)
根据桩段间连续关系,第i段桩底部与第i+1段桩顶部具有相同边界,得矩阵传递关系:
Yi+1(hi)=Yi(hi)=Ti(hi)Xi=Ti(hi)Ti-1(hi-1)Yi(hi-1)
记矩阵:
Ki=Ti(hi)Ti-1(hi-1)
进一步推广至桩底和桩顶的边界关系:
Yn(H)=KnKn-1K2K1Y1(0)
kn=KnKn-1K2K1,由边界条件(10)和(11)解得:
Mp1(0)=a1Up1(0)+b1ϕp1(0)
Qp1(0)=a2Up1(0)+b2ϕp1(0)
其中:
{a1=kn(1,4)kn(2,1)-kn(1,1)kn(2,4)kn(1,3)kn(2,4)-kn(1,4)kn(2,3)a2=kn(1,1)kn(2,3)-kn(1,3)kn(2,1)kn(1,3)kn(2,4)-kn(1,4)kn(2,3)b1=kn(1,4)kn(2,2)-kn(1,2)kn(2,4)kn(1,3)kn(2,4)-kn(1,4)kn(2,3)b2=kn(1,2)kn(2,3)-kn(1,3)kn(2,2)kn(1,3)kn(2,4)-kn(1,4)kn(2,3)
式中,kn()表示4×4矩阵kn中对应元素的值。
由于实际工况中桩顶竖向静荷载主要来源于桩头承台、风机等附加质量,因此桩顶边界条件为约束转角,即ϕp1(0)=0。产生单位水平位移时所需的剪力为单桩的水平复阻抗,可知组合荷载下层状饱和土中半埋入螺旋桩的桩顶水平复阻抗Kh为:
Kh=Qp1(0)Up1(0)=a2
将水平动刚度和动阻尼无量纲化,得:
kh=Re(Kh)r03/(Ep'Ip')
ch=Im(Kh)r03/(Ep'Ip')
式中,r0为螺旋桩的桩身半径。
为验证本文解的正确性,本节将从数学推导的正确性和整体模型的正确性两个方面进行对比验证。首先验证本文方法在数学推导上的正确性:将本文建立的螺旋桩模型退化为等截面直桩,并在桩周土为均质饱和土体的基础上,令桩顶荷载F=0,自由段桩长h1=0,本文解即退化为饱和土中桩顶仅受简谐激振时的全埋入直桩的水平振动响应解析解[19]。通过将参数取值与文献[19]中的取值保持一致,将该模型与文献[19]所提简化模型进行对比。二者求得的桩顶复阻抗的对比关系如图4所示,两种计算方法的计算结果高度吻合,验证了本文在数学推导上的正确性。
接着验证本文方法在整体模型构建上的正确性:将本文方法所得的计算结果与文献[16]进行的足尺试验进行对比,参数选择与其试验参数保持一致。选取文献[16]中具有两个叶片的LD1号模型桩,并在桩顶施加0.21 kg·m的水平激振,桩长为9.6 m,其中0.6 m露出地面,桩身直径为324 mm,叶片外径为610 mm,两个螺旋叶片的间距为1.8 m,桩身弹性模量为210 GPa,质量密度为7850 kg/m3,桩周土体分4层,各层土的动力特性参数如表1所示。
将试验数据与本文方法所得数据进行归一化处理,绘制二者的桩顶水平振幅(相对值)与频率的关系曲线,如图5所示。对比本文解析解与文献[16]的试验数据,中、低频范围内二者在峰值处的振动规律一致,由此可进一步验证本文模型构建的正确性。
本文建立的模型适用于桩-土系统任意分层,仅需根据实际情况选取各层参数。为研究螺旋桩水平振动特性受桩体几何结构的影响,保持桩周各饱和土层性质均匀,桩身根据等效刚度后的螺旋叶片位置和形状进行分段,结构模型如图2(c)所示,双叶片螺旋桩共划分为6段。相关桩-土系统的参数取值如下:H=10 m,d0=0.5 m,外露桩段长度h1=1.5 m,第一叶片几何中心高于桩底0.3 m,桩体弹性模量Ep=3.0×1010 Pa,桩体质量密度ρp=2500 kg/m3,叶片螺旋倾角φ=15°,螺旋叶片厚度b=0.1 m,桩周土体弹性模量Es=3.0×106 Pa,液相流体密度ρf=1000 kg/m3,固相土颗粒密度ρs=2700 kg/m3,土的水动力渗透系数kd=10-6m/s,孔隙率ns=0.4,泊松比νs=0.3,阻尼比βs=0.01,此外,桩周土考虑固体和流体的可压缩性参数α=0.99,M=4.9 GPa,桩顶竖向静荷载F=1×105 N。
叶片导程根据螺旋倾角计算:
Ph=πd0tanφ
分析时将振动频率无量纲化:
a0=ωr0Es/[2ρs(1+νs)]
螺旋叶片外伸比是指螺旋桩的叶片外径与桩身直径之比,即d'/d0。螺旋叶片的存在会增强螺旋桩的弯曲刚度,为研究单螺旋叶片的尺寸效应,设螺旋桩仅有位于桩底的第一叶片,即改变结构模型图2(c)中③段桩径为d0,其余桩段不变,则图2(c)中桩-土系统划分变为4层。保持上文选取的桩-土系统其他参数不变,桩身直径d0不变,仅改变螺旋叶片的外径d',使得叶片外伸比分别达到1.5、2.0、3.0、4.0,对桩身振动的全频域进行分析。图6显示了不同叶片外伸比下的螺旋桩桩顶水平复阻抗频响曲线。
观察曲线的峰值点,动刚度曲线的峰值点随外伸比的增大向右下方偏移,动阻尼曲线的峰值点随外伸比的增大向右上方偏移。向右偏移说明螺旋桩的共振频率与叶片外伸比呈正相关;而纵向偏移说明螺旋桩的动阻抗大小具有随外伸比的增大向绝对值更大的方向偏移的趋势,说明更大的叶片增强了螺旋桩的弯曲刚度。这是因为叶片直径越大,对应桩段的截面惯性矩就越大,同时增强了螺旋桩自身的结构稳定性,提高了其固有频率。此外,若叶片外伸比大于3时,进一步增大叶片直径,对于提高桩身刚度的效果并不明显,根据图像得出较为合理的螺旋叶片外伸比范围为d'/d0=2~3。
螺旋叶片距宽比是指相邻两个叶片几何中心的间距与螺旋桩桩身直径之比,即S/d0。为分析螺旋叶片的位置对螺旋桩水平动力特性的影响,采用图2(c)所示的计算模型,保持第一叶片位于桩底不动,分别设置第二叶片位于桩底、中部、桩顶,即保持上文选取的桩-土系统其他参数不变,叶片外伸比为2,桩身直径d0不变,仅改变叶片中心间距S,使得第二叶片距宽比分别为1、8、15。根据不同距宽比绘制螺旋桩桩顶水平复阻抗频响曲线,如图7所示。
图7可知,第二叶片的埋深对螺旋桩水平动力特性有显著影响,表现在螺旋桩的桩顶水平复阻抗随叶片距宽比的增大而增大。观察曲线峰值点,共振频率几乎不受距宽比的影响,但第二叶片位于桩中部时,中高频区域的峰值点会发生偏移,桩身结构的改变导致了其固有频率发生变化。由于螺旋叶片会提高局部桩段的刚度,若第二叶片离第一叶片过近,两个叶片的影响区域会有重叠,导致叶片的功能得不到充分发挥,距宽比设计取值以4~8为宜。此外,由于桩底固定,螺旋桩顶部的振动会更加剧烈,第二叶片埋深越浅,桩顶水平复阻抗越大,叶片的约束效果发挥得越充分,这与张新春等[14]在模型试验中得出的结论相似。
当螺旋桩发挥水平承载力时,其桩顶所受的竖向静荷载也会在一定程度上影响桩身的水平动力响应特性(P-Δ效应)。采用图2(c)所示的螺旋桩结构模型,桩身直径d0=0.5 m,叶片外伸比为2,距宽比为6,改变桩顶荷载F,其余参数与上文一致。对于相同的桩体结构,图8绘制了不同荷载F下的桩顶水平复阻抗频响曲线。
图8可知,随着桩顶竖向静荷载的增大,螺旋桩的共振频率越来越小;动刚度曲线整体向左上方偏移,动阻尼曲线整体向左下方偏移。桩顶竖向静荷载小于1×106 N时,对频响曲线几乎没有影响,大于该阈值时,对螺旋桩桩顶水平复阻抗的影响才趋于明显,并且随着静荷载的增大,曲线的偏移程度会越来越大,但不影响频响曲线的整体趋势。同时,静荷载的进一步增加会对频响曲线波峰处造成扰动,峰值具有绝对值变小的趋势,说明在水平激振使螺旋桩产生较大水平位移时,桩顶竖向静荷载的施加会使桩结构侧移值进一步增加,并产生附加内力,增强螺旋桩水平方向的不稳定性(P-Δ效应)。实际工况中,应避免桩头承台、风机等附加质量对桩顶施加的竖向荷载大于其承载阈值,否则会导致螺旋桩的水平承载力显著减小。
根据式(2)和(28),叶片的螺旋倾角决定了叶片的等效直径和导程,因此是螺旋桩重要的结构参数。分析螺旋倾角对桩的水平承载力提升效果,采用图2(c)所示的计算模型,设置第一叶片几何中心高于桩底1 m,叶片外伸比为3,距宽比为6,桩顶荷载F=1×105 N,仅分别改变叶片螺旋倾角为10°、15°、20°、30°和45°,叶片等效直径和导程随之改变,其他参数与上文一致。根据不同螺旋倾角绘制螺旋桩桩顶水平复阻抗频响曲线,如图9所示。
观察曲线的峰值点,当螺旋倾角较小时,桩顶复阻抗随着倾角的增大而增大,但当倾角大于20°时,桩顶复阻抗会随着倾角的增大而减小。这是由于本文使用的计算模型中一个螺旋叶片的轴向长度始终为一个螺距,若其他参数不变,仅增大螺旋倾角,会同时导致叶片等效直径的减小和叶片导程的增大;前者会削弱螺旋桩的水平承载力,而后者却会增强,因此桩顶水平复阻抗会在螺旋倾角变化到某一个值时达到最大。此外,螺旋桩的共振频率也有相似的规律,并且随着螺旋倾角的变化与桩顶水平复阻抗同步增减。考虑到实际工况中螺旋桩的施工方式,螺旋倾角的设计在15°~30°最能充分发挥螺旋结构对桩身水平承载力的提升效果。
本文在已有的螺旋桩等效刚度法的基础上,采用饱和土的平面应变模型和Euler梁模型,针对成层土中螺旋桩的水平动力响应特性,对桩身结构和桩顶荷载的影响机理进行研究,并分析了桩身主要结构参数的具体影响规律,主要得出以下结论:
(1) 在采用等效刚度法研究螺旋桩水平动力特性时,使用基于变形协调矩阵传递的螺旋桩-土系统离散模型是有效可信的。
(2) 螺旋叶片外伸比对螺旋桩水平动力特性有显著影响,叶片直径越大,桩的水平承载力越强;但若外伸比超过3,继续增大叶片直径对桩身水平承载力的提高效果会越来越弱;叶片外伸比的建议值为2~3。
(3) 螺旋叶片距宽比与螺旋桩桩顶复阻抗呈正相关,即第二叶片埋深越浅,桩顶复阻抗越大;但距宽比对桩的共振频率影响效果不明显;距宽比的建议值为4~8。
(4) 对于相同的桩体结构,当桩顶竖向静荷载的施加达到某一阈值后,进一步增大荷载会导致螺旋桩桩顶复阻抗及共振频率显著降低;实际工况中应着重注意桩顶承受的竖向荷载的大小。
(5) 随着叶片螺旋倾角的增大,螺旋桩的桩顶复阻抗具有先增大后减小的变化规律;螺旋倾角的设计值存在一个作用效果最佳的区间,建议值为15°~30°。
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2025年第38卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308010
  • 接收时间:2023-08-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-05
  • 修回日期:2023-09-12
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(52178371)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(CUGDCJJ202250)
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    中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院勘察与基础工程系,湖北 武汉 430074

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吴文兵(1988—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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