Article(id=1227591334677119384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693497600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-01, revisedDate=1701532800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610181730, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610181730, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610181730, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610181730, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1441, endPage=1449, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591335025246620, articleId=1227591334677119384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Bursting oscillation and energy capture efficiency analysis of piezoelectric energy harvester under low frequency excitation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Environmental vibration energy is a kind of renewable and clean energy with abundant reserves and wide distribution. Through energy harvesting technology,the mechanical energy in the environment is converted into electrical energy to power low-power electronic devices and wireless sensor networks,which is an effective solution to break the limitations of traditional power supply methods. In this paper,the bursting oscillation and energy capture efficiency of a mechanical nonlinear multistable piezoelectric cantilever beam device are studied under low frequency excitation. By analyzing the potential energy of the system,it can be seen that the system has multi-stable characteristics with the change of system parameters. According to the fast and slow dynamic analysis method,the external excitation term is regarded as a slow variable and control parameter to adjust the dynamic behavior of the fast subsystem,and the time history diagram,phase diagram and transition phase diagram of the system are obtained. The motion state and energy capture performance of the system under low frequency excitation are analyzed by numerical method. The results show that the system exists bursting oscillation under low frequency excitation,and the system has good energy capture characteristics when the system is bistable. In addition,the time-delay feedback control can control the clustering phenomenon and ensure the stable operation of the system.

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环境振动能量是一种储量丰富、分布广泛的可再生清洁能源。通过能量采集技术,可将环境中的机械能转化为电能,为低功耗电子器件和无线传感网络自供电,是打破传统供电方式限制的有效解决途径之一。本文研究了低频激励下一种机械式非线性多稳态压电悬臂梁装置的簇发振荡和俘能效率。根据快慢动力学分析方法,将外激励项视为慢变量,作为调节快子系统动力学行为的控制参数,利用双参数分岔图,分析参数对系统的影响,得到系统发生簇发振荡的时间历程图、相图和转换相图,对系统的运动规律和分岔机理作了解释;采用数值仿真法分析了低频激励下系统的运动状态及俘能性能。结果表明,在低频激励下,系统存在簇发振荡现象,且系统为双稳态时具有较好的俘能特性。此外,引入时滞反馈抑制可以抑制簇发现象,保证系统稳定运行。

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钱有华(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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Complexity2019,2019(1):7973823., articleTitle=Time-delayed feedback control in the multiple attractors wind-induced vibration energy harvesting system, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227654461036888856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, awardId=12172333, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(12172333), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227654461129163551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, awardId=LY20A020003, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LY20A020003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227654454636380506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227654454640574811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, companyId=1227654454636380506, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mathematical Sciences,Zhejiang Normal University,Jinhua 321004,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227654454648963421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, companyId=1227654454636380506, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江师范大学数学科学学院,浙江 金华 321004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1227654456737726970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Physical structure and calculation model of mechanical multistable energy harvester[30], figureFileSmall=q9osIFQOSMvCnVo+eg+lMQ==, figureFileBig=RnAvxMB2AWRpJXV+5JQVUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654456855167490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图1, caption=机械式多稳态俘能器的物理结构及计算模型[30], figureFileSmall=q9osIFQOSMvCnVo+eg+lMQ==, figureFileBig=RnAvxMB2AWRpJXV+5JQVUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654456964219399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The two-parameter (W,α) bifurcation diagram of the fast subsystem(3), figureFileSmall=Zmezx4CKX5At4lDFzCRYbA==, figureFileBig=6jlFjz43s5QjP9cZj++0PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654457064882704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图2, caption=快子系统(3)的双参数(W,α)分岔图, figureFileSmall=Zmezx4CKX5At4lDFzCRYbA==, figureFileBig=6jlFjz43s5QjP9cZj++0PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654457157157406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time-history diagram,phase diagram,and superposition diagram of the equilibrium point curve and the transition phase diagram (α=0.15, figureFileSmall=MZ8NozGF9RpzI07HMi2Y5Q==, figureFileBig=xpgqCW4nYkr3D7h7x+7o0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654457266209316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图3, caption=系统的时间历程图、相图、平衡点曲线和转换相图的叠加图(α=0.15

注:图3(c)中蓝实线代表稳定平衡点,蓝虚线代表不稳定平衡点,红实线代表转换相图。

, figureFileSmall=MZ8NozGF9RpzI07HMi2Y5Q==, figureFileBig=xpgqCW4nYkr3D7h7x+7o0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654458599997997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Time-history diagram,phase diagram,and superposition diagram of the equilibrium point curve and the transition phase diagram(α=0.25, figureFileSmall=BYEfPIgSMVXTl+SDsJIvHg==, figureFileBig=grEXed1rrQKevIUzuzdBVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654458734215735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图4, caption=系统的时间历程图、相图、平衡点曲线和转换相图的叠加图(α=0.25

注:图4(c)中蓝实线代表稳定平衡点,蓝虚线代表不稳定平衡点,红实线代表转换相图。

, figureFileSmall=BYEfPIgSMVXTl+SDsJIvHg==, figureFileBig=grEXed1rrQKevIUzuzdBVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654458843267647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Time-history diagram,phase diagram,and superposition diagram of the equilibrium point curve and the transition phase diagram(α=0.55, figureFileSmall=UZrYzvXTmfCZpk5nxgMT5g==, figureFileBig=acpdBdfXcHwYHoc4rWYN/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654458910376519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图5, caption=系统的时间历程图、相图、平衡点曲线和转换相图的叠加图(α=0.55

注:图5(c)中蓝实线代表稳定平衡点,蓝虚线代表不稳定平衡点,红实线代表转换相图。

, figureFileSmall=UZrYzvXTmfCZpk5nxgMT5g==, figureFileBig=acpdBdfXcHwYHoc4rWYN/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654459011039827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=ω-x bifurcation diagram of the system when α=0.15 and 0.55, figureFileSmall=cJCKxs/X6K3TtJYClP5PJA==, figureFileBig=DpgmAZNO9bWuzomh7H6qXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654459099120221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图6, caption=α=0.15和0.55时系统的ω-x分岔图, figureFileSmall=cJCKxs/X6K3TtJYClP5PJA==, figureFileBig=DpgmAZNO9bWuzomh7H6qXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654459187200615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Phase diagram of the system under different α when ω=0.06, figureFileSmall=nl9Y4IDGJy+EPmz319rFgA==, figureFileBig=KVqfrlz3zzFwMuheF6SWKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654459292058224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图7, caption=ω=0.06时系统在不同α下的相图

注:图7中红点为Poincaré点。

, figureFileSmall=nl9Y4IDGJy+EPmz319rFgA==, figureFileBig=KVqfrlz3zzFwMuheF6SWKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654459396915834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The power response diagram of the system under different frequencies ratios ωf=0.7,α=0.15,β=0.2, figureFileSmall=PRWt9zIMAvCSIa8frrq6wA==, figureFileBig=WomXRIw+wtZDoIVEk4Mt1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654459501773444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图8, caption=系统在不同频率比ω下的功率响应图(f=0.7,α=0.15β=0.2, figureFileSmall=PRWt9zIMAvCSIa8frrq6wA==, figureFileBig=WomXRIw+wtZDoIVEk4Mt1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654459602436751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The power response diagram of the system under different excitation amplitudes(ω=0.01,β=0.2,μ=1, figureFileSmall=83KEC8VZRXB4Ruw9kdxkNw==, figureFileBig=0Nt6+AWrEt7VokzNT4Kq9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654459690517144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图9, caption=系统在不同激励振幅下的功率响应图(ω=0.01,β=0.2,μ=1, figureFileSmall=83KEC8VZRXB4Ruw9kdxkNw==, figureFileBig=0Nt6+AWrEt7VokzNT4Kq9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654459799569057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Energy capture characteristic curve and power response diagram of the system with μα=0.15β=0.2,f=1,ω=0.01, figureFileSmall=MuKuEVAR+W1NbsN47z3NGw==, figureFileBig=oGjeqCGdWxpFNWG62d2dSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654459912815279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图10, caption=系统随μ变化的俘能特性曲线和功率响应图(α=0.15,β=0.2,f=1,ω=0.01, figureFileSmall=MuKuEVAR+W1NbsN47z3NGw==, figureFileBig=oGjeqCGdWxpFNWG62d2dSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654460042838714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Energy capture characteristic curve and power response diagram of the system with βα=0.15,μ=1.21,f=1,ω=0.01, figureFileSmall=rtrBl41/KnB6akIyCXrg0g==, figureFileBig=5gJ31Evn8KtVgetDog8Vhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654460156084937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图11, caption=系统随β变化的俘能特性曲线和功率响应图(α=0.15,μ=1.21,f=1,ω=0.01, figureFileSmall=rtrBl41/KnB6akIyCXrg0g==, figureFileBig=5gJ31Evn8KtVgetDog8Vhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654460256748246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Time-history diagram and phase diagram of the system before and after time-delay feedback control(ω=0.01,k=0.4,τ=0.1, figureFileSmall=GLT+ETuNnSBvi0lxEHddNQ==, figureFileBig=fBR47FzSduZHCreQEtgzfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654460374188768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图12, caption=时滞反馈控制前/后系统的时间历程图和相图(ω=0.01,k=0.4,τ=0.1, figureFileSmall=GLT+ETuNnSBvi0lxEHddNQ==, figureFileBig=fBR47FzSduZHCreQEtgzfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654460491629288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Time-history diagram and phase diagram of the system with time-delay feedback control (ω=0.01,k=0.4, figureFileSmall=a+Axb6QzozTGSK5CGRqh3w==, figureFileBig=XIQeQyYEA8/K8hOEJFfyDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654460625847030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图13, caption=时滞反馈控制下系统的时间历程图和相图(ω=0.01,k=0.4, figureFileSmall=a+Axb6QzozTGSK5CGRqh3w==, figureFileBig=XIQeQyYEA8/K8hOEJFfyDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654460743287551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Power response diagram of the system before and after time-delay feedback control (α=0.15,μ=1.21,β=0.18,f=1.1,ω=0.01, figureFileSmall=wjhcuNesSIhutca+SPPiHA==, figureFileBig=E3k+rp9RI+XbGNedcXONtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654460873310983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334677119384, language=CN, label=图14, caption=时滞反馈控制前/后系统的功率响应图(α=0.15,μ=1.21,β=0.18,f=1.1,ω=0.01, figureFileSmall=wjhcuNesSIhutca+SPPiHA==, figureFileBig=E3k+rp9RI+XbGNedcXONtw==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1225147830491308032, delFlag=0, nameCn=振动工程学报, nameEn=Journal of 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低频激励下压电俘能器的簇发振荡和俘能效率分析
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钱有华 , 任美蓉
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1441-1449
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1441-1449
低频激励下压电俘能器的簇发振荡和俘能效率分析
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钱有华 , 任美蓉
作者信息
  • 浙江师范大学数学科学学院,浙江 金华 321004

通讯作者:

钱有华(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Bursting oscillation and energy capture efficiency analysis of piezoelectric energy harvester under low frequency excitation
Youhua QIAN , Meirong REN
Affiliations
  • School of Mathematical Sciences,Zhejiang Normal University,Jinhua 321004,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309003
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环境振动能量是一种储量丰富、分布广泛的可再生清洁能源。通过能量采集技术,可将环境中的机械能转化为电能,为低功耗电子器件和无线传感网络自供电,是打破传统供电方式限制的有效解决途径之一。本文研究了低频激励下一种机械式非线性多稳态压电悬臂梁装置的簇发振荡和俘能效率。根据快慢动力学分析方法,将外激励项视为慢变量,作为调节快子系统动力学行为的控制参数,利用双参数分岔图,分析参数对系统的影响,得到系统发生簇发振荡的时间历程图、相图和转换相图,对系统的运动规律和分岔机理作了解释;采用数值仿真法分析了低频激励下系统的运动状态及俘能性能。结果表明,在低频激励下,系统存在簇发振荡现象,且系统为双稳态时具有较好的俘能特性。此外,引入时滞反馈抑制可以抑制簇发现象,保证系统稳定运行。

低频激励  /  簇发振荡  /  快慢动力学  /  能量收集  /  时滞反馈控制

Environmental vibration energy is a kind of renewable and clean energy with abundant reserves and wide distribution. Through energy harvesting technology,the mechanical energy in the environment is converted into electrical energy to power low-power electronic devices and wireless sensor networks,which is an effective solution to break the limitations of traditional power supply methods. In this paper,the bursting oscillation and energy capture efficiency of a mechanical nonlinear multistable piezoelectric cantilever beam device are studied under low frequency excitation. By analyzing the potential energy of the system,it can be seen that the system has multi-stable characteristics with the change of system parameters. According to the fast and slow dynamic analysis method,the external excitation term is regarded as a slow variable and control parameter to adjust the dynamic behavior of the fast subsystem,and the time history diagram,phase diagram and transition phase diagram of the system are obtained. The motion state and energy capture performance of the system under low frequency excitation are analyzed by numerical method. The results show that the system exists bursting oscillation under low frequency excitation,and the system has good energy capture characteristics when the system is bistable. In addition,the time-delay feedback control can control the clustering phenomenon and ensure the stable operation of the system.

low frequency excitation  /  bursting oscillation  /  fast slow dynamics  /  energy harvesting  /  time-delay feedback control
钱有华, 任美蓉. 低频激励下压电俘能器的簇发振荡和俘能效率分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1441 -1449 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309003
Youhua QIAN, Meirong REN. Bursting oscillation and energy capture efficiency analysis of piezoelectric energy harvester under low frequency excitation[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1441 -1449 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309003
能量收集是当今工程科学中的一个热门领域,从低频振动中捕获能量是俘能器应用的关键挑战之一[1-2]。由于人类生活环境的频率通常低于100 Hz,而现有的能量收集装置大多具有较高的谐振频率(>100 Hz)[3],因而这些能量收集装置不能很好地适应低频环境振动。
近年来,低功耗电子设备如无线传感器、通信节点、微型机器人、无人机以及可穿戴(可植入式)等的飞速发展与广泛应用,使其供能技术受到严峻挑战。传统电池供能虽然便捷,但是使用寿命短,无法长时间稳定地供能,而且会给环境造成污染。环境振动能量是一种储量丰富、分布广泛的可再生清洁能源,可以通过能量采集技术,将环境中的机械能转化为电能并储存起来,供微电子设备使用。因此,自从WILLIAMS等[4]在1996年提出这个想法以来,环境中的振动能成为了能量收集领域中的重点研究对象[5-7]。张伟等[8]利用可移动铰支座和非线性磁力设计了一种具有双稳态特性的宽频压电俘能器,通过拓宽压电俘能器的工作频带,匹配环境中较宽的振动频率。ZHANG等[9]提出了一种利用压力流体的二次激励清除周围环境中的低频振动能量的低频压电能量收割机,证明了该结构在低频高强度振动中的良好性能和可行性。YU等[10]提出了一种具有旋转-自由度(DOF)的压电能量收割机,以有效实现在低频环境下的多模态振动能量收集。CAO等[11]提出了一种适用于超低频率旋转场景下的双悬臂梁旋转逆复合压电能量采集器。LIU等[12]提出了一种混合磁耦合和冲击增强的宽带压电振动能量采集器(piezoelectric vibration energy harvester,PVEH),通过与环境振动频率的匹配实现能量收集效率的提升。
对于低频激励下的机械系统,可能会出现一种以小振幅振荡和大振幅振荡交替为特征的现象,即簇发振荡[13]。簇发振荡产生机制的解释可以追溯到RINZEL [14]提出的冻结子系统的方法。JIANG等[15]证明了簇发振荡可以用来提升采收功率。钱有华等[16]和LIN等[17-18]研究了不同激励下不同压电俘能器的簇发振荡及俘能效率。HUANG等[19-20]考虑了原点处具有三重Hopf分岔的向量场在三阶正则形式下的簇发振荡;KPOMAHOU等[21]研究了由参数周期阻尼和外部激励驱动的具有非对称双阱势的混合Rayleigh-Liénard振荡器中簇发、混合模式振荡和马蹄形混沌的存在性。CHEN等[22]以快-慢激励下的压电屈曲梁系统为研究对象,对簇发状态下的能量收集问题进行了分析和数值研究。
大多数实际振动系统都存在时滞效应,一些研究人员已经考虑过非线性振荡器的时滞控制[23-25]。GUO等[26]研究了一类具有双稳态且同时存在两个稳定极限环的时滞周期振荡器在确定性情况下的随机分岔问题。YU等[27-28]研究了振幅调制在具有时滞反馈的经典机械振荡器中控制(抑制或增强)簇发振荡的有效性。结果表明,延迟的存在可以改变或完全抑制奇异周期振荡的振幅。张绍华等[29]探究了PMSM系统中的簇发,并设计控制器对簇发行为进行抑制。
深入地开展低频振动能量特征研究不仅可以了解结构中的振动传递机理,也可为结构中振动能量的调节和控制提供指导。本文采用快慢分析方法,研究了低频激励下多稳态压电俘能器的簇发振荡现象和俘能特性,并通过时滞反馈控制提升俘能效率,抑制簇发振荡的产生,保证系统稳定运行,以期为多稳态压电俘能器的可靠性设计和控制提供参考。
多稳态俘能器的物理结构如图1(a)所示。两根线性弹簧对称分布在悬臂梁未发生形变时平衡位置的两侧。当无外部激励时,悬臂梁静止,两弹簧处于压缩状态。在悬臂梁上、下两侧各有一层宽度和长度均与悬臂梁相同的压电片。当基座在外部激励下发生振动时,悬臂梁产生形变,导致压电片发生形变,压电片的压电效应可实现振动能向电能的转化。图1(b)为简化后的典型的弹簧阻尼系统。系统的等效质量、等效刚度和等效阻尼分别为MKC,两线性弹簧的刚度系数为K1,负载电阻为R,悬臂梁的输出电压为,悬臂梁末端距右端基座的垂直距离为h,两线性弹簧在基座上的距离为2a,悬臂梁的振动位移为Xτ),外部激励为Yτ)。
系统的无量纲方程为[30]
{x¨+2ξx˙+(2μ+1)x-μ(x+α)(x+α)2+β2-  μ(x-α)(x-α)2+β2-γv=-m¨v˙+ηv+x˙=0
式中,系统的刚度比μ=K1K;弹簧的位置参数α=aLβ=hL,其中L为弹簧原长;ξ=C2Mω0,其中ω0为固有频率;γ=θ2KCp,其中Cp为等效电容,θ为机电耦合系数;η=1CpRω0m=Y(τ)L;无量纲化后的位移x=X(τ)L;无量纲化后的电压v=Ve,其中e=θLCp;无量纲化后的时间t=ω0τx˙x对时间t的一阶微分;x¨x对时间t的二阶微分;v˙v对时间t的一阶微分。
x˙=y, v=z,系统的状态方程(1)变为:
{x˙=yy˙=-2ξy-(2μ+1)x+μ(x+α)(x+α)2+β2+μ(x-α)(x-α)2+β2+γz-m¨z˙=-ηz-y
式中,-m¨=fcos(ωt)f为激励振幅,频率比ω=ω1ω0ω1为激励频率。
W=fcos(ωt),将方程(2)转化为生成广义自治系统:
{x˙=yy˙=-2ξy-(2μ+1)x+μ(x+α)(x+α)2+β2+μ(x-α)(x-α)2+β2+γz+Wz˙=-ηz-y
当激励频率ω1远小于固有频率时,系统可能会出现两个尺度的效应,产生复杂的动力学行为[31]。由于ω1,对于任意一个快变周期,激励项W=fcos(ωt)变化很小,因此可以将其作为方程(3)的一个慢变参数。这样就可以应用传统的快慢分析法来揭示周期激励中不同簇发的产生机制[32]
(x˙,y˙,z˙)=(0,0,0),快子系统的平衡点E(x0,0,0)满足下式:
-(2μ+1)x0+μ(x0+α)(x0+α)2+β2+μ(x0-α)(x0-α)2+β2+W=0
平衡点E(x0,0,0)的特征方程为:
λ3+(η+2ξ)λ2+(2ξη+γ-a)λ-aη=0
式中,λ为特征值;
a=-1+μ(-2+β2(1(β2+(α-x0)2)3/2+1(β2+(α+x0)2)3/2))
由Routh-Hurwitz稳定性判据,平衡点E是稳定的当且仅当:
{-aη>0η+2ξ>0(η+2ξ)(2ξη+γ-a)>0
平衡点E的不稳定性将导致不同形式的分岔。结合式(4)和(5),得到fold分岔在平衡点E处发生的条件为:
{η(1-μ(-2+β21(β2+(α-x0)2)3/2+1(β2+(α+x0)2)3/2)))=0-(2μ+1)x0+μ(x0+α)(x0+α)2+β2+  μ(x0-α)(x0-α)2+β2+W=0
由式(1)可得系统的无量纲势能函数为:
U(x)=μ2[(x+α)2+β2-1]2+μ2[(x-α)2+β2-1]2+12x2
由式(8)可看出,系统的稳态数目与刚度比μ、弹簧的位置参数αβ有关。
根据式(7),可以画出如方程(3)所示的快速子系统(3)的双参数(W,α)分岔图,如图2所示。P1(0,0.221941)代表分岔点,蓝色实线代表fold分岔曲线。l1=0.22194,l2=0.31812,l3=0.60117。其他参数固定为ξ=0.05, γ=0.5,η=0.05,β=0.2μ=1,f=1
图3~5分析了α在区域(0, l3)内低频激励ω=0.01下系统产生的簇发振荡现象。
情形1所在区域为(0,l1),取α=0.15,且系统为双稳态。由图3(a)可知,该系统在一个周期内经历了两次尖峰振荡和两次弛豫振荡。图3(b)显示了一个周期的运动可分为两个对称的部分。从区域A出发,系统沿着路径A→B→A完成一个周期的运动。在每个周期内,前半周期(A→B)和后半周期(B→A)的运动是对称的。图3(c)揭示了簇发振荡的分岔机理。该系统从上分支的最右端1.0出发向左移动,进入弛豫振荡,到达点FB1(-0.614,0.295)后,从上分支跳到下分支,进入尖峰振荡,随着振荡逐渐减弱,系统到达最左端-1.0。后半周期的运动和前半周期类似。系统从-1.0折返并向右移动,进入弛豫振荡。遇到分岔点FB2(0.614,-0.295)后,从下分支跳到上分支,再次进入尖峰振荡,随着振荡减弱,系统右移至1.0,最终完成一个周期的运动。
情形2为区域(l1,l2),取α=0.25时,系统为三稳态。图4图3类似,同样是经历了两次尖峰振荡和两次弛豫振荡,但图4(c)中出现了4个分岔点,由于分岔点FB2、FB3并没有对簇发产生影响,这导致了尖峰振荡持续时间较短,振幅减小较快。
情形3为区域(l2,l3),随着α的增大,簇发振荡也逐渐复杂,取α=0.55时,系统为单稳态。如图5(a)所示,系统在一个周期内经历了四次尖峰振荡和四次弛豫振荡。如图5(b)所示,系统沿着路径A→M→B→M→A完成一个周期的运动。如图5(c)所示,系统从上分支的最右端1.0出发向左移动,进入弛豫振荡,到达点FB1后,从上分支跳到中分支,进入尖峰振荡,并逐渐减弱,到达点FB3后,从中分支跳到下分支,再次进入尖峰振荡,并逐渐减弱,到达最左端-1.0。后半周期的运动和前半周期类似,系统从下分支的最左端-1.0折返并向右移动,进入弛豫振荡,到达点FB4后,从下分支跳到中分支,进入尖峰振荡,并逐渐减弱,到达点FB2后,从中分支跳到上分支,再次进入尖峰振荡,并逐渐减弱,到达最右端1.0,最终完成一个周期的运动。
图6分析了α=0.15和0.55时系统的ω-x分岔图。分析发现,当激励频率较小时系统表现为周期运动,随着激励频率的增加,混沌现象出现,或者混沌和周期交替出现。
通过观察Poincaré截面上截点的情况可以判断 是否发生混沌:当Poincaré 截面上有且只有一个不动点或少数离散点时,运动是周期的;当Poincaré截面上是一些成片的具有分形结构的密集点时,运动便是混沌的。从图7可以看出,当α=0.15时,Poincaré截面上有且只有一个不动点,运动是周期的。当α=0.55时,Poincaré截面上是成片的具有分形结构的密集点,运动是混沌的。与图6中的ω-x分岔图相对应。
由于不同结构的压电俘能器的俘能特性有较大差别,且非线性压电俘能器在受到外界低频激励时会产生簇发振荡现象,因此有必要研究簇发以及外激励等参数对俘能特性的影响。本文以无量纲均方根电压和输出功率作为系统俘能效果的评价指标,无量纲均方根电压为:
Vrms=1ni=1nzi2
式中,zi为无量纲离散输出电压值;n为离散电压取样点数。
输出功率为:
P=z2R
式中,z为无量纲化后的输出电压;固定负载电阻R=20 Ω
图8描绘了系统在不同频率比ω下的功率响应图。可以看出,当激励振幅f=0.7时,簇发频率下产生的俘能效率最好,其次是共振频率,最后是非共振频率。因此,簇发振荡现象能够提升能量收集效率,且俘能效率与激励频率和激励振幅有很大关系,通过合理调节激励频率和激励振幅可以改善俘能器的能量收集效率。
图9描绘了系统在不同激励振幅下的功率响应图。可以明显看出,当f=1时,双稳态俘能效率较好;当f=0.6时,三稳态俘能效率较好,但最大功率响应值小于f=1时的最大功率响应值;当f=0.2时,单稳态俘能效率较好,但比f=0.6时的最大功率响应值小。因此从总体上看,双稳态的俘能效率较好。
接下来,针对激励振幅f=1继续探讨系统的俘能特性。图10描述了系统随μ变化的俘能特性曲线和功率响应图。可以看出,存在一个最大μ值使得均方根电压值最大,即当μ=1.21时,系统的俘能特性最好,图10的电压曲线和功率响应图可以相互印证。
图11描述了系统随β变化的俘能特性曲线和功率响应图。可以看出,存在一个最大β值使得电压值最大,即当β=0.18时,系统的俘能特性最好,图11的电压曲线和功率响应图可以相互印证。综上所述,当α=0.15β=0.18μ=1.21时,系统的俘能效率达到最高。
了解能量收集系统对时滞反馈控制的动态响应有助于更好地控制系统,保证系统的稳定运行。时滞反馈被称为动力系统连续时间控制的有效工具。时滞反馈的形式[33]F(t)=k[x˙(t-τ)-x˙(t)],其中k表示反馈增益,加入时滞反馈后,系统变为:
{x˙=yy˙=-2ξy-(2μ+1)x+μ(x+α)(x+α)2+β2+μ(x-α)(x-α)2+β2+γz-m¨+F(t)z˙=-ηz-y
当方程(2)出现簇发振荡时,采用时滞反馈控制的方法快速抑制俘能器系统中的簇发振荡,使其达到稳定的平衡状态,从而保证系统的正常运行。图12描绘了时滞反馈控制前/后系统的时间历程图和相图,蓝色曲线代表未加入时滞反馈控制,红色曲线代表加入时滞反馈控制。从图12可以看出,加入时滞反馈后,簇发振荡现象消失,系统趋于稳定状态。因此,加入时滞反馈控制能够抑制簇发现象,使系统稳定运行。
图13描绘了时滞反馈控制下系统的时间历程图和相图。从图13可以看出,时滞的大小会影响系统达到稳定状态的时间,当时滞τ=0.7时,系统更快达到平衡态。因此,可以通过调节时滞促使系统更快达到稳定状态。
图14描绘了时滞反馈控制前/后系统的功率响应图。加入时滞反馈控制,通过调节反馈增益和时滞,可以使系统的输出功率更加稳定且提高输出功率。固定(τ,k)=(0.03,11.2),通过对比图14(a)和(b)可以发现,加入时滞反馈控制后,系统的输出功率更加稳定,但不足之处是并没有很大程度上提升系统的输出功率,且不能保证抑制簇发振荡现象的同时提升俘能效率。在以后的研究中,将继续改进时滞反馈控制,使其可以在实现减振效果的同时提高俘能效率。
本文对一种机械式非线性多稳态压电悬臂梁装置的簇发振荡和俘能效率进行了研究。通过分析系统势能可知,随着系统参数的变化,系统具有多稳态的特性;采用数值仿真法分析了在低频激励下系统的运动状态及俘能性能。结果表明:
(1)低频激励下,系统存在fold分岔,fold分岔会引起簇发振荡现象,簇发频率能提升能量收集效率且系统为双稳态时具有较好的俘能特性。
(2)能量俘获效能与激励频率和激励振幅有关,且刚度比μ、弹簧的位置参数αβ分别存在一个阈值,使得系统的俘获效能最大。
(3)引入时滞反馈控制可以抑制簇发振荡现象,保证系统稳定运行,也可以在一定程度上提升俘能效率。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12172333)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LY20A020003)
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2025年第38卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309003
  • 接收时间:2023-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-01
  • 修回日期:2023-12-03
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12172333)
浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LY20A020003)
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    浙江师范大学数学科学学院,浙江 金华 321004

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钱有华(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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