Article(id=1227591334488371915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702656000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-16, revisedDate=1712592000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610181686, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610181686, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610181686, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610181686, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1496, endPage=1502, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591334765195987, articleId=1227591334488371915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Study on the support stiffness characteristics of a disc rotor permanent magnetic levitation bearing, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Research on magnetically levitated rotors has been heavily influenced by studies on slender shaft magnetic levitated rotors. In the study on a certain magnetically levitated flat rotor for a centrifugal pump structure,both experiments and finite element analysis revealed that the support characteristics of the radial permanent magnetic bearings,with the same dual-ring structure,exhibited the significant differences from the known experience when applied to flat rotors. The translational stiffness and torsional stiffness showed substantial variations. This paper analyzes the variations in translational and torsional stiffness of permanent magnetic radial bearings for flat rotors based on changes in the bearing’s structural dimensions. Based on the analysis,a flat rotor magnetic levitation structure is proposed,which can increase and adjust the torsional stiffness of the permanent magnetic bearings,while also allowing for a rational ratio between translational and torsional stiffness. A finite element analysis is used to identify the structural conditions that yield maximum translational and rotational stiffness. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is subsequently validated.

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目前,对永磁悬浮轴承支承特性的研究大多基于单个轴承的力学角度,而转子由多个轴承支承,转子支承特性应该在轴承-转子系统整体中分析,脱离转子系统的磁悬浮轴承支承分析是不全面的。在某微型离心泵的磁悬浮圆盘转子(长径比<1)研究中,采用了两个双环结构的永磁悬浮轴承组成的径向支承结构。实验发现,由于圆盘转子的两个永磁径向轴承距离很近,表现出的转子支承特性与细长轴转子(长径比≫1)磁悬浮支承的已知经验大不相同,其径向平动刚度和径向扭转刚度差异很大。本文通过磁力有限元分析,揭示了圆盘转子永磁轴承的径向平动刚度和径向扭转刚度随轴承结构尺寸的变化规律;以此为依据,提出了能提高圆盘转子扭转刚度的磁悬浮径向支承结构,分析了能够获得最大平动刚度和最大扭转刚度的结构条件,并合理调配平动刚度和扭转刚度的比例关系;同时,该永磁径向悬浮结构的轴向耦合力具有更宽的线性范围,有利于轴向电磁悬浮仅采用简单的低阶线性控制器就能很好地提升悬浮稳定性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
蒋科坚(1972—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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王洪明(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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王洪明(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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Hangzhou:Zhejiang University of Technology,2004., articleTitle=Analysis of mechanical characteristics of permanent magnet bearings, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227654463721238625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334488371915, awardId=12062014, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(12062014), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227654455085167253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334488371915, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227654455093555860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591334488371915, companyId=1227654455085167253, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Information Science and Engineering,Zhejiang Sci-tech University,Hangzhou 310018,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227654455118721688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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圆盘转子永磁悬浮轴承支承刚度特性研究
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王洪明 1 , 陈亮亮 2 , 蒋科坚 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1496-1502
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1496-1502
圆盘转子永磁悬浮轴承支承刚度特性研究
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王洪明1 , 陈亮亮2, 蒋科坚1
作者信息
  • 1.浙江理工大学信息科学与工程学院,浙江 杭州 310018
  • 2.南昌航空大学信息工程学院,江西 南昌 330063
  • 王洪明(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

蒋科坚(1972—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Study on the support stiffness characteristics of a disc rotor permanent magnetic levitation bearing
Hongming WANG1 , Liangliang CHEN2, Kejian JIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Information Science and Engineering,Zhejiang Sci-tech University,Hangzhou 310018,China
  • 2.College of Information Engineering,Nanchang Hangkong University,Nanchang 330063,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312036
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目前,对永磁悬浮轴承支承特性的研究大多基于单个轴承的力学角度,而转子由多个轴承支承,转子支承特性应该在轴承-转子系统整体中分析,脱离转子系统的磁悬浮轴承支承分析是不全面的。在某微型离心泵的磁悬浮圆盘转子(长径比<1)研究中,采用了两个双环结构的永磁悬浮轴承组成的径向支承结构。实验发现,由于圆盘转子的两个永磁径向轴承距离很近,表现出的转子支承特性与细长轴转子(长径比≫1)磁悬浮支承的已知经验大不相同,其径向平动刚度和径向扭转刚度差异很大。本文通过磁力有限元分析,揭示了圆盘转子永磁轴承的径向平动刚度和径向扭转刚度随轴承结构尺寸的变化规律;以此为依据,提出了能提高圆盘转子扭转刚度的磁悬浮径向支承结构,分析了能够获得最大平动刚度和最大扭转刚度的结构条件,并合理调配平动刚度和扭转刚度的比例关系;同时,该永磁径向悬浮结构的轴向耦合力具有更宽的线性范围,有利于轴向电磁悬浮仅采用简单的低阶线性控制器就能很好地提升悬浮稳定性。

磁悬浮轴承  /  永磁轴承  /  长径比  /  平动刚度  /  扭转刚度

Research on magnetically levitated rotors has been heavily influenced by studies on slender shaft magnetic levitated rotors. In the study on a certain magnetically levitated flat rotor for a centrifugal pump structure,both experiments and finite element analysis revealed that the support characteristics of the radial permanent magnetic bearings,with the same dual-ring structure,exhibited the significant differences from the known experience when applied to flat rotors. The translational stiffness and torsional stiffness showed substantial variations. This paper analyzes the variations in translational and torsional stiffness of permanent magnetic radial bearings for flat rotors based on changes in the bearing’s structural dimensions. Based on the analysis,a flat rotor magnetic levitation structure is proposed,which can increase and adjust the torsional stiffness of the permanent magnetic bearings,while also allowing for a rational ratio between translational and torsional stiffness. A finite element analysis is used to identify the structural conditions that yield maximum translational and rotational stiffness. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is subsequently validated.

magnetic levitation bearing  /  permanent magnetic bearing  /  length-diameter ratio  /  translational stiffness  /  rotational stiffness
王洪明, 陈亮亮, 蒋科坚. 圆盘转子永磁悬浮轴承支承刚度特性研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1496 -1502 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312036
Hongming WANG, Liangliang CHEN, Kejian JIANG. Study on the support stiffness characteristics of a disc rotor permanent magnetic levitation bearing[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1496 -1502 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312036
近年来,随着与磁悬浮相关的电磁学、电子学、转子动力学、有限元方法等的发展,尤其是钕铁硼稀土强磁材料的量产成本下降,永磁悬浮轴承的磁力性能已经可以满足越来越多工业领域的应用需要,展现出适合推广应用的工业实用价值。
永磁轴承是一种通过永磁体之间产生的吸力或斥力使转子悬浮的轴承部件。虽然,根据恩绍(Earnshaw)定理,单纯的永磁悬浮无法实现物体静态的完全悬浮,必须配合其他悬浮形式,如电磁悬浮、液力悬浮等,才能实现一个物体全自由度的静态稳定悬浮。但是,永磁悬浮配合的混合悬浮可以降低电磁主动悬浮的控制复杂度、承载负荷,降低悬浮功耗。永磁悬浮在磁悬浮设计中承担着极其重要的角色。
悬浮结构的分析和设计是永磁轴承研究的重要内容。QIAN等[1]利用陀螺效应实现了纯永磁悬浮转子的动态旋转的稳定悬浮。刘淑琴等[2]在永磁轴承的基础上,研究了一种无接触式高效率磁耦合驱动装置,用于人工心脏转子的支承和旋转,实现了在智能控制下的变速稳定运行。刘强等[3]对航天卫星姿态检测使用的磁悬浮框架飞轮的几种构型做了详细的比较分析。
永磁体磁场和磁力解析计算的传统方法有等效磁荷法和静态磁路法两种。随着计算机技术的发展和有限元分析软件的出现,有限元法成为磁场分析方法的主流,适合复杂磁体形状和复杂相对运动形式的磁场和磁力计算。YUAN等[4]从磁荷观点出发,用积分定义法有效计算磁环之间的承载力。薛沙沙[5]对静态磁路法、等效磁荷法、有限元法三种计算方法做了较为详细的介绍。LIU等[6]利用磁力、磁矩和刚度来评价永磁轴承的承载特性,在考虑轴向偏移和挠度耦合的情况下,研究其承载特性。李红伟等[7]研究了双环结构径向永磁轴承的轴向刚度和径向刚度的耦合关系。付靖[8]研究发现同心双环轴承的冗余性高于单环轴承,提高了磁悬浮轴承的可靠性。
目前,对永磁悬浮轴承支承特性的研究大多基于单个轴承的力学角度,而转子由几个轴承支承,转子支承特性应该在轴承-转子系统整体中分析,脱离转子系统的磁悬浮轴承支承分析是不全面的。
通常,转子系统由两个径向轴承和一个轴向轴承支承。对于细长轴转子(长径比≫1),其两个径向轴承的距离远远大于转子回转直径。在对某微型离心泵结构的磁悬浮圆盘转子(长径比<1)研究中发现,由于两个径向轴承距离很近,表现出的转子支承特性与细长轴磁悬浮支承的已知经验大不相同。平动刚度可能很大,而扭转刚度几乎为零,造成圆盘转子无法悬浮。
本文首先通过有限元分析方法,揭示了圆盘转子永磁径向悬浮轴承的平动刚度和扭转刚度随轴承结构尺寸的变化规律。以此为依据,本文提出适合圆盘转子的磁悬浮结构,能够增大和调节径向悬浮的抗扭转刚度。同时,该径向永磁悬浮结构的轴向耦合力有更宽的线性范围,使得轴向电磁悬浮可采用简单的低阶线性控制器,如PID控制,就能够达到很好的稳定悬浮效果。
径向永磁轴承的结构主要有四种形式[59-12],如图1所示,都由两个磁环组成,图中箭头为磁环充磁方向。其中,图1(a)和(c)为大小磁环嵌套结构,磁力形式表现为斥力;图1(b)和(d)为大小相同的磁环,磁力形式表现为吸力。径向永磁轴承可以在径向产生稳定的悬浮刚度,当转子在径向上发生偏移,可以通过永磁环之间的斥力或引力产生回复力,使转子回归轴承中心;但是,径向永磁轴承在轴向上表现为不稳定刚度,需要施加其他形式的力,如电磁力,配合实现转子的全自由度稳定。
永磁环的充磁方向有径向充磁和轴向充磁。轴向充磁的磁力集中在上、下两个端面;径向充磁的磁力集中于内、外两个圆柱侧面。目前,由于磁环径向充磁的工艺还存在不足,特别对小尺寸磁环,充磁磁极小,充磁不充分。因此,实际的永磁径向轴承大多数采用轴向充磁磁环,如图1(c)和(d)所示。
本文采用如图1(c)所示结构的径向永磁轴承。径向永磁轴承由两个永磁环组成,外磁环为转子,内磁环为定子,两个磁环的充磁方向均为轴向充磁,方向相同,转子和定子通过二者之间的斥力提供悬浮力。
永磁轴承的磁力分析主要有等效磁荷法、静态磁路法和有限元法。
等效磁荷法将永磁体内部视为充满一个个点磁荷。由于集肤效应,轴向充磁磁环的磁荷集中在磁环的上、下两个端面。点磁荷的作用力公式如下:
F=14πμ0Br1Br2|rab|3rab
式中,μ0为真空磁导率;|rab|为磁荷a和b两点之间的距离(a和b分别表示图2中上表面1上的一点和上表面3上的一点);Br1Br2分别为两个磁环的剩磁感应强度,也就是两个轴向充磁磁环端面的面磁荷密度[5]rab为a指向b的方向矢量。
图2为如图1(c)所示的双环结构永磁轴承的三维模型。等效磁荷分别分布在磁环的上表面和下表面,因此,定子和转子永磁环相互作用力分为四个部分,分别是定子上表面1和转子上表面3、定子上表面1和转子下表面4、定子下表面2和转子上表面3、定子下表面2和转子下表面4。定子内、外径和转子内、外径分别为R1、R2、R3、R4,两个磁环的高度均为h,z为大磁环下表面到小磁环下表面的轴向距离,r为大磁环圆心到小磁环圆心的径向距离。
首先讨论内磁环下表面2与外磁环下表面4之间产生的磁力F24[59-10]
F24=Br1Br24πμ002π22πR1R2R3R4R2R4r24dαdβdr2dr4|r24|3
式中,r2r4分别为下表面2和下表面4上的一个点磁荷极坐标位置的幅值,αβ为相位,满足r2αr4βr24为下表面2指向下表面4的方向矢量。
通过矢量分解,可以计算出F24的径向分量Fr24和轴向分量Fz24
Fr24=Br1Br24πμ002π22πR1R2R3R4R2R4r24jdαdβdr2dr4|r24|3
Fz24=Br1Br24πμ002π22πR1R2R3R4R2R4r24idαdβdr2dr4|r24|3
式中,j为定子相较于转子的径向偏移单位向量;i为定子轴向偏移的单位向量。
同理可以推导出其他三个力F13F14F23。因为表面1、3和表面2、4之间表现为斥力,表面1、4和表面2、3之间表现为吸力,所以永磁轴承径向磁力Fr和轴向磁力Fz分别表示为:
Fr=Fr13-Fr14+Fr24-Fr23
Fz=Fz13-Fz14+Fz24-Fz23
对于双环结构的永磁轴承,静态磁路法把其等效为两个无限长且平行的条形磁铁,然后通过计算磁体单元间的作用力来得到整体磁力特性。为了能减小磁环曲率的影响,要求永磁环的直径远远大于磁环的径向宽度,才能忽略等效带来的误差。
图3图4所示,J1J2分别为两个磁体的磁极化强度,定义为单位体积内的磁偶极矩;γδ分别为J1J2x轴的夹角;S1S2为两磁体的横截面积;θ为两横截面中心连线与x轴的夹角;r12为两磁体横截面中心距离。
两磁体之间径向力Fr与轴向力Fz可以表示为[513]
Frl=S1S2J1J22πμ0-2r123cos(δ+γ-3θ)dS1S2
Fzl=S1S2J1J22πμ02r123sin(δ+γ-3θ)dS1S2
式中,l为永磁环的中心线周长。
对于磁环,需要再把FrFz沿圆周积分,得到磁环之间的作用力。
当遇到永磁体是特殊设计的非标准形状,或者永磁体之间的复杂三维运动等情况时,传统的等效磁荷法、静态磁路法很难满足复杂情况的分析需求。
有限元法是场论方法中常用的计算工具,其基本思想是将待求磁场区域离散成有限数量的单元,待求解量为单元上各节点的求解函数值,根据边界条件列写单元模型的方程组,单元模型整合为磁场整体模型。有限元法在解决非线性、形态复杂电磁场问题方面十分有效,并且更加精确。
随着有限元软件的开发和成熟,使用有限元软件不需要掌握复杂的公式推导和计算,只要对相关材料、尺寸、位置关系、电流密度进行正确定义和建模,就能仿真得到有相当精度的结果,非常适用求解磁场工程性问题。有限元软件降低了对使用者掌握磁场磁力相关基础知识的要求,使用方便,成为颇为流行的磁场分析工具。
本文研究的双环结构永磁径向轴承,大磁环的外径为11.5 mm,上、下径向轴承间距仅为9.5 mm,是典型的圆盘转子,如图5所示。小磁环为定子,大磁环为转子,悬浮间隙为1.1 mm。材料采用钕铁硼,牌号N35,磁导率为1.099,剩磁感应强度为1.23 T。采用有限元软件Ansoft Maxwell,设置求解器为Magnetostatic静磁场,在永磁环上设置需要求解的永磁力,初始网格划分为1 mm,网格细分后,收敛误差控制在1%以内。
图6所示,转子在外力ΔFr的作用下引起径向平动位移Δx或径向扭转角位移ΔθΔM为对应的外力矩。上、下轴承磁环的中心线距离为2l
径向平动刚度Kr和径向扭转刚度KN的标准定义分别为:
Kr=2ΔFrΔx
KN=ΔMΔθ=ΔFr2lΔθ
其中,平动刚度的单位为N/m,扭转刚度的单位为N·m/rad,二者量纲不同,不能直接数值比较。为了使平动刚度和扭转刚度能够在相同量纲下比较,把扭转刚度进行如下换算,当Δθ很小时,满足sin(Δθ)=Δθ,本文的扭转刚度定义为:
Kn=KN1l2=ΔFr2lΔθ1l2=2ΔFrlsin(Δθ)=2ΔFrΔx'
因为l为常数,因此KnKN的换算是等价的。Kn的物理含义是转子扭转引起一侧磁环位移Δx'所需的扭转力。这样,KnKr显然具有量化可比性。
图5看出,圆盘转子由上、下两个径向轴承支承,中间用铝隔圈隔开。为确保转子总高度不变,如果上、下磁环轴向厚度增加,则中间的铝隔圈减薄。
显然有两个问题,当轴承的内、外径和间隙都确定的情况下,轴承轴向厚度与径向永磁力是什么关系?是不是轴承轴向厚度越大,径向永磁力越大?
进行有限元分析,由于磁环径向宽度为1.8 mm,分别选取磁环轴向厚度为1.8、2.7、3.6、5.4、7.2 mm,即磁环轴向厚度为磁环径向宽度的1倍、1.5倍、2倍、3倍和4倍。径向平动刚度的单位为N/mm。
图7图8为分析结果,可见磁环轴向厚度从磁环径向宽度的1倍增加到1.5倍,再增加到2倍,其径向平动刚度和轴向刚度都有相应提升。但是,继续增加磁环轴向厚度对径向和轴向刚度的提升都无明显效果。因此,磁环厚度与磁环径向宽度为2∶1的长方形截面是最佳值,再增大磁环厚度,对增大永磁力无效,如图9所示。
对于细长轴(长径比≫1)磁悬浮转子,其两个径向轴承距离远远大于转子回转直径。通常经验认为,如图6所示,无论是转子平动引起的位移Δx,还是转子扭转引起的一侧磁环位移Δx',只要ΔxΔx'相等,那么KnKr是相等的。
但大量实验发现,对于圆盘转子(长径比<1),其径向平动刚度和径向扭转刚度的特性大不相同,平动刚度可能很大,但扭转刚度几乎为零。
首先进行定性分析,如图10所示三种结构,外侧大磁环是转子,上、下两个大磁环距离固定。内侧小磁环是定子,两个小磁环之间距离可以调节。比较三种结构的径向平动刚度和径向扭转刚度的特性。
对于径向平动刚度,结构B因为定、转子磁环位置正对,平动刚度肯定最大。结构A和C由于定、转子位置没有正对,因此平动刚度略小于结构B。
对于径向扭转刚度,图中箭头为永磁斥力矢量方向。可以看出,发生扭转时,结构C的扭转位移和永磁斥力方向相同,扭转回复力最大。结构A情况下,因为转子扭转时,永磁斥力主要是方向角度的变化,永磁体之间距离变化不大,所以扭转回复力最小。
实验也得到相同结果,对于A、B、C三种结构,结构B径向平动刚度最大,与结构A和C比较,径向平动刚度只有细微差异。但结构C的径向扭转刚度明显大于结构A和B,差异十分明显。结构A在径向平动刚度很大的情况下,径向扭转刚度几乎为零。
至此,本文提出在圆盘转子悬浮支承设计中,使上、下两个转子磁环轴向距离固定,适当增加两个定子磁环的轴向间距,能显著提高转子扭转刚度,提升悬浮稳定性。
定子磁环的轴向间距增加多少为最佳呢?以下为磁场力有限元定量分析,转子的两个磁环距离固定为13 mm,定子的两个磁环间距在12~16 mm范围内调节,分析其对应的径向平动刚度和径向扭转刚度。分析结果如下:
对于径向平动,如图11所示,定、转子磁环间距同为13 mm时,定、转子磁环正对,平动回复力最大。增加或减小定子轴承间距,都会使得定、转子磁环错开,平动回复力和平动刚度变小。
对于径向扭转,如图12所示,可见,当定子磁环间距为14.6 mm时,扭转回复力和扭转刚度最大。继续增大定子磁环间距,扭转回复力和扭转刚度反而减小。定子磁环间距小于13 mm时,扭转回复力和扭转刚度都很小。扭转回复力和扭转刚度的最大值出现在定子大于转子磁环间距的某一个值处。
前文分析,在圆盘转子的悬浮设计中,适当增加定子磁环间距,能提升悬浮的扭转刚度。对于永磁轴承而言,其径向刚度和轴向刚度是耦合的,因此,本文建立了圆盘转子悬浮实验台,如图13所示。包括了径向永磁悬浮、轴向电磁悬浮、霍尔位移检测和悬浮控制,实现圆盘转子的全自由度悬浮,以研究定子磁环间距的增加对永磁轴承径向和轴向整体力学特性的影响。
图13所示,通过在定子柱中垫入不同数量的非导磁垫片,可以调节定子磁环间距在13~16 mm范围内变化。不垫垫片时,定、转子磁环间距相同,同为13 mm。
图14为定子磁环间距在13~16 mm范围内永磁轴承体现的径向力学特性。显然,定子轴向间距越大,定、转子磁环位置错开就越大,径向刚度自然降低。但是,无论定子轴向间距大小,径向力随位移变化的线性度都非常好,即径向刚度为恒值。
图15为定子磁环间距在13~16 mm范围内永磁轴承体现的轴向力学特性。从图15中可知,径向永磁轴承轴向刚度不稳定,即转子在轴承中心受轴向一侧外力时,位移发散不稳定,为负刚度概念。
图15的轴向刚度分析可知,当定、转子磁环间距相同,都为13 mm时,转子在轴承中心位置的轴向刚度最大;转子向轴向一侧移动,轴向刚度迅速减小,说明轴向永磁力随轴向位移变化为强非线性关系。逐渐增大定子磁环间距,转子在轴承中心的最大轴向刚度逐渐减小,但是,轴向刚度随轴向移动减小的斜率变缓,甚至轴向刚度随轴向位移保持恒值(在图中红圈的位置),这意味着此范围内的轴向力学特性是线性的,那么轴向电磁悬浮的设计仅需要用简单的线性控制器,如传统的PID控制,就能获得很好的控制稳定性。
实验结果表明,圆盘悬浮转子如果采用定、转子磁环间距一致的结构,由于扭转刚度不足,悬浮很困难。在增加定子磁环间距后,悬浮稳定性明显增强,用简单的PID控制器就能获得很好的悬浮控制效果。
通过实验和有限元分析,同样是两个径向永磁轴承支承的圆盘转子表现的支承特性,与细长轴转子磁悬浮支承的情况大不相同,本文研究结论如下:
(1) 径向永磁轴承的磁环径向尺寸一定时,不能通过增加磁环轴向厚度来增大径向刚度。以本文研究对象的尺寸,轴向厚度为径向宽度的2倍为最大刚度值,再增加磁环轴向厚度对增加径向刚度作用不大。
(2) 在磁悬浮圆盘转子结构设计中,因为两个径向轴承相距很近,其径向平动刚度和径向扭转刚度差异很大。平动刚度可能很高,但扭转刚度几乎为零。
(3) 保持两个转子磁环间距固定,适当增加两个定子磁环间距,可以有效地提高转子径向扭转刚度;利用有限元分析,可以容易地确定定子磁环间距的最佳值,使得同时拥有合适的径向平动刚度和径向扭转刚度。
(4) 保持两个转子磁环间距固定,适当增加两个定子磁环间距,轴承的最大轴向刚度会随之降低;但是,轴向永磁力的线性范围会增大,范围内轴向刚度为恒值,这有利于轴向电磁悬浮仅采用简单的PID线性控制器就能很好地控制悬浮稳定性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12062014)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312036
  • 接收时间:2023-12-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-16
  • 修回日期:2024-04-09
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12062014)
作者信息
    1.浙江理工大学信息科学与工程学院,浙江 杭州 310018
    2.南昌航空大学信息工程学院,江西 南昌 330063

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蒋科坚(1972—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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