Article(id=1227591333511099069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701100800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-28, revisedDate=1706630400000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610181452, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610181452, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610181452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610181452, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1378, endPage=1384, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591333779534530, articleId=1227591333511099069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Reconstruction of sound field in aircraft cabin based on sound pressure matching method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Reconstructing the sound field environment inside the aircraft cabin during actual flight in a laboratory environment can provide a means for analyzing the acoustic environment inside the aircraft cabin,subjective evaluation,and noise reduction design. Based on the principle of sound pressure matching,this paper adopts a regularization method based on the L-curve method to solve the problem of inverse transformation of ill conditioned matrices. The effectiveness of the method in solving ill conditioned problems and improving reconstruction accuracy is demonstrated through simulation examples. Independently designed and built an aircraft cabin sound field reconstruction system. Conduct flight tests on transport aircraft,measure the noise at the pilot’s ear position under typical flight conditions,and use it as the target sound field. By using the sound pressure matching method,the full flight profile sound field reconstruction was achieved through the aircraft cabin sound field reconstruction system. Through sound field reconstruction experiments and subjective evaluation experiments,it shows that the reconstruction error in each frequency band of the one-third octave band is within 3 dB (A),and the subjective auditory fidelity and restoration are relatively high,providing support for subsequent analysis and subjective evaluation of the aircraft cabin acoustic environment.

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在实验室环境中对飞机实际飞行过程中的舱内声场环境进行重构,可以为飞机舱内声环境分析、主观评价以及降噪设计等提供参考。本文基于声压匹配法,运用基于L-曲线法的正则化方法解决病态矩阵求逆问题,并通过仿真算例证明了其在解决病态问题和提高重构精度方面的有效性。自主设计和搭建了飞机舱内声场重构系统。开展运输类飞机飞行试验,实测典型飞行状态下的驾驶员耳位处噪声,并将其作为目标声场。采用声压匹配法,通过飞机舱内声场重构系统实现了飞行全剖面声场重构。声场重构试验和主观评价试验表明,1/3倍频带各频带内重构误差均在3 dB(A)内,且主观听觉逼真度和还原度较高,为后续开展飞机舱内声环境分析与主观评价提供了支撑。

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樊高宇(1995—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:
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基于声压匹配法的飞机舱内声场重构研究
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樊高宇 1 , 宋亚辉 1, 2 , 赵元明 1 , 李小路 1 , 张晓亮 1 , 侯宏 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1378-1384
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1378-1384
基于声压匹配法的飞机舱内声场重构研究
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樊高宇1 , 宋亚辉1, 2, 赵元明1, 李小路1, 张晓亮1, 侯宏3
作者信息
  • 1.中国飞行试验研究院飞机飞行试验技术研究所,陕西 西安 710029
  • 2.西北工业大学航空学院,陕西 西安 710072
  • 3.西北工业大学航海学院,陕西 西安 710072

通讯作者:

樊高宇(1995—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:
Reconstruction of sound field in aircraft cabin based on sound pressure matching method
Gaoyu FAN1 , Yahui SONG1, 2, Yuanming ZHAO1, Xiaolu LI1, Xiaoliang ZHANG1, Hong HOU3
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Aircraft Flight Test Technology,Chinese Flight Test Establishment,Xi’an 710029,China
  • 2.School of Aeronautics,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710072,China
  • 3.School of Marine Science and Technology,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710072,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311053
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在实验室环境中对飞机实际飞行过程中的舱内声场环境进行重构,可以为飞机舱内声环境分析、主观评价以及降噪设计等提供参考。本文基于声压匹配法,运用基于L-曲线法的正则化方法解决病态矩阵求逆问题,并通过仿真算例证明了其在解决病态问题和提高重构精度方面的有效性。自主设计和搭建了飞机舱内声场重构系统。开展运输类飞机飞行试验,实测典型飞行状态下的驾驶员耳位处噪声,并将其作为目标声场。采用声压匹配法,通过飞机舱内声场重构系统实现了飞行全剖面声场重构。声场重构试验和主观评价试验表明,1/3倍频带各频带内重构误差均在3 dB(A)内,且主观听觉逼真度和还原度较高,为后续开展飞机舱内声环境分析与主观评价提供了支撑。

声压匹配法  /  舱内声场  /  声场重构  /  主观评价  /  运输类飞机

Reconstructing the sound field environment inside the aircraft cabin during actual flight in a laboratory environment can provide a means for analyzing the acoustic environment inside the aircraft cabin,subjective evaluation,and noise reduction design. Based on the principle of sound pressure matching,this paper adopts a regularization method based on the L-curve method to solve the problem of inverse transformation of ill conditioned matrices. The effectiveness of the method in solving ill conditioned problems and improving reconstruction accuracy is demonstrated through simulation examples. Independently designed and built an aircraft cabin sound field reconstruction system. Conduct flight tests on transport aircraft,measure the noise at the pilot’s ear position under typical flight conditions,and use it as the target sound field. By using the sound pressure matching method,the full flight profile sound field reconstruction was achieved through the aircraft cabin sound field reconstruction system. Through sound field reconstruction experiments and subjective evaluation experiments,it shows that the reconstruction error in each frequency band of the one-third octave band is within 3 dB (A),and the subjective auditory fidelity and restoration are relatively high,providing support for subsequent analysis and subjective evaluation of the aircraft cabin acoustic environment.

sound pressure matching method  /  cabin sound field  /  sound field reconstruction  /  subjective evaluation  /  transport aircraft
樊高宇, 宋亚辉, 赵元明, 李小路, 张晓亮, 侯宏. 基于声压匹配法的飞机舱内声场重构研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1378 -1384 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311053
Gaoyu FAN, Yahui SONG, Yuanming ZHAO, Xiaolu LI, Xiaoliang ZHANG, Hong HOU. Reconstruction of sound field in aircraft cabin based on sound pressure matching method[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1378 -1384 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311053
声场重构是指在三维空间中通过扬声器阵列对目标声场的时间、频率和空间特性进行还原的一种技术[1]。目前该技术已被广泛应用于高铁、汽车、声学产品、建筑、航空航天等多个行业和领域[2-5]
在航空领域,尤其是对于运输类飞机,舱内噪声直接影响机组的人员工效性和乘员的乘坐舒适度,但由于开展试飞成本昂贵、舱内声场测试难度大,舱内声环境的测试、分析与评价存在难点。
而通过声场重构技术可以将飞机实际飞行状态下的舱内声场在地面实验室环境中进行高度还原和复现,从而直接支撑高逼真度飞行模拟器的设计研制,提高空勤人员培训和飞行模拟训练的效果。同时,对重构声场进行分析和研究,可以为飞机舱内声环境主观评价、降噪技术探索提供参考。
目前,常用的声场重构方法主要是波场合成法、高阶波叠加法以及声压匹配法。声压匹配法针对给定的扬声器分布及重构点位置,建立线性方程组,然后在最小二乘意义下求解方程组,使得重构声压与传声器阵列测量的声压能够很好地吻合和匹配[6-8]
相较于波场合成方法和高阶谐波叠加方法,声压匹配法不受扬声器位置和传声器阵列形式限制,实现较为简便,具有较强的适用性。当然,此方法中的线性方程组有可能是病态的,对测量噪声非常敏感,因此需要特定的正则化技术以确保求解的稳定性。此外,最小二乘意义下的解向量虽然能够保证测量点声场重构的精度,但其他区域的重构精度会降低。
国外对声场重构技术的探索和研究起步于20世纪90年代,KIRKEBY等[9]首次提出了声压匹配法对平面波声场进行重构。NELSON等[10]提出了一种多通道声场重构系统中拟滤波器的设计方法。RADMANESH等[11]对声压匹配法在窄带声场重放时的性能进行了研究。
国内对声场重构的研究相比于国外起步较晚。陈进等[12]提出了基于Helmholtz方程和最小二乘法的声场重构方法。李申广[13]使用声压匹配法对汽车车内噪声进行了重构和复现。廖祥凝等[14]使用声压匹配法对不同工况下汽车副驾驶位置的声场进行重构。张旭[15]提出了一种基于直接寻优法的复合形法,以解决最小二乘法重建算法中的病态矩阵问题。崔广智[16]引入非线性规划计算方法,对扬声器驱动信号的功率谱取值范围进行约束。
可以看出,国内外专家学者对声压匹配法等声场重构算法原理以及工程实际应用都进行了探索和研究,取得了一定的进展和突破,但目前仍存在一些不足和难点。在算法原理研究方面,采用声压匹配法进行声场重构时,由于病态矩阵求逆困难,导致重构精度较低;在工程应用方面,针对运输类飞机等飞机舱内声场重构及主观评价的研究和实践较少。
本研究以声压匹配法为基础,采用基于岭参数的正则化方法,实现病态矩阵求逆,有效提高重构精度。自主设计和搭建了飞机舱内声场重构系统,开展了运输类飞机飞行试验,得到了典型飞行状态下驾驶员耳位实测声场。利用舱内声场重构系统,开展了声场重构试验和和主观评价试验,在飞机驾驶舱模拟舱内实现了目标声场的重构。重构声场与目标声场相比,其1/3倍频带各频带内重构误差均在3 dB(A)内,且主观听觉逼真度和还原度较高。为后续开展运输类飞机人员功效性评价、舱内声品质评估、声源识别与定位、声污染/声泄露溯源与评估、噪声控制与降噪设计等提供了工具和方法。
从数学的角度,已知理想的重构信号P,对于给定的空间和扬声器分布,如果获得扬声器到重构区域的电声传递函数G,那么可以建立线性方程组GS=P,在最小二乘意义下求解扬声器的输入信号S,使得重构声场与原始声场能够很好地吻合,这样就达到了真实再现声场的目的。由于求解方程组时要对矩阵G求逆,因此声压匹配法的关键问题是求解声学逆问题,也即矩阵求逆[17]
声压匹配法的声场重构方法是在重构区域内设置M个采样点,以此来代表整个重构区域内的声场响应。由此,L个扬声器对M个采样点存在一一对应的电声传递关系,该关系不仅包含扬声器自身的频响特性和声音在空间的辐射传播特性,同时还囊括边界的反射特性,如图1所示。
L个扬声器对M个采样点的电声传递函数记为HM×L,则整个重构系统的电声传递函数可表示为如下矩阵形式:
HM×L=[H11H12H1LH21H22H2LHM1HM2HML]
首先假设该系统为线性系统,则整个系统的输入-输出关系可表示为:
HM×LEL×1=PM×1
式中,EL×1=[e1 e1  eL]T表示电信号输入;PM×1=[p1 p2  pM]T表示声压信号输出。式(2)表示从扬声器的电信号输入到重构区域的声学响应之间的传递关系。
声场重构时目标声压信号是已知的,扬声器输入的电信号为求解目标,这是一个逆问题,核心是矩阵求逆问题。
对于声场重构而言,其目标是在区域复现目标声场,即PM×1=[p1 p2  pM]T,已知EL×1=[e1 e1  eL]T为求解目标,则表达式为:
EL×1=HM×L-PM×1
式中,HM×L-H的广义逆。
由于HM×L可能存在严重的病态性,因此不能简单地应用式(3)求解EL×1,需要通过适当的数值方法进行求解。
前文中提到,在声场重构中,由于涉及矩阵求逆运算,往往出现不适定问题,即病态问题。病态问题主要表现在其解极不稳定,与真实值相差较远,导致结果质量降低且极不可靠,反映到声场重构中则表现为重构误差较大,精度较低,结果不可信。为了对病态问题进行有效解算,许多学者提出并发展了各种方法,其中最具影响的是正则化方法。
对于观测方程:
Lm×1=Am×n Xn×1+Δm×1
式中,L为观测值;A为设计矩阵;X为待估参数;Δ为噪声,Δ~N(0,σ02I)N为正态分布,σ0为方差,I为单位矩阵。其最小二乘(LS)解为:
X^=(ATA)-1ATL
当观测方程病态时,由于式(5)中的法矩阵ATA的条件数非常大,导致求逆极不稳定。对矩阵A进行奇异值分解(SVD):
A=UVT=i=1nuiσiviT
式中,U=(u1  um)V=(v1  vn)分别为m×mn×n维正交矩阵,且满足UTU=VTV=In=diag(σ1,,σn),σ1σn>0A的奇异值。
相应地,可得到最小二乘解的奇异值分解式为:
X^=i=1nuiTLσivi
从式(7)中可以看出,当i很大时,对应的σi很小,此时即使观测值中含有较小的误差,都将使得最小二乘解偏离真值较远。为了避免这种现象的出现,引入滤波因子fi,用以抑制病态解中的误差分量项,从而求得近似解:
Xreg=i=1nfiuiTLσivi
式中,Xreg为由滤波因子决定的直接正则化解。
Tikhonov正则化方法是目前解算病态问题应用最普遍的一种方法。求解Tikhonov正则化的最小解:
min(AX^-L2+λ2RX^2)
式中,λ为正则化参数;R为正则化矩阵;表示范数。
根据Tikhonov估计准则,式(9)的解为:
Xreg=(ATA+λ2LTL)-1ATL
R=In时,根据设计矩阵的奇异值分解项可表示为:
Xreg=i=1nσi2σi2+λ2uiTLσivi
可以看到,Tikhonov法有效削弱了小奇异值项对解的影响。而正则化参数的确定和选取就成为了Tikhonov正则化方法的关键。对于正则化参数的选取很难确定一个合理的标准。同时在声场重构时,扬声器阵列功率受到物理系统的制约,需要考虑扬声器驱动信号功率与重构误差之间的平衡问题。因此需要在考虑扬声器功率限制的同时合理地选择正则化参数。
L-曲线法的基本原理是对不同的正则化参数绘出其残余范数AX^-L与正则化解范数X^之间的二维曲线,由于该曲线通常呈L形,其拐角即是正则化参数的最优值。对于连续正则化参数λ,拐点通过求解(lgAX^-L,lgX^)曲线的最大曲率确定。
η=X^2,ρ=AX^-L2,两边取对数,得:
η^=lgη=2lg X^,ρ^=lgρ=2lgAX^-L
则L-曲线是由许多点(ρ^/2,η^/2)拟合而成的。
η^'ρ^'η^ρ^分别表示一阶与二阶导数,则L-曲线的曲率计算公式为:
κ=2ρ^'η^-ρ^η^'[(ρ^')2+(η^')2]32
由于η^'=η'ηρ^'=ρ'ρρ'=-λ2η'ρ=-2λη'-λ2η,将其代入式(13)可得:
κ=2ηρη'λ2η'ρ+2ληρ+λ4ηη'(λ2η2+ρ2)32
对式(14)求最大曲率,其对应的正则化参数即为所求。
在本文中,声场重构以最小化声场重构误差为目标函数,并约束扬声器功率上限。针对正则化参数选择问题,将L-曲线法引入均匀声场重构,该方法以重构误差作为横轴,扬声器功率作为纵轴得到拟合曲线,然后选取该曲线上曲率最大的点对应的参数值作为Tikhonov正则化参数的取值。
仿真算例取扬声器阵元个数L=16,激励频率f=2000 Hz,阵元间距d=0.1 m,阵列高度H1=5 m,根据前文中L-曲线法求解拟合图,如图2所示。
图2可以看出,f=2000 Hz时,拟合曲线有一个非常明显的拐点(L-corner),该拐点位于L-曲线的垂直部分与水平部分相交的位置。水平部分所对应的正则化解主要由重构误差主导,而垂直部分主要由扬声器权重主导。因此,该拐点为综合考虑了扬声器权重和重构误差的平衡点。在拐点处得到参数值,即λL=0.38454。与此同时,在阵列频率为0~4000 Hz时,对应的λL取值如图3所示。
图3可以看出,低频段最优值取值为0.4左右,而在频率为3700 Hz以上的高频段,最优值取值为1左右。
激励频率范围设置为0~2000 Hz,在0~2000 Hz频道上,分别对传统最小二乘法和L-曲线法进行重构误差仿真,仿真结果对比如图4所示。
图4所示,可以明显看出低频段未正则化的最小二乘法声场重构存在明显的波动,且重构误差较大,而高频段曲线较为平滑且波动较小。
通过L-曲线法进行正则化处理后,整个频带重构声场变化平缓,波动较小,仅在300 Hz处有一个波动,且相比于未正则化的最小二乘法整体上重构误差明显降低,特别是低频部分。
因此,仿真表明,采用L-曲线法进行正则化处理,能有效解决声场重构过程中的病态问题,提高重构精度。
针对运输类飞机舱内声场重构的需求,自主设计和搭建了飞机舱内声场重构系统。系统主要由飞机模拟舱(含座椅)、数据处理与计算单元、16路扬声器单元、4路传声器单元、控制系统(含数据采集发射模块、传声器信号调理电路模块、功率放大电路模块以及供电电源模块等)、控制机柜部件等部分组成。
系统硬件组成及接口关系示意图如图5所示。飞机模拟舱、控制系统、传声器和扬声器单元等如图6所示。
以运输类飞机为研究对象,选取起飞、巡航、爬升转弯、爬升等典型飞行状态,开展飞行试验。声场重构目标位置为主、副驾驶员耳位,数据记录长度均为10 s,采样频率均为65536 Hz。
使用加装的噪声传感器和机上采集记录系统采集飞机飞行状态下驾驶舱的噪声数据,噪声传感器安装于主、副驾驶员座椅耳位处。在飞行期间,噪声传感器持续采集驾驶舱噪声信号,将实测噪声数据作为目标声场进行重构。
在声学模拟舱内,通过声压匹配法对实测得到的不同飞行状态下的舱内声场进行重构和复现,将传声器测得的重构声场信息与实测声场信息进行定量分析,将1/3倍频带各频带上声压级进行对比。
由于人耳对飞机舱内噪声的敏感度不同,故本文采用A计权声压级作为重构声场与目标声场匹配程度和效果的评价指标(下文中声压级均为A计权声压级)。
以巡航状态为例,将传声器1#、2#、3#、4#测得的主驾驶员耳位位置重构声场的1/3倍频程结果与实测目标声场的1/3倍频程分析结果进行定量对比,分别如图7~10所示(因保密要求,声压级具体数值隐去未体现)。
以巡航状态为例,将传声器1#、2#、3#、4#测得的主驾驶员耳位位置重构声场的1/3倍频程结果与实测目标声场的1/3倍频程结果的误差进行定量对比,分别如图11~14所示。
由以上结果可以看出,根据本文提出的基于声压匹配法的飞机舱内声场重构方法重构得到的驾驶员人员耳位处的重构声场与实测的目标声场相比,在1/3倍频带主要频带上重构误差均不超过3 dB(A)。
选取三类有飞机舱内噪声听声相关经历的人群共计20人,开展重构声场主观评价试验,其中,试飞员2人(人员序号1~2),试飞工程师12人(人员序号3~14),试飞设计人员6人(人员序号15~20)。
首先被试人员佩戴耳机进行实测音频听声,短时间内在飞机模拟舱内模拟驾驶员位置听声,与通过耳机听到的实测声即目标声场进行对比,试验环境如图15所示。
然后立即向被试人员发放主观评价量表,开展问卷调查,分别将4种不同飞行状态下的重构声与实测声主观听觉感受进行对比,给出重构逼真度评分,评分值为1~5分,5分为极逼真,4分为较逼真,3分为一般逼真,2分为不逼真,1分为完全失真。共计收回主观评价量表20份,4种飞行状态均给出分值,样本数据总计80个。
以巡航状态为例,评分结果如图16所示。总体来看,20名被试人员重构逼真度评分平均值为4分,普遍认为重构声特征基本与目标声场符合,重构效果比较逼真,对原声场还原度较高。
本文基于声压匹配法,运用基于L-曲线法的正则化方法解决病态矩阵求逆问题。通过开展飞行试验,获得了运输类飞机全剖面飞行状态下主、副驾驶员人员耳位处的噪声实测数据。采用声压匹配法,在飞机模拟舱内通过自主搭建的声场重构系统对实测噪声进行重构,得到了运输类飞机典型飞行状态下主、副驾驶员人员耳位处的重构声场。声场重构试验结果表明,1/3倍频带各频带内重构误差均在3 dB(A)内;人员主观评价试验结果表明,重构听觉逼真度较高,对目标声场还原度较高。本文形成的运输类飞机舱内声场重构方法可为后续运输类飞机舱内声场的重构提供支撑,为运输类飞机人员功效性评价、舱内声品质评估、声源识别与定位、声污染/声泄露溯源与评估、噪声控制与降噪设计等提供有效的工具和手段。
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2025年第38卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311053
  • 接收时间:2023-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-28
  • 修回日期:2024-01-31
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    1.中国飞行试验研究院飞机飞行试验技术研究所,陕西 西安 710029
    2.西北工业大学航空学院,陕西 西安 710072
    3.西北工业大学航海学院,陕西 西安 710072

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樊高宇(1995—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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