Article(id=1227591333376885128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686844800000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-16, revisedDate=1697558400000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610181420, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610181420, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610181420, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610181420, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1538, endPage=1547, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591333737595273, articleId=1227591333376885128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Probability density evolution analysis method for bridge time-dependent reliability, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Existing bridges undergo time-varying load effects and resistance degradation during service. The complex loads and diverse failure modes make the existing bridges face greater risks in service. Therefore,it is urgent to make time-dependent reliability assessment for the service bridges. The classical time-varying reliability analysis method is more complex and difficult as the number of random variables increases. In this paper,probability density evolution theory is introduced to solve the above problem,which is more advantageous for solving the reliability of complex structures with multiple random variables. The dynamic reliability of the existing bridge in serviceability limit state and ultimate limit state is analyzed by considering the bridge resistance degradation and load effect increase,as well as the time-varying factors such as shrinkage and creep effect of concrete bridges. The accuracy and computational efficiency for this method are compared with the Monte Carlo method,and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.

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在役桥梁在服役过程中经历时变荷载效应和抗力退化过程,荷载复杂多变以及失效模式多样等使得桥梁面临着服役风险,通常需要进行时变可靠性评估。经典时变可靠性分析方法随着随机变量个数的增加,分析次数和计算量显著增加。本文引入概率密度演化理论解决上述问题,该理论对于包含多个随机变量的复杂结构时变可靠性求解有明显优势。通过考虑桥梁抗力退化、荷载效应增加、收缩以及徐变效应等时变因素,分析了在役桥梁正常使用极限状态和承载力极限状态下的动态可靠性,其中概率密度演化方程的求解采用Dirac序列解法。将该方法的准确性和计算效率与蒙特卡洛方法进行了比较,验证了所提方法的有效性。

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樊学平(1983—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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周衡(1998—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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周衡(1998—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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Statistical information of random variables at t0

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随机变量分布类型均值/mm标准差/mm
w1Weibull分布10.5601.560
w2GEV1.3390.079
w3GEV0.6240.002
w4正态分布13.7110.624
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初始时刻各随机变量的状态信息

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随机变量分布类型均值/mm标准差/mm
w1Weibull分布10.5601.560
w2GEV1.3390.079
w3GEV0.6240.002
w4正态分布13.7110.624
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Comparisons of efficiency and accuracy of two methods

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方法计算点(次)pf(t50)误差/%CPU时间/s
MCS1070.033701020.80
PDEM10190.033760.179395.34
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两种方法的精度和效率对比

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方法计算点(次)pf(t50)误差/%CPU时间/s
MCS1070.033701020.80
PDEM10190.033760.179395.34
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Statistical information of random variables at t0

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
随机变量分布类型均值/(kN·m)标准差/(N·m)
R0对数正态分布2278.81341.82
MG正态分布68831.28
Mtraffic(t0)Gumbel分布592.5256.36
Mcre(t0)GEV12835.87
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初始时刻各随机变量的状态信息

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随机变量分布类型均值/(kN·m)标准差/(N·m)
R0对数正态分布2278.81341.82
MG正态分布68831.28
Mtraffic(t0)Gumbel分布592.5256.36
Mcre(t0)GEV12835.87
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桥梁时变可靠性的概率密度演化分析方法
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周衡 1 , 樊学平 1, 2 , 刘月飞 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1538-1547
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1538-1547
桥梁时变可靠性的概率密度演化分析方法
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周衡1 , 樊学平1, 2 , 刘月飞1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.兰州大学土木工程与力学学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 2.兰州大学西部灾害与环境力学教育部重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 周衡(1998—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

樊学平(1983—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Probability density evolution analysis method for bridge time-dependent reliability
Heng ZHOU1 , Xueping FAN1, 2 , Yuefei LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China,The Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306037
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在役桥梁在服役过程中经历时变荷载效应和抗力退化过程,荷载复杂多变以及失效模式多样等使得桥梁面临着服役风险,通常需要进行时变可靠性评估。经典时变可靠性分析方法随着随机变量个数的增加,分析次数和计算量显著增加。本文引入概率密度演化理论解决上述问题,该理论对于包含多个随机变量的复杂结构时变可靠性求解有明显优势。通过考虑桥梁抗力退化、荷载效应增加、收缩以及徐变效应等时变因素,分析了在役桥梁正常使用极限状态和承载力极限状态下的动态可靠性,其中概率密度演化方程的求解采用Dirac序列解法。将该方法的准确性和计算效率与蒙特卡洛方法进行了比较,验证了所提方法的有效性。

概率密度演化理论  /  时变可靠性  /  在役桥梁  /  Dirac序列解

Existing bridges undergo time-varying load effects and resistance degradation during service. The complex loads and diverse failure modes make the existing bridges face greater risks in service. Therefore,it is urgent to make time-dependent reliability assessment for the service bridges. The classical time-varying reliability analysis method is more complex and difficult as the number of random variables increases. In this paper,probability density evolution theory is introduced to solve the above problem,which is more advantageous for solving the reliability of complex structures with multiple random variables. The dynamic reliability of the existing bridge in serviceability limit state and ultimate limit state is analyzed by considering the bridge resistance degradation and load effect increase,as well as the time-varying factors such as shrinkage and creep effect of concrete bridges. The accuracy and computational efficiency for this method are compared with the Monte Carlo method,and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.

probability density evolution method  /  time-dependent reliability  /  bridges in service  /  Dirac sequence solution
周衡, 樊学平, 刘月飞. 桥梁时变可靠性的概率密度演化分析方法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1538 -1547 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306037
Heng ZHOU, Xueping FAN, Yuefei LIU. Probability density evolution analysis method for bridge time-dependent reliability[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1538 -1547 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306037
服役桥梁动态可靠性已成为桥梁工程领域和结构健康监测领域亟需解决的关键问题和研究热点之一,可以为桥梁维修决策以及预防性维修决策提供理论基础。在随机变量概率分布已知的情况下,结构的动态可靠性可以通过直接概率积分或者数值模拟方法求得,目前传统的可靠性计算方法包括:泊松过程方法[1]、一阶可靠性方法(FORM)[2]、二阶可靠性方法(SORM)[3]以及重要性抽样蒙特卡罗方法(ISMCM)[4]等。泊松过程方法较为简单,但只适用于特殊情况。对于时变系统而言,FORM、SORM和ISMCM 计算复杂,因为它们都是基于最容易失效点展开分析,而最不利的点通常随时间而变化。经典意义上的结构时变可靠性主要研究成果包括跨越过程理论和扩散过程理论。其中,基于跨越过程理论的方法最早来自RICE 对电子系统可靠性的研究[5]。在此基础上引入Poisson 假定,可以获得指数形式的结构可靠度解答[6],但是Poisson 假定忽略了随机过程不同时点的相关性,按此假定分析结果往往具有较大误差。20 世纪70 年代初,VANMARCKE引入两态 Markov 过程假定,建立了结构动力可靠性的基本分析公式[7-8],这一方法在工程中得到了较为广泛的应用。采用跨越过程理论分析结构动力可靠度,需要计算期望穿越率,这一计算原则上需要结构响应位移与速度的联合概率密度函数,而获取一般非线性系统的响应及其导数的联合概率密度函数通常具有极大的难度。因此,必须引人Gaussian 联合分布假定[9-10]。事实上,动力可靠度问题本质上是无穷个时点失效事件的串联问题,仅仅采用两个时点的二维联合分布信息,在本质上不可能获得精确的结果。
值得注意的是,LI 等[11-13]基于物理随机系统的基本思想,较为系统地发展了随机系统分析的概率密度演化理论(probability density evolution method,PDEM),通过概率守恒原理的随机事件描述,建立了随机系统的广义概率密度演化方程,发展了基于概率密度演化理论的结构整体可靠度分析方法,并在大型复杂结构体系可靠度分析中得到应用。PDEM 最初用于动力系统的概率分析,但在推导广义概率密度演化方程的过程中,发现结构动力学方程不是必要的,因此,PDEM 同样可以推广应用到结构的动态可靠度分析中。在此基础上,应用概率密度演化理论进行结构全寿命周期的可靠性分析也有了一些新进展,如:概率测度变换方法[14-15]、直接概率积分法[16]等。
现有钢筋混凝土桥梁时变可靠性的研究中,通常将截面的抗弯承载力视为广义抗力[17],荷载通常被简化为平稳的随机过程[18]。为了进行实际复杂结构的可靠性分析,考虑收缩蠕变的不确定影响,TONELLI 等[19]基于预应力混凝土桥的健康监测数据,使用马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)方法进行贝叶斯推断,尽管利用重要性抽样(IS)一定程度上可以提高可靠性评估的计算效率,但其使用还是受到计算成本等的限制[20]
本文基于概率密度演化理论,综合考虑了服役桥梁时变可靠性分析中涉及的随机变量和随机过程。在分析桥梁的正常使用极限状态和承载力极限状态时,分别将挠度和截面弯矩视为所关心的物理量,这些物理量的概率密度函数(PDF)在随机动力系统(桥梁结构)中随着时间的推移而演化。通过求解概率密度演化方程,可以获得结构时变功能函数的概率解答,也就是概率密度演化过程。然后只需对各时刻相应的PDF 进行一维积分,便可得到最终的时变可靠度。
经典结构可靠性分析本质是基于结构破坏的现象学分析。而概率密度演化理论是基于物理研究随机系统的基本思想,从随机性在物理系统中的传播角度来考察和理解结构可靠度分析原理。根据这一思想,结构受力物理过程、结构损伤-破坏-失效的物理过程与结构响应的概率密度分布的演化过程息息相关,据此,进一步引入结构失效的物理准则,就可直观地给出结构在时域上的可靠度。
在确定性的物理力学系统中,质量守恒、动量守恒与能量守恒具有基础性的原理地位。在随机系统中,也存在类似的基本原理,即概率守恒原理。这一原理指出,对于保守的随机系统,在系统状态的演化过程中概率守恒[20-21]。所谓保守的随机系统是指在该系统的状态演化过程中,既没有随机因素消失,也没有新的随机因素产生。概率守恒原理可以阐释为:随机源决定的概率测度,在数学和物理变换中守恒,即物理规律并不因系统含有随机性而改变。为了进一步说明这一原理,可以从两种不同角度对其进行描述:随机事件的角度和状态空间的角度[22]
对于动态系统,系统状态在任意时段发生演化,而演化的过程服从具体的物理规律,那就是同一随机事件的概率测度不发生变化。若区域范围内所有随机事件的概率测度都不发生变化,则系统的概率守恒。用随机事件方式表述概率守恒原理为:
DDtΩtpY(y,t)dy=0
式中,DDt(·)表示对事件的导数;Ωt表示给定随机事件(或随机事件集合)在t时刻的状态域;pY(y,t)表示系统状态变量Y随时间的概率密度函数,y表示积分变量。
在一确定状态空间中,随着系统状态变化,与系统相对应的概率也将发生流动。然而,在任意时间段[t1,t2],对于给定区域Ω,区域内的概率增量将等于通过区域边界Ω流入的概率和流出的概率的代数和,即
ΔPΩ[t1,t2]=ΔPΩ[t1,t2]
利用这一表述,结合不同类型的物理方程,可以导出经典的概率密度演化方程,如Liouville、Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov(FPK)方程和Dostupov- Pugachev (DP)方程[21]。因此可以说,概率守恒原理的状态空间描述建立了经典概率密度演化方程的统一逻辑基础。
利用概率守恒原理的随机事件描述,可以导出广义概率密度演化方程(generalized probability density evolution equation,GPDEE)[23]
pZΘ(Z,θ,t)t+i=1nZ˙i(θ,t)pZΘ(Z,θ,t)Zi=0
式中,pZΘ表示联合密度函数;Z˙i为状态向量第i个分量Zi在单位时间内的变化率;θ为影响系统状态的基本参数;n为系统状态向量Z的维数;t为时间变量。当仅考察一个具体的物理量时,多维偏微分方程退化为一维的偏微分方程。通常在实际问题中,只需求解i=1时的一般概率密度演化方程,即
pzΘ(z,θ,t)t+z˙(θ,t)pzΘ(z,θ,t)z=0
式中,z˙为系统状态变量z在单位时间内的变化率,上式揭示了随机性在物理系统中的传播规律[23]。事实上,对于随机性影响不可忽略的物理系统,所关心的是本源随机性Θ(文中指的是影响系统状态的基本参数θ)所具有的随机性,是如何经过物理系统的作用转化(传播)为系统响应的随机性。概率密度演化理论中目标物理量z与本源随机性Θ的联合概率分布pzΘ关于时间t的变化率与关于系统状态变量z的变化率在每一时刻均成比例,比例系数是z˙,它为系统状态在t时刻的综合变化率。这就十分清楚地说明:系统物理状态的变化促成了概率密度的演化。
若随机参数与初始条件无关,则由概率密度函数定义的本质,可以给定一维形式的概率密度演化方程初始条件:
p0=pzΘ(z,θ,t0)=δ(z-z0)pΘ(θ)
式中,z0z(t)t0点的确定性初始值;δ()为Dirac delta函数;pΘ(θ)Θ的概率密度函数。采用微分方程求解理论的特征线法[24]可得解析解。但通常实际工程更为关心的是系统状态变量z的概率分布密度随着时间推演而发展变化的过程,即概率密度演化过程,而不仅仅是广义概率密度演化方程的解。所以只需要关注z(t)的概率密度函数:
pz(z,t)=ΩpzΘ(z,θ,t)dθ
求解这一过程往往很难得到解析解,故采用数值方法。
Dirac函数作为一个广义函数簇,也被称为分布函数,可以看作是满足一定条件的函数序列,即无穷个δ函数按照一定顺序排列。
将一个随机动力系统及其初始条件记为:Z˙=G(Z,Θ,t),Z(t0)=z0,其中Z=(Z1  Z2    Zn)为系统的n维状态向量,Θ(s)代表随机源的s维向量。对于系统的概率密度演化方程,若存在唯一解答,则其解答为Θ的函数,记为:Z=G(Z0,Θ,t),由全概率公式,Z的概率密度函数表示为:
pZ(z,t)=ΩΘpZΘ[(Z1 Z2  Zn),θ,t]dθ=     ΩΘδ[z-G(θ,t)]pΘ(θ)dθ=     ΩΘi=1nδ[zi-Gi(θ,t)]pΘ(θ)dθ
式中,zi为第i个状态变量;Gi为第i个状态功能函数。
被积函数为多维Dirac函数,即一系列一维δ函数序列相乘,进行积分计算时可以将δ函数进行平滑处理以达到数值近似。通常存在多种一维δ函数序列,如:
(1) 均匀分布形式:
δλ(x-H(θ))={12λ, |x-H(θ)|λ0, 
(2) 正态分布形式:
δλ(x-H(θ))=12πλexp[-12λ2(x-H(θ))2]
(3) 谐波函数形式:
δλ(x-H(θ))=2πi=01/λcos[(2i+1)(x-H(θ))]
式中,H(θ)λ分别表示均匀分布的随机变量和基本参数。
理论上以上三种形式都可以近似替代式(7)中的δ[z-G(θ,t)],但近似效果有所不同:式(8)中函数序列在其定义域中是不连续的,因此会使数值结果不连续;式(10)中函数序列在任何阶次都是平滑的,但可能导致结果产生高频振荡。由于所求结果为概率密度函数,所以要求近似结果保证非负性,并满足概率的一致性条件,故采用式(9)进行平滑:
δσ(zi-Gi(θ,t))=12πσexp[(zi-Gi(θ,t))2-2σ2]
进一步地,式(7)中pZ(z,t)的分量可写为:
pZ(zi,t)=q=1Nselpq2πσG0exp[-zi-Gi(θq,t)2σ2G0]
式中,Gi,0=maxθΘGi(θ,t)θq(q=1,2,,Nsel)为选取的代表点,其中Nsel为有效选点个数;pq为代表点的分配概率(称赋得概率);σ为光滑参数,目前由计算经验确定,可采取CHEN等[25]的建议取值:
σ(t)=AN15minq=1,2,,N{std[G(θq,t)],iqr[G(θq,t)]1.34}
式中,A[0,1]为平滑系数;N为概率空间剖分后积分点的数目;std[]表示N个代表点物理量的标准差;iqr[]表示N个代表点物理量的四分位数间距(即25%~75%)。
步骤1 选点:根据随机源的个数确定概率空间的维数,确定所选取代表点的总数N
步骤2 概率空间剖分和赋得概率计算:对基本随机参数的值域空间进行剖分,根据各变量的边缘分布计算各剖分单元的赋得概率pq
pq=Pr{ΘΩθq}=ΩθqpΘ(θ)dθ
式中,Ωθq表示参数的值域空间。
对每一剖分单元,有:pZ(q)zt)=ΩθqpZθzθtdθ,则概率密度演化方程变为一系列方程组:
pZ(q)(z,t)t+Z˙q(t)pZ(q)(z,t)z=0;q=1,2,,n
式中,Z˙q表示状态变量Zq的变化率;n表示选点数。
初始条件:pZ(q)(z,t0)=δ(z-z0)pq
步骤3 点集重整化:将初步得到的点集按照最优化的准则生成重整化的代表点集,并根据上一步的操作进行概率空间剖分和赋得概率计算。
步骤4 Dirac序列近似求解:根据θq,得到系统物理响应表达G(θq,t),然后根据式(12)得出pZΘ(zi,θ,t)
步骤5 对 pZΘ(zi,θ,t)关于θ进行数值积分,给出系统响应的概率密度解答,即
pZ(zi,t)=q=1npZΘ(zi,θq,t)pq
在概率空间中,积分点表示可能的随机事件,积分点分配的权重表示相应随机事件的概率度量。因此,积分点和权重也分别称为代表点集和赋得概率[26]
s维随机向量Θ(s)的值域空间为ΩΘRs,将ΩΘ剖分为若干个互不相容的子域的集合。采用Voronoi集合剖分,其具有几何意义清晰、计算方便的优点,因而得到了广泛应用。以θq为核心的Voronoi子域{Vq}q=1n的定义为:
对任意q=1,2,,n,有:
Vq={θΩΘ|θ-θqθ-θr; rq,r=1,2,,n}
式中,θ=(θ1,θ2,,θs)ΩΘ表示分布空间ΩΘ中的点;·表示Euclid距离。二维平面上,Voronoi集合是由某点与周围各点中垂线围合而成的最小区域。
图1图2分别给出了二维和三维均匀分布概率空间的代表点和Voronoi单元。任意点集的Voronoi集合具有如下性质:
(1) 所有Voronoi子集构成分布空间ΩΘ的一个完整剖分;
(2) 所有Voronoi子集所包含的区域都是凸的;
(3) 对于给定点集与分布空间,Voronoi集合剖分是唯一的。
由于所选取的点集在概率空间内要代表实际变量的概率分布,即代表点集的优劣直接影响系统概率密度的计算精度。为使得所选点集的各边缘经验分布尽量接近真实边缘概率分布,其效果上是按所选点集进行概率空间剖分后,各单元的赋得概率彼此接近、尽量均匀。介于此,形成分两步的选点法:①选取初始点集;②点集重整化。
初始点集的选取首先是要在几何空间[0,1]s中选取均匀点集,实现这一步骤可采用数论法[27]、球切点法[28]和Sobol序列选点法[29]。本研究选取数论选点法,按照华-王方法[30]产生离散代表点。
数论方法(number-theoretic methods,NTM)的产生是基于多元数值积分的需要,KOROBOV[31]给出高维矩形上生成均匀布点的方法,此法与蒙特卡罗方法有许多共同点,故也称伪蒙特卡罗方法。据数论研究:引入整数向量(nQ1Q2Qn),可生成[0,1]s空间中的均布点集PNTM如下:
{PNTM=xq={(xq,1,xq,2,,xq,s)}xq,j=2qQj-12n-int(2qQj-12n)q=1,2,,n;j=1,2,,s
式中,int()表示取不大于括号中数值的整数。按照上述取点方法,可使均布点集有较小偏差,整数向量(n Q1 Q2  Qn)的取值随维度变化而不同,具体取值参考文献[30]。
记随机向量Θ的联合概率密度函数为pΘ(θ)=pΘ(θ1,θ2,,θs)θΩΘ为样本空间中的点。对于给定点集Mn={θq}q=1n,与Voronoi剖分子集相对应的赋得概率为:
pq=VqpΘ(θ)dθ=Pr{ΘVq}
式(19)表明,赋得概率实际上是随机事件在概率空间发生的概率,显然,这一概率由Θ的联合概率分布和Vq的形状共同决定。其中Vq为给定点集中第q个代表点Voronoi元胞的体积,对于二维随机变量,Vq即为Voronoi元胞的面积。对于求解问题的维度s4的情况,加之Voronoi区域不规则,通常难以得到式(19)的解析积分,则需借助蒙特卡罗思想,在Voronoi区域外接超球体,并在此区域中撒入均布点,通过落入区域的测试点数与撒入的总点数之比近似求得Vq,具体步骤可参考文献[32]。
得到初始点集和相对应的pq后,还需要进一步对点集重整化。由于采用的数论方法需要定义一个均匀性量度,CHEN等[33]定义了一种广义F偏差(GF偏差)的概念,并根据最小化GF偏差的准则达到提高计算精度的目的。GF偏差定义为:
DGF=max1is{sup|Fn,i(θ)-Fi(θ)|}
式中,Fi(θ)为第i个随机变量的边缘累计分布函数;Fn,i(θ)为考虑赋得概率的经验累计分布函数,即:以积分点坐标(θq,1,θq,2,,θq,n),q=1,2,,N为设计变量,GF偏差最小化为目标,采用优化算法对生成的点集进行GF偏差最小化重整,将优化后的积分点坐标作为新的积分点。具体重整过程分以下两步:
步骤1 调整初始点集位置,以减少各剖分单元赋得概率间的差异。设初始点集Pn0=(θq,j),则可取第一步重整后的点集为:
{θq,j=Fj-1[k=1n1nI(θk,j<θq,j)+12n]q=1,2,,n; j=1,2,,s
式中,Fj()为第j个随机向量的边缘概率分布;I()为示性函数。记由此得到的点集为Pn1
步骤2 对于点集Pn1,按照Voronoi划分方式,依据式(14)计算各剖分单元的赋得概率pq(q=1,2,,n),再依据下式进一步调整Pn1中各点坐标,以进一步得到GF偏差最小化的点集,即取:
θq,j=Fj-1[k=1npqI(θk,j<θq,j)+12pq]
经过上述重整后的点集Pn2即为目标点集。然后对Pn2再按Voronoi方式进行概率空间剖分,并重新计算赋得概率,即可获得式(19)中的pq
在1.3.2节中给出了数值方法求解PDEM的具体步骤,基于此,可以进一步给出PDEM求解系统动态可靠性的流程图,如图3所示。
对于由多个构件组成的结构体系,在进行可靠性分析时,可建立一个全局功能函数,即将组成系统各个构件的功能函数转化为一个能够代表整体功能要求的功能函数:
Zsys(t)=Gext(Θ)=exti=1,2,,m{Gi(Θ)}
式中,m表示功能函数的维数;ext{}为极值函数,根据经典体系可靠度理论,其形式取决于研究系统的性质:对于串联系统,ext{}为极小值函数min{};对于并联系统,则为极大值函数max{};对于混合系统,则可由极大值和极小值函数共同构成。
对于单个构件的功能函数则可以表示为:
g=R0g(t)-S
式中,R0代表广义抗力的初始值;S代表广义荷载效应;g(t)为抗力退化函数。由于实际桥梁受劣化环境因素等影响,需要考虑承载力的退化,退化的时变抗力可以表示成构件的初始抗力和抗力退化函数的乘积,即R0g(t)。对于钢筋混凝土结构,用服役年限T的分段函数来描述[34],本研究考虑的抗力退化函数表示为:
g(t)={1, t 51-0.0005(t-5),t>5
基于PDEM得出结构功能函数的概率密度函数(PDF),在考虑随机变量均为高斯分布(或混合高斯模型)时有较好的近似结果,一方面也是因为数值方法解广义概率密度演化方程时采用了正态概率密度函数形式的δ序列逼近。
由于实际结构的随机源通常为不同的分布类型(如:对数正态分布、Gamma分布、Gumbel分布等),在引入抗力退化模型后,用现有的可靠度理论难以得到包含各分布类型随机变量功能函数的显式表达;此外,作者在基于计算分析的经验来看,若随机源均服从正态分布,则使用上述方法得出的PDF更准确,其原因是采用的Dirac序列为正态分布形式的序列。为解决这类问题,引入等概率变换的方法,利用累计分布函数值相等的影射,可将非正态随机变量正态化。值得注意的是,此方法假定结构基本随机变量和随机过程中的各个分量相互独立;若考虑各变量相关性,还需使用Rosenblatt变换[35],此处不做过多介绍。
结构的基本随机变量为Θ=(Θ1  Θ2    Θm),其中各分量相互独立,Θi的累计分布函数为FΘi(Θi)。对每个变量作如下变换将Θ映射成标准正态变量Y
FΘi(Θi)=Φ(Yi)
式中,Φ(Yi)表示标准正态分布函数。
其向前映射与向后映射分别为:
{Yi=Φ-1[FΘi(Θi)]Θi=FΘi-1[Φ(Yi)]
这里的等概率正态变换式(27)为全空间的独立同分布映射。经过变换后,对于任何随机变量,均可统一在标准正态空间内讨论分析。进而得到以变量Y表达的功能函数为:
G=GΘ(Θ)=  GΘ{FΘ1-1[Φ(Y1)],FΘ2-1[Φ(Y2)],,  FΘm-1[Φ(Ym)]}=GY(Y)
选取某一跨径为20 m的钢筋混凝土简支T梁桥,其设计参数满足设计规范要求,桥梁横断面布置和主梁截面分别如图4图5所示。
进行结构可靠度分析时,以结构是否达到极限状态为依据,极限状态一般可以分为承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态两类,两种极限状态在结构分析中都应充分考虑。
将挠度视为所关心的物理量,当系统挠度超越挠度限值时认为结构失效。记桥梁自重为时不变荷载,汽车荷载效应和收缩、徐变效应作为时变结构参数。因此,所考虑基本随机变量的个数为4;其中车载效应、收缩、徐变效应引起桥梁的最大挠度分别记为w1w2w3,自重引起的桥梁静挠度记为w4,假定各基本变量间相互独立,初始时刻各变量的状态信息如表1所示。
值得注意的是,在此考虑正常使用极限状态的可靠性分析时,未引入抗力退化模型,换言之,将结构抗力(挠度限值)视为不随时间退化的定值。
考虑时间尺度为50年,并将其划分为50个时段:t0=0th,t1=1st,t2=2nd,,t50=50th。结合表1中随机变量初始信息,时变参数表示如下:
{μw1(t)=μw1(t0)+0.1052tμw2(t)=μw2(t0)t0.1729μw3(t)=μw3(t0)t0.1729
在此基础上,可得任意时段τ的全局功能函数:
Z(τ)=w¯-i=14wi(τ)G(θq,τ)
式中,w¯为简支梁桥的挠度限值,本算例桥梁计算跨径为20 m,故w¯的值为40 mm。将Z(τ)代入式(4)的概率密度演化方程中,然后按照1.3.2节中所述的数值求解步骤,得到系统功能函数的概率密度解答。
采用数论方法时,根据随机变量个数,共选取了1019个代表点,由式(18)在4维空间中生成均匀点集,然后划分Voronoi区域并计算各个点的赋得概率;得到初始点集后,再分两步对点集重整化,即得最优化点集Pn2=(θq,j),q=1,2,,1019 j=1,2,3,4以及各剖分单元的赋得概率pq。进一步地采用下式即可得到Z(τ)的概率密度函数:
{pZ(z,τ)=q=1Nselpq2πσG0exp[-z-G(θq,τ)2σ2G0]σ(τ)=AN15minq=1,2,,N{std[G(θq,τ)],iqr[G(θq,τ)]1.34}
基于上述Dirac序列方法得到各个时段的概率密度曲线:
(1) 初始时刻功能函数的概率密度曲线与107次蒙特卡罗(MCS)模拟结果得到的概率密度直方图的对比结果如图6所示。
图6中可以看出两种方法得出功能函数的PDF吻合良好,初步验证了所提算法的适用性。
(2) 以10 a为时间间隔,由PDEM得出t0t10t20t30t40t50时段功能函数的概率密度曲线如图7所示。
可以看出,随着时间的推移,主要受不断增长的荷载效应的影响,结构的概率密度曲线逐渐向左移动,即功能函数的均值减小,桥梁愈趋于不安全。
(3) 将所有时段的概率密度曲线在时间尺度上表示,即可连接成一个连续的曲面,该曲面显示了功能函数作为随机过程的概率密度演化,如图8所示。
最后,对所求的概率密度解答进行一维的数值积分,得到结构的失效概率为:
pf(τ)=Pr{Z(τ)<0}=-0pZ(zτ)dz
各个时段的失效概率(积分结果)如图9所示。为验算其准确性,与蒙特卡罗法计算结果进行对比(见图9)。
图9可以看出,基于PDEM的桥梁结构可靠性分析结果能与MCS结果吻合良好。随着时间的推移,桥梁结构的失效概率不断增大,符合实际情况。为进一步考察各算法的精度,以与MCS结果相差的百分比作为误差,即相对误差定义为:
E=|pf,PDEM-pf,MCS|/pf,MCS
式中,pf,PDEMpf,MCS分别为PDEM和MCS方法的失效概率。
表2列举了PDEM与MCS可靠性分析的对比结果。可见PDEM能够通过选取较少的代表点大幅度提高计算效率,并同时提高计算精度。
考察20 m的钢筋混凝土简支T梁桥,基于PDEM分析桥梁承载力极限状态下的可靠性。将截面弯矩作为判定失效与否的物理量,结构抗力R(t)(截面抗弯极限状态承载力)为时变的随机过程,分析时采用抗力退化模型。荷载效应包括:自重MG(时不变荷载);收缩徐变引起的变形产生的弯矩Mcre(t)、车载效应Mtraffic(t)(时变荷载)。因此,共考虑以上4个基本随机变量,假定各基本变量间相互独立,初始时刻各变量的状态信息如表3所示。
将时间尺度50 a划分为50个时段:t0=0tht1=1st,t2=2nd,,t50=50th表3中的时变结构参数可以表示为:
{R(t)=R0g(t)μMtraffic(t)=μMtraffic(t0)αt,α=1.51/50Mcre(t)=Mcre(t0)t0.1342
式中,t=1,2,,50。值得注意的是,考虑交通荷载随时间增加,假定均值增加,其标准差不变;经过50 a后,均值为初始时刻的1.5倍,每一时段的均值为上一年的α倍。
在此基础上,可以得任意时段τ的全局功能函数:
Z(τ)=R(τ)-S(τ)=    R(τ)-[MG+Mcre(τ)+    Mtraffic(τ)]H(θq,τ)
根据概率密度演化方程的Dirac序列解法,功能函数的概率密度可表示为:
pZ(z,τ)=q=1Nδ(z-H(θq,τ))pq=q=1Nselpq2πσ(τ)H0exp[-z-H(θq,τ)2σ2(τ)H0]
式中,H0=maxθΘH(θ,t)σ(τ)由式(13)给出。在使用数值法求解时,采用数论方法共选取了2129个代表点,经过Voronoi剖分和点集重整化后,得出Nsel个代表点的赋得概率pq。根据式(36)便可得到各个时段的pZ(z)
(1) 初始时刻功能函数的概率密度曲线与107次蒙特卡罗模拟结果得到的概率密度直方图的对比结果如图10所示。
(2) 以10 a为时间间隔,由PDEM得出t0t10t20t30t40t50时段功能函数的概率密度曲线如图11所示。
可以看出:在抗力退化和荷载效应逐年增加的情况下,结构的概率密度曲线逐渐向左移动,且移动趋势较显著。
(3) 将所有时段的概率密度曲线在时间尺度上表示,即可连接成一个连续的曲面,该曲面显示了功能函数作为随机过程的概率密度演化过程,如图12所示。
各时段的失效概率及蒙特卡罗模拟计算结果对比如图13所示,进而各时段上述两种计算结果的相对误差如图14所示。
可见,基于PDEM的可靠性分析结果具有良好的精度,在所考察的时段内,其误差在6%以内。同时,相比于MCS大样本计算耗时的特点,此法只需在概率空间内选取较少的代表点,有计算效率高的优点。
针对既有桥梁时变可靠度研究,引入了概率密度演化理论,并用算例验证了其适用性,对于桥梁的时变效应,除了抗力退化和交通荷载增加之外,也考虑了混凝土桥梁的收缩、徐变效应。得到主要结论如下:
(1) 通过与MCS结果对比可知,所提方法的精度、效率较优。
(2) 适用性广泛,特别是对于更为复杂的实际荷载状况,因为PDEM所需的分析次数与随机变量的个数无关。
(3) 当前该理论在求解结构动态可靠性问题时存在的局限主要体现在Dirac序列解法中光滑参数σ的选取,具有较强的经验性。在没有得到精准σ值的情况下,需要对结果进行修正才能得到较为准确的结果。
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2025年第38卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306037
  • 接收时间:2023-06-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-16
  • 修回日期:2023-10-18
基金
兰州大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(lzujbky-2025-05)
甘肃省自然科学基金资助项目(20JR10RA625)
甘肃省自然科学基金资助项目(20JR10RA623)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51608243)
作者信息
    1.兰州大学土木工程与力学学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.兰州大学西部灾害与环境力学教育部重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000

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樊学平(1983—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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