Article(id=1227591333041337016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689696000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-19, revisedDate=1701014400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610181341, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610181341, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610181341, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610181341, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1422, endPage=1431, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591333339132604, articleId=1227591333041337016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Vibration control of FOWT-TMDI system under joint wind-wave loads, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The parameters design and vibration control of the system of Spar-floating offshore wind turbine (S-FOWT) coupled tuned mass damper-inerter (TMDI) under the joint wind-wave loads are studied in this paper. The theoretical model of 15-DOF Spar-FOWT with high fidelity is established based on multi-body dynamics modeling method and compared with FAST from both cases of damped free vibration and forced vibration. The damping efficiency of the FOWT-TMDI system under wind and wave loads is analyzed. In order to obtain the global optimal system parameters,the surrogate model method is used to optimize the time-varying and fully-coupled system. An example analysis shows that the model of 15-DOF Spar-FOWT has high fidelity which accurately secures the global dynamical characteristics of the wind turbine system. Meanwhile,the TMDI optimized by the proposed method has the expected control effect and the desired objective of “reduction in mass and stroke” is achieved. Compared with TMD,in addition,the TMDI has anticipative efficiency of the vibration reduction while reducing 75% of the mass and reducing about 80% of the damper stroke.

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针对Spar式浮式风机-调谐质量惯容阻尼器(TMDI)全耦合系统在风浪联合作用下的参数设计与振动控制问题,建立了具有高精度的15自由度Spar式浮式风机理论模型,并与FAST做了对比,在此基础上分析了风浪联合作用下浮式风机-TMDI系统的减振效能。为了得到全局最优的系统参数,引入代理模型进行考虑时变、全耦合系统的优化设计。算例分析表明,采用此方法优化设计的TMDI具有预期的控制效果和“降质减程”作用,比TMD减振效率更高,同时能降低75%的质量和减少80%左右的冲程。

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彭勇波(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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畅通(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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畅通(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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TMDI parameters obtained by different optimization methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化方法方向ΒwrζdHbσt/mmqt/mm
简单模型前后0.66812.1780.5941104690.1
侧向114.8840.726130.8159.6
全模型的代理优化方法前后0.66810.7571.9231101.9662.7
侧向110.7521.502129.1150.5
), ArticleFig(id=1227654461527622457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591333041337016, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同优化方法得到的TMDI参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化方法方向ΒwrζdHbσt/mmqt/mm
简单模型前后0.66812.1780.5941104690.1
侧向114.8840.726130.8159.6
全模型的代理优化方法前后0.66810.7571.9231101.9662.7
侧向110.7521.502129.1150.5
), ArticleFig(id=1227654461636674373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591333041337016, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of different control measures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略方向ΒwrζdHbσt/mm减振率/%
无控前后114.5
侧向48.6
TMDI(u=0.005)前后0.66810.7571.9231101.9-11.0
侧向110.7521.502129.1-40.1
TMDI(u=0.01)前后0.6686.8601.4561102.5-10.5
侧向17.0671.406129.2-39.9
TMDI(u=0.02)前后0.6674.8711.8921104.2-9.0
侧向15.1950.880129.5-39.3
TMD(u=0.005)前后1.0500.040113.7-0.7
侧向1.0400.03043.0-11.5
TMD(u=0.01)前后1.0500.050113.4-1.0
侧向1.0400.04042.5-12.6
TMD(u=0.02)前后1.0500.070113.4-1.0
侧向1.0400.06042.1-13.4
), ArticleFig(id=1227654461783475021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591333041337016, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同控制策略的结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略方向ΒwrζdHbσt/mm减振率/%
无控前后114.5
侧向48.6
TMDI(u=0.005)前后0.66810.7571.9231101.9-11.0
侧向110.7521.502129.1-40.1
TMDI(u=0.01)前后0.6686.8601.4561102.5-10.5
侧向17.0671.406129.2-39.9
TMDI(u=0.02)前后0.6674.8711.8921104.2-9.0
侧向15.1950.880129.5-39.3
TMD(u=0.005)前后1.0500.040113.7-0.7
侧向1.0400.03043.0-11.5
TMD(u=0.01)前后1.0500.050113.4-1.0
侧向1.0400.04042.5-12.6
TMD(u=0.02)前后1.0500.070113.4-1.0
侧向1.0400.06042.1-13.4
), ArticleFig(id=1227654463092097879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591333041337016, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Strokes of TMD for different control measures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标量方向u=0.005u=0.01u=0.02
标准差前后201.7160.6120.4
侧向124.786.356.8
最大值前后689.2584.7481.1
侧向395.1286.6210.2
), ArticleFig(id=1227654463209538401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591333041337016, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同控制策略的TMD冲程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标量方向u=0.005u=0.01u=0.02
标准差前后201.7160.6120.4
侧向124.786.356.8
最大值前后689.2584.7481.1
侧向395.1286.6210.2
), ArticleFig(id=1227654463306007403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591333041337016, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Strokes of TMDI for different control measures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标量方向u=0.005减少比率/%u=0.01减少比率/%u=0.02减少比率/%
标准差前后40.0-80.239.5-75.436.4-69.8
侧向27.4-78.027.3-68.426.8-52.8
最大值前后169.7-75.4129.3-77.9125.5-73.9
侧向77.2-80.573.4-74.471.5-66.0
), ArticleFig(id=1227654463406670709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591333041337016, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同控制策略的TMDI冲程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标量方向u=0.005减少比率/%u=0.01减少比率/%u=0.02减少比率/%
标准差前后40.0-80.239.5-75.436.4-69.8
侧向27.4-78.027.3-68.426.8-52.8
最大值前后169.7-75.4129.3-77.9125.5-73.9
侧向77.2-80.573.4-74.471.5-66.0
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风浪联合作用下浮式风机-TMDI系统振动控制
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畅通 1, 2 , 彭勇波 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1422-1431
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1422-1431
风浪联合作用下浮式风机-TMDI系统振动控制
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畅通1, 2 , 彭勇波1
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 2.同济大学土木工程学院,上海 200092
  • 畅通(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

彭勇波(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Vibration control of FOWT-TMDI system under joint wind-wave loads
Tong CHANG1, 2 , Yongbo PENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China
  • 2.College of Civil Engineering,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307053
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针对Spar式浮式风机-调谐质量惯容阻尼器(TMDI)全耦合系统在风浪联合作用下的参数设计与振动控制问题,建立了具有高精度的15自由度Spar式浮式风机理论模型,并与FAST做了对比,在此基础上分析了风浪联合作用下浮式风机-TMDI系统的减振效能。为了得到全局最优的系统参数,引入代理模型进行考虑时变、全耦合系统的优化设计。算例分析表明,采用此方法优化设计的TMDI具有预期的控制效果和“降质减程”作用,比TMD减振效率更高,同时能降低75%的质量和减少80%左右的冲程。

浮式风机  /  振动控制  /  调谐质量惯容阻尼器  /  风浪联合作用  /  耦合动力学  /  代理模型

The parameters design and vibration control of the system of Spar-floating offshore wind turbine (S-FOWT) coupled tuned mass damper-inerter (TMDI) under the joint wind-wave loads are studied in this paper. The theoretical model of 15-DOF Spar-FOWT with high fidelity is established based on multi-body dynamics modeling method and compared with FAST from both cases of damped free vibration and forced vibration. The damping efficiency of the FOWT-TMDI system under wind and wave loads is analyzed. In order to obtain the global optimal system parameters,the surrogate model method is used to optimize the time-varying and fully-coupled system. An example analysis shows that the model of 15-DOF Spar-FOWT has high fidelity which accurately secures the global dynamical characteristics of the wind turbine system. Meanwhile,the TMDI optimized by the proposed method has the expected control effect and the desired objective of “reduction in mass and stroke” is achieved. Compared with TMD,in addition,the TMDI has anticipative efficiency of the vibration reduction while reducing 75% of the mass and reducing about 80% of the damper stroke.

floating offshore wind turbine  /  vibration control  /  tuned mass damper-inerter  /  joint wind-wave loads  /  coupled dynamics  /  surrogate model
畅通, 彭勇波. 风浪联合作用下浮式风机-TMDI系统振动控制. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1422 -1431 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307053
Tong CHANG, Yongbo PENG. Vibration control of FOWT-TMDI system under joint wind-wave loads[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1422 -1431 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307053
由于较高的资源可利用性及技术成熟度,风能在可再生能源中具有重要的利用前景,尤其是在深海领域的潜能巨大[1]。为了开发和利用深远海域的丰富且优质的风资源,浮式风机(FOWT)的概念在20世纪70年代早期被提出,并经历了快速的发展[2-3]。然而,风电产业从陆地走向海洋绝非易事,主要因素是运营条件、特别是灾害作用环境更为复杂[4],因此对风机支撑结构的强度与疲劳性能的要求更高。近年来,广泛用于高楼、桥梁防风抗震的结构控制技术被引入浮式风机的振动控制研究中,以更好地实现振动控制和载荷抑制的目标。
结构振动控制形式一般包括被动控制、主动控制、半主动控制等。被动控制由于不需要外部能源输入且原理简单受到广泛关注[5]。早在2011年,LACKNER等[6]首先将调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)布置在驳船式浮式风机机舱中以实现振动控制和载荷抑制。STEWART等[7]将两个独立的TMD布置在浮式风机的机舱或平台中,并对两个方向的结果进行了振动控制研究,该研究考虑了风浪方向不重合[8]的影响,同时指出在Spar式浮式风机的基础平台布置TMD存在一定问题。质量过大和冲程太长是将TMD应用于浮式风机中的主要挑战。最近,基于“惯容器”的减振器在机械或土木工程结构中得到了广泛的研究[9]。所谓“惯容器”,它是一种将平移运动转化为高速旋转运动的两端机械装置,其产生的惯性力比其物理质量产生的惯性力明显增大[10]。利用惯容器增强的调谐质量阻尼器,如调谐质量惯容阻尼器(TMDI),可以有效实现“降质减程”的作用。然而,已有对浮式风机-TMDI系统的参数设计往往基于多种假设的简化解耦模型[11-12],特别是具有非固定特性的浮式平台,将导致全局最优设计解存在误差。
值得注意的是,浮式风机是一个复杂的时变耦合动力系统,在恶劣的环境条件下,受到气动力、水动力、系泊和伺服控制器负载的影响。同时,由于叶片较柔,系统中存在气动-弹性耦合(流-固耦合)[13]。理论上,这需要尽可能充分考虑各个因素来建立具有一定精度的动力学模型,同时兼顾优化求解的效率。美国国家新能源实验室(NREL)基于多柔体动力学建模方法开发的FAST软件是使用最广、认可度最高的浮式风机耦合动力学时域求解软件之一[14]。本文将按照多体动力学建模方法对Spar式浮式风机在MATLAB中进行理论建模,并与FAST进行对比验证。在此基础上,采用Euler-Lagrange方法开展风浪联合作用下浮式风机-TMDI系统的参数设计和减振效能分析。为了提高优化求解的效率,引入代理模型[15-16]进行考虑时变、全耦合因素的系统优化设计。
本节旨在建立包括风浪载荷模块、伺服系统模块、锚链模块、风力机结构模块和TMDI模块在内的全耦合模型。
按照图1所示的Spar FOWT动力学模型示意图建立相应的坐标系。惯性坐标系(X1X2X3-G)原点在t=0时与G重合,X1-X2平面为系统重力势能的零势能面,表示平均海平面(MSL),图中GpGncGr分别为平台、机舱和转子的重心位置,Ω为转子旋转速度,Φj为叶片j相对于机舱的方位角。
将浮式平台假设为刚体,在X1X2X3-G中采用6个自由度描述其运动状态。其中3个自由度为分别沿X1X2X3轴的平移运动,即纵荡(surge)、横荡(sway)和垂荡(heave);其余自由度则分别为相应的旋转运动,即横摇(roll)、纵摇(pitch)和艏摇(yaw)。平台(platform)的广义坐标向量可表示为:
qp=[qsu(t) qsw(t) qhe(t) qro(t) qpi(t) qya(t)]T
式中,向量内各元素分别表示上述规定自由度方向的广义坐标。因此,在X1X2X3-G中平台的位移可以定义为:
rp(t)=[qsu(t)qsw(t)qhe(t)]+Tp[00-hp]
式中,hpG到平台重心的距离;TpX-Y-Z欧拉角序列)为从平台局部坐标到惯性坐标的变换矩阵[17]
平台的动能可表示为:
Tp=12MpvpTvp+12wpTJpwp
式中,Mp为平台的质量;vp为平台运动的速度;Jp为平台转动惯量矩阵;wp为平台角速度矢量。
平台的势能可表示为:
Vp=Vgp=MprpgZ
式中,Vgp为平台的重力势能;g为重力加速度;Z为惯性系中的竖直单位矢量;rp为平台的位移向量。
塔架考虑为弹性悬臂梁,将其自由度在以塔底中心为原点的局部坐标系中表示,相应的广义坐标向量为:
qT=[qfa(t) qss(t)]T
式中,下标“fa”和“ss”表示沿前后和侧向方向的振动。在塔截面X3'处,fa和ss方向相对于塔中心线的挠度为:
{ufa(X3', t)=Φfa(X3')qfa(t)uss(X3', t)=Φss(X3')qss(t)
式中,Φfa(X3')Φss(X3')用于描述塔架前后和侧向变形的一阶模态振型。
塔架的动能表示为:
Tt=120ltμt(X3')vtTvtdX3'
式中,lt为塔长;μt为塔的单位长度的分布质量;vt为塔体某截面的速度。
塔架的势能可表示为:
Vt=Vgt+Vbet+Vget
式中,Vgt为塔的重力势能;VbetVget分别为弹性弯曲变形和几何变形(由于重力引起)的贡献。
假设轮毂和机舱为两个刚体,并且考虑塔顶截面的旋转角,类似于前述方法,可得轮毂和机舱的动能分别为:
TH=12MHvHTvH+12wHTJHwH
TN=12MNvNTvN+12wNTJNwN
式中,MHMN分别为轮毂和机舱的质量;JHJN分别为轮毂(含发动机)和机舱的转动惯量矩阵;vHvN分别为轮毂和机舱运动的速度向量;wHwN分别为轮毂和机舱旋转的角速度向量。
轮毂和机舱的势能分别为:
VH=MHrHgZ
VN=MNrNgZ
式中,rHrN分别为轮毂和机舱运动的位移向量。
和塔架一样,叶片按照弹性悬臂梁考虑。将其自由度在以相应的叶根为原点的局部坐标系中表示,相应的广义坐标向量为:
qB=[qfl1(t) qed1(t) qfl2(t)qed2(t) qfl3(t) qed3(t) qR(t)]T
式中,下标“fl”和“ed”分别表示面外方向(flap-wise)和面内方向(edge-wise)的振动,数字代表了不同的三个叶片;qR(t)描述叶片的旋转运动,它也是叶片1相对于机舱局部坐标系的方位角。
叶片的动能为:
TB=j=13120lBμB(x3)vBjTvBjdx3
式中,μB为叶片的分布质量;lB为叶片长度;vBj为第j个叶片某截面的速度。
叶片的势能为:
VB=VgB+VbeB+VgeB+VcsB
式中,VgB为叶片重力势能;VbeBVgeB分别为弹性弯曲变形和几何变形(由于重力引起)的贡献;VcsB为转子旋转引起的离心硬化效应。
按照图2所示,采用TMDI位于机舱中分别对塔架的前后或侧向振动进行控制,图中mdkdcdbdHb分别为TMDI的质量块质量、刚度、阻尼系数、惯容系数和惯容另一端距塔底的连接高度,Ft)为外部荷载输入。
通过增加自由度的方法,定义TMDI质量块运动的广义坐标向量为:
qD=[qd,fa(t) qd,ss(t)]T
式中,下标“d,fa”和“d,ss”表示沿前后或侧向方向增加TMDI的自由度。因此,TMDI质量块在惯性坐标下的位移向量为:
rD(t)=[qsu(t)qsw(t)qhe(t)]+Tp([ufa(lT,t)uss(lT,t)lT+hT]+Tt[qd,fa(t)qd,ss(t)0])
式中,Tt为从机舱或轮毂的局部坐标到塔架局部坐标的坐标变换矩阵;hT为从G到塔底中心的距离。
通过对位移求导得到速度vD,favD,ss后,可定义TMDI的动能表达式为:
TD=12md,fa(ss)vD,fa(ss)2+12bd,fa(ss)[vD,fa(ss)- Φfa(ss)Hfa(ss)q˙fa(ss)(t)]2
类似地,TMDI的势能表达式为:
VD=md,fa(ss)rDgZ+12kd,fa(ss)qd,fa(ss)2(t)
式中,md,fa(ss)表示fa或ss方向的TMDI质量块的质量;vD,fa(ss)表示fa或ss方向的速度;bd,fa(ss)表示fa或ss方向的惯容器惯性系数;Φfa(ss)表示fa或ss方向的塔架一阶模态振型;Hfa(ss)表示fa或ss方向的惯容器另一端距塔底的连接高度;q˙fa(ss)表示fa或ss方向的塔架自由度的速度;kd,fa(ss)表示fa或ss方向的TMDI的刚度。
采用传统的变速、统一变桨距的浮式风机伺服控制系统[18-19],它包括一个发动机转矩控制器和一个统一桨距控制器。发动机转矩控制器的目标是在额定风速下最大限度地捕获风能;桨距控制器的目的是在额定风速以上通过改变桨矩角调节发动机转速使其保持额定功率。值得注意的是,该伺服控制系统不具有非电力生产操作的控制动作,例如正常启动顺序的控制动作以及安全和保护功能。伺服控制过程框图如图3所示。
作用于系统广义自由度的外力主要来自水静力载荷、锚链载荷、水动力载荷和气动载荷。
根据文献[20],流体静力问题可以被描述为依照阿基米德原理的浮力和耦合的流体静力恢复力及力矩(可视为平台瞬时位移位置和方向的函数),它们与衍射和辐射问题中的入射波和出射波无关。更详细的信息可以参考文献[21]。
图4所示,Spar式浮式风机通常有3条系泊线,图中XaYa分别为X1X2在海底的投影;a1a2a3为平行于坐标轴X1X2X3且原点位于海底固定锚点A的坐标轴;h为锚链的垂直投影;l为锚链在海底的水平投影;T为浮体P点所受到的张力;HV分别为锚链张力分解得到的水平张力和垂直张力;UA为G点到A点的距离;UP为G点到P点的距离。准静态模型一般被用于叶片和塔架载荷估计[22],其将系泊线假定为弹性悬链线[23],计算准静态张力[24],最后可得到系泊线对平台施加的总系泊力和力矩[25]
对于Spar式浮式风机,可以采用Morison公式和切片理论计算水动力载荷[21],作用于每个切片部分的水动力载荷可表示为:
fhd(t)=12pwChdDVhrel(t)|Vhrel(t)|+  π4pwChmD2aw(t)-π4pw(Chm-1)D2as(t)
式中,Chd为水阻力系数;Chm为水惯性系数;DX3位置的平台直径;Vhrel(t)为相对流速;aw(t)为水质点加速度;as(t)为平台加速度;pw为海水密度。
采用叶素动量理论(BEMT)[26]计算叶片的气动载荷。
图5所示,r为叶素截面距叶根的距离,V1V2分别表示入流风的分解量,PDPL分别为叶片截面二维气动特性的分布阻力和升力,它们与相对风速Varel、风攻角α和弦长c有关。攻角可以由入流角φ减去叶片桨矩角βa和叶片预扭角γ得到。采用法向分布气动载荷PN和切向分布气动载荷PT分别计算叶片的面外和面内方向模态载荷[27]、转子气动载荷,通过转换[13],可得到系统气动载荷矢量。
利用Lagrange方程可导出系统的非线性刚柔耦合运动方程:
ddt(Lq˙)-Lq=fhs+fmoor+fhd+faero+fgentor-Csq˙
式中,q为15维或16维(加装TMDI)广义坐标的向量;L为Lagrange量,与系统动能和势能有关;fmoorfgentorCs分别为锚链荷载向量、发动机转矩荷载向量和结构阻尼矩阵;fhsfaero分别表示水静力荷载和空气动荷载向量。
为了大幅度提高计算效率并捕捉系统的耦合,参照文献[13]对系统的运动方程进行了部分线性化。首先,在能量表达式的推导过程中保留所有的非线性项,直到将能量表达式代入方程(21);然后,采用两个假设(①平台和塔架转动为小角度;②二阶和高阶项被忽略)对运动方程的左侧进行线性化。这样,系统的运动方程变成了如下的形式:
M(t)q¨(t)+C(t)q˙(t)+K(t)q(t)=fhs+fmoor+fhd+faero+fgentor
式中,M(t)C(t)K(t)分别为系统的质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵,可以清晰地看到质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵为时变的,即该系统为一个时变系统。值得注意的是,载荷矢量所涉及的非线性被保留。
为了验证模型的准确性,采用公开的NREL OC3数据[18-19]进行数值计算,并与FAST进行比较。
首先,假设初始纵荡和横荡均为5 m,其他初始自由度均为零,计算模型的自由衰减振动,并与FAST在时域上作比较,结果如图6所示。
计算各个自由度的频率可以发现,该模型浮体与FAST的基频误差不超过3%,塔架基频误差不超过1%,桨叶的摆振基频误差在5%以内,拍振基频误差稍大但不超过10%。由此可见,本文模型捕捉的结构特性是正确的。为进一步验证模型在风浪载荷联合作用下的动态响应,现将转子初始转速设为12.1 r/min,开启集体桨矩控制器和发电机转矩控制器,并考虑轮毂处平均风速为13 m/s定常风、波浪有效波高为4 m、有效波周期为9 s的规则波浪(入射风和波浪方向均沿X1方向),响应结果的比较如图7所示。
从受迫振动的结果图来看,在伺服控制情况下,本文采用的15自由度模型准确地捕捉了FOWT系统的全局动力学特性。
加装TMDI的海上浮式风力发电机系统具有复杂的非线性运动方程,无法以封闭形式优化TMDI性能。因此,现有文献往往将该复杂的系统简化为如图2所示的2个自由度的简单系统。同时,引入了一些假设:荷载输入为白噪声;叶片、轮毂和机舱视作塔顶的集中质量,且塔底是固定的;忽略主结构的阻尼等。
类似地,可以利用Euler-Lagrange方法得到该二自由度系统的运动方程为:
[1+u+β(1-Φ)2u+β(1-Φ)u+β(1-Φ)u+β](q¨tq¨d)+[0002uwtζdwr](q˙tq˙d)+[wt200uwt2wr2](qtqd)=(Fm00),u=mdm0,β=bdm0,wr=wdwt,ζd=cd2mdwd,Φ=ΦT(H)
式中,qtqd分别为塔顶和阻尼器运动自由度(未指定具体方向);m0为主结构的模态质量;u为质量比;β为TMDI的惯容器的惯性放大质量与主结构质量之比;wtwd分别为塔和阻尼器的固有频率;wr为频率比;ζd为阻尼比;ΦT为塔架某方向的一阶模态振型;F为白噪声激励,在所有频率上强度恒定为S0
因此,塔架位移的方差可以表示为:
σt2=1m0-|Λ11(w)|2S0dw
式中,Λ11为系统运动方程(23)的传递函数矩阵的第一个分量。
当给定uβHb后,根据下列条件就可得到该简单模型的最优参数wrζd
σt2wr=0,σt2ζd=0
wr=-B+B2-AC2A,ζd=12uwrDE,A=3u2(u2+2uΦ2β-4uΦβ+2uβ+   2u+Φ4β2-4Φ3β2+6Φ2β2+2Φ4β-   4Φβ2-4Φβ+β2+2β+1),B=u(4u2ζd2-u2+4uΦ2ζd2β-2uΦ2β-   8uΦζd2β+2uΦβ+4uζd2β+4uζd2-   2uβ-2u-Φ2β2+2Φβ2-β2-2β),C=-(u2+2uβ+β2),D=u4wt4+2u3Φ2βwr4-4u3Φβwr4+2u3βwr4+   2u3wr4-u3wr2+u2Φ4β2wr4-4u2Φ3β2wr4+   6u2Φ2β2wr4+2u2Φ2βwr4-2u2Φ2βwr2-   4u2Φβ2wr4+2u2Φβwr2+u2β2wr4+   2u2βwr4-2u2βwr2+u2wr4-2u2wr2+   u2-uΦ2β2wr2+2uΦβ2wr2+2uβ+β2,E=u+Φ2β-2Φβ+β+1
从上述基于降维简化系统的参数优化过程可以发现该方法采用了诸多假设,并且由于降维改变了原本时变、全耦合的系统特性,将造成参数优化结果存在误差,并非最优的参数。
为了改善存在的问题,同时考虑优化的效率,这里引入代理模型方法来对浮式风机-TMDI系统进行参数优化。此时,保持系统的完整特性,以较少调用求解该“昂贵”模型的代价找出近似全局最优的参数。
本文采用一种自适应径向基函数代理模型全局优化算法[28]。由于较其他插值器在时间上的花费少,并且为使颠簸的程度最小化,算法选择带有线性尾部的立方径向基函数作为代理模型[29]。这种近似过程可以解释为一种如图8所示的简单的神经网络模型。其中x为输入,yx)为输出,φx)为激活函数,w为权重,px)为输入项的线性组合。
该算法在两个阶段之间交替进行。①构造代理模型阶段:首先,随机选择一些边界内的初始样本点并代入原模型计算目标值;然后,算法采用径向基函数(RBF)插值器来构造初始的代理模型,此时,样本中目标最小的点成为在职点(incumbent)。②搜索最小值阶段:通过在边界内抽样几千个随机点来搜索目标函数(原模型)的最小值。首先,基于随机点计算其目标替代值以及这些点与已被评估搜索点之间的距离来评估价值函数(一个同时关联代理和已搜索值距离的函数);然后,选择最好的点作为最佳候选点并评估目标函数,使用该函数值(自适应点)更新代理模型并再次搜索。如果自适应点处的目标函数值小于在职点值,则求解器认为搜索成功,并将自适应点设为在职点。否则,求解器认为搜索不成功,不改变在职点。当满足一定条件时,算法将返回阶段①重新进行代理模型构造(代理模型重置)。过程示意如图9所示。
选取轮毂处平均风速15 m/s、湍流强度0.14的非定常风,联合波浪有效波高4 m、有效波周期9s的非规则波浪作用下的工况,设置风浪夹角为30°,以考虑风浪不重合的情况。根据上述工况采用谱表示方法(Kaimal谱和JONSWAP谱)生成随机风浪荷载,然后通过使该工况下塔架位移标准差最小以得到最优的参数。
指定质量比u=0.005后,TMDI待优化的参数包括惯质比β、频率比wr、阻尼比ζd和标准化固定距离Hb,参数优化区间分别为:(0,1),(0.01,15),(0.01,10)和(0,1),最终优化结果去掉不满足冲程限制的情况。为与简单模型所得的结果进行对比,这里使简单模型对应的质量比、惯质比和惯容另一端距塔底的链接高度与全模型代理优化结果一致,从而得到简单模型优化后的频率比和阻尼比。并且在惯质比为0、不同质量比u=0.005、0.01、0.02情况下进行优化得到传统TMD的频率比和阻尼比,再将目标量与最优TMDI得到的结果进行对比。这样,便可得到比基于降维简化模型所得参数更优、更合理的结果;另一方面则可得到TMDI较传统TMD的显著优势(降质减程)。
经过计算,指定质量比为u=0.005(2 t左右)的TMDI参数的两种优化结果如表1所示。
表1可以清楚地发现,采用降维简化模型方法所得到的TMDI优化参数并不是全局最优的,尤其是对塔架的位移极值的影响较为明显。然而采用全模型代理方法进行优化时(获得全局最优结果并不需要原模型的全部信息,只需要在全局最优领域的信息即可),可以保证模型的完整度(因为该方法的目标是搜索原模型的全局最优域),从而得到全局最优参数值(或更优参数值)。对比两种优化方法,代理模型方法得到的结果使得塔架位移绝对值的最大值在不同方向分别进一步地降低约4%和3.8%。
对三种不同质量比的TMD参数进行优化计算,其与无控、TMDI的结果对比如表2所示。
表2可以看出,采用TMDI控制可以较为明显地对塔架位移进行控制。当质量比u=0.005时,在前后方向的减振率约为11%,在侧向的减振率约为40.1%,其他质量比条件下情况相似,可见侧向的控制效果更为显著;另一方面,TMD的控制效果不明显,不同质量比条件下,在前后方向的减振率约为1%,在侧向的减振率约为12%。因此,TMDI的控制效果要明显优于同等物理质量条件下的TMD。此外,拥有较小物理质量的TMDI的控制效果最好,实现了降质增效。
在减程方面,如表3表4所示,TMDI很好地限制了阻尼器的冲程。在前后方向,TMDI使冲程减少了约75.4%;在侧向,TMDI使冲程减少了约80.5%。因此,在实际狭小的机舱空间中,TMDI的减程作用具有重要的应用价值。更为详细的时程结果如图10所示。
表3图10可以发现,TMD的冲程距离会随着TMD质量的增加而有所减少,而TMDI的冲程距离相比较更大物理质量的TMD的冲程距离来说,显现出了突出的减程优势。
为了进一步分析TMDI的控制效果,分别从时域和频域进行分析,控制前、后的塔架位移响应时程和频域结果如图1112所示。
图11图12可以发现,塔架侧向位移控制效果明显优于前后方向的控制效果,这可以从它们的功率谱密度图得到原因。在图11(b)图12(b)中,塔架自振频率附近(0.47 Hz)的能量被很好地吸收了;波浪激励频率附近(0.11 Hz)的能量有一定程度的吸收(这是控制装置与浮式平台运动耦合影响所导致的结果);浮式平台的纵摇和横摇频率附近(0.03 Hz)的能量未被吸收,并且反而有所增加,该影响在前后方向更为明显(这也是前后方向TMDI最优惯质比不是1而是0.668的原因所在)。此外,前后方向与侧向的能量分布有很大的不同。侧向的能量主要集中于塔自振频率附近,而前后方向的能量在塔自振频率附近分布很少,这也是导致侧向控制效果更明显的另一个原因。这也表明,一味地增加阻尼器质量或者出力大小并不能有效解决塔架前后方向控制效果较差的问题。
本文首先建立了15自由度的Spar式浮式风机理论模型,并且与目前认可度较高的浮式风机模拟软件FAST进行了对比验证。进而,在机舱内加装TMDI装置进行结构控制,并对风浪联合作用下的TMDI参数进行了优化和减振效果分析。主要结论如下:
(1)对复杂系统进行参数优化时应兼顾模型精度和优化效率。本文所用的代理模型方法在保证精度前提下显著降低了计算工作量,使得浮式风机-TMDI系统的参数比基于一般降维简化模型得到的参数更优。
(2)TMDI较好地实现了“降质减程”的目的。相比于较大质量的TMD,拥有其1/4质量的TMDI的控制效果更佳,并且使前后方向和侧向的冲程距离分别可减少约75.4%和85%。
(3)TMDI在不同方向控制效果不同,在前后方向的减振率约为11%,在侧向的减振率约为40.1%。这是因为不同方向的能量分布不一致且对平台纵摇或横摇造成的影响不同。然而,TMD的控制效果较差,即使拥有4倍质量的TMD在前后方向的减振率仅约为1%,在侧向的减振率约为12%。
(4)为了更有效地实现风浪联合作用下浮式风机结构减振控制,不能一味地增加阻尼器的质量或出力大小,需要在降低宽频带能量的同时考虑控制设施带来的其他负面影响。
以上分析结论是在理论和仿真分析基础之上得到的,对于工程实际应用还需进一步考虑现实问题,包括控制装置的出力情况、塔顶安装位置及预留空间等。在浮式风机一体化设计浪潮的推动下,实现浮式风机结构与控制装置同步设计是未来发展的重要方向之一。
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307053
  • 接收时间:2023-07-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-19
  • 修回日期:2023-11-27
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上海市政府间国际合作项目(22160713000)
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    1.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
    2.同济大学土木工程学院,上海 200092

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彭勇波(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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