Article(id=1227591331548164788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202403051, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711036800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-22, revisedDate=1716825600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610180984, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610180984, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610180984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610180984, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1503, endPage=1520, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591332999393975, articleId=1227591331548164788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Influence of displacement excitation and thermal deformation coupled waviness on slipping and vibration characteristics of full ceramic bearing, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effect of waviness on the slippage and vibration characteristics of the full ceramic bearing,displacement excitation and thermal deformation are coupled to propose the dynamic waviness model. The Hertz contact theory and time-varying displacement excitation are combined to obtain the calculation method of time-varying contact stiffness coefficient,and the stiffness coefficient is analyzed in detail. The effects of time-varying contact stiffness coefficient and time-varying displacement excitation are also taken into account to model the slipping dynamic of the full ceramic bearing. The effects of rotational speed and waviness on the slippage and nonlinear vibration characteristics of the full ceramic bearing are analyzed. The results show that an increase in rotational speed,waviness amplitude and wave number all lead to an enlarged contact stiffness coefficient between the ball and the raceway. The contact stiffness coefficient is more sensitive to changes in wave number. The increase in rotational speed can exacerbate slippage. Both the increase in waviness amplitude and wave number can have the effect of inhibiting slippage. However,the waviness amplitude and wave number can be too large resulting in abnormal vibration of the inner ring. The maximum fundamental frequency deviation between simulation and test is 2.75 Hz,the maximum error is 0.37%. This research can be used for the optimal design of the full ceramic bearing structures as well as for health monitoring.

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为研究波纹对全陶瓷轴承打滑和振动特性的影响,将位移激励和热变形进行耦合,提出一种动态的波纹模型。将Hertz接触理论和时变位移激励进行结合,得到时变接触刚度系数的计算方法,并对刚度系数进行详细分析。同时考虑时变接触刚度系数和时变位移激励的影响,建立全陶瓷轴承的打滑动力学模型。分析了转速和波纹对全陶瓷轴承打滑和非线性振动特性的影响。结果表明,转速,波纹幅值和波数的增加均会造成球与滚道之间的接触刚度系数增大。接触刚度系数对波数的变化更加敏感。转速的提高会加剧打滑情况。波纹幅值和波数的增加均可以起到抑制打滑的效果。但波纹幅值和波数过大会引起内圈的异常振动。仿真与试验的最大基频差为2.75 Hz,最大误差为0.37%。该研究可用于全陶瓷轴承结构的优化设计以及健康监测。

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王子男(1989—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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王展(1984—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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王展(1984—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering2016,52(14):147-156., articleTitle=Vibration performance of high-speed vehicles under axle box bearing surface waviness, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227654472831267160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, awardId=52205117, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52205117), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227654472936124764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, awardId=52175107, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52175107), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227654473020010843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, awardId=XLYC2203015, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省兴辽英才青年拔尖人才项目(XLYC2203015), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227654473124868446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, awardId=2024-MSLH-401, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654465847750835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=CN, label=图12, caption=内圈的受力分析图, figureFileSmall=0EhTJnrB7on/ieBjQO0lBg==, figureFileBig=b+9nb0C6uc5P27UNvAKqrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654465952608440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Contact force between ball and inner raceway for different waviness amplitudes during acceleration, figureFileSmall=ds9VTmm6FrD08YxlkP2qZA==, figureFileBig=by9SDl0RZEo+NQ+6SiT6iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654466019717307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=CN, label=图13, caption=加速时不同波纹幅值下球与内滚道的接触力, figureFileSmall=ds9VTmm6FrD08YxlkP2qZA==, figureFileBig=by9SDl0RZEo+NQ+6SiT6iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654466086826176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Rotational angular velocity of the ball at different waviness amplitudes during acceleration, figureFileSmall=udrFsDExBxBkhuCsh/MvxA==, figureFileBig=xOHw0Y4NO1wn3qvMX3vSNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654466179100870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=CN, label=图14, caption=加速时不同波纹幅值下球的自转角速度, figureFileSmall=udrFsDExBxBkhuCsh/MvxA==, figureFileBig=xOHw0Y4NO1wn3qvMX3vSNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654467613552846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Slip velocity of ball and inner raceway for different waviness amplitudes during acceleration, figureFileSmall=+bAVK+gU2F6E+hseuOukhA==, figureFileBig=dG+W+nJ1B0a0feEVYOeBmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654467730993360, 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language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Contact forces between ball and inner raceway at different wave numbers during acceleration, figureFileSmall=acbOZ1jKY9bwJTTqb0TtAA==, figureFileBig=7z0o+PZ2nSaUXo6zoyW6Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654468104286428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=CN, label=图17, caption=加速时不同波数下球与内滚道之间的接触力, figureFileSmall=acbOZ1jKY9bwJTTqb0TtAA==, figureFileBig=7z0o+PZ2nSaUXo6zoyW6Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654468175589602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Rotational angular velocity of the ball at different wave numbers during acceleration, figureFileSmall=Q0Hg/rAxzk2AIDLQCe4dyA==, figureFileBig=mt6s0pw8BdQZQpaamiI86w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654468251087076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=CN, label=图18, caption=加速时不同波数下球的自转角速度, figureFileSmall=Q0Hg/rAxzk2AIDLQCe4dyA==, figureFileBig=mt6s0pw8BdQZQpaamiI86w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654468368527592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=Slip velocity of the ball and inner raceway at different wave numbers during acceleration, figureFileSmall=aBFnn7LcPLD2xeE3ttoqwQ==, figureFileBig=O5kFg2Jd8dCB2r8Z+gtz4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654468473385197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=CN, label=图19, caption=加速时不同波数下球与内滚道的滑移速度, figureFileSmall=aBFnn7LcPLD2xeE3ttoqwQ==, figureFileBig=O5kFg2Jd8dCB2r8Z+gtz4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654468578242801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=Slip rate of cage at different wave numbers 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Specific parameters of 7008CE full ceramic angular contact ball bearings

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参数数值
轴承内径/mm40
轴承外径/mm68
球直径/mm8.003
轴承节圆直径/mm54
初始接触角/(°)15
内滚道直径/mm46.062
外滚道直径/mm62.096
球数目16
初始游隙/μm28.37
材料ZrO2
密度/(g·cm-3)5.67
平均线膨胀系数/(m·℃-1)9.8×10-6
泊松比0.28
弹性模量/GPa220
), ArticleFig(id=1227654472508305742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

7008CE全陶瓷角接触球轴承的具体参数

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参数数值
轴承内径/mm40
轴承外径/mm68
球直径/mm8.003
轴承节圆直径/mm54
初始接触角/(°)15
内滚道直径/mm46.062
外滚道直径/mm62.096
球数目16
初始游隙/μm28.37
材料ZrO2
密度/(g·cm-3)5.67
平均线膨胀系数/(m·℃-1)9.8×10-6
泊松比0.28
弹性模量/GPa220
), ArticleFig(id=1227654472596386129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

The characteristic frequency of bearing 7008CE at 6000 r/min

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参数数值
转速/(r·min-1)6000
内圈旋转频率fs/Hz100
球通过外圈的频率fo/Hz685.52
球通过内圈的频率fi/Hz914.49
), ArticleFig(id=1227654472676077908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331548164788, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

转速为6000 r/min时轴承7008CE的特征频率

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参数数值
转速/(r·min-1)6000
内圈旋转频率fs/Hz100
球通过外圈的频率fo/Hz685.52
球通过内圈的频率fi/Hz914.49
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位移激励和热变形耦合的波纹对全陶瓷轴承打滑和振动特性影响研究
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王展 1 , 陈思阳 1 , 王子男 1 , 张珂 1, 2 , 周鹏 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1503-1520
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1503-1520
位移激励和热变形耦合的波纹对全陶瓷轴承打滑和振动特性影响研究
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王展1 , 陈思阳1, 王子男1 , 张珂1, 2, 周鹏1
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳建筑大学机械工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110168
  • 2.沈阳工业大学机械工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110870
  • 王展(1984—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王子男(1989—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Influence of displacement excitation and thermal deformation coupled waviness on slipping and vibration characteristics of full ceramic bearing
Zhan WANG1 , Siyang CHEN1, Zinan WANG1 , Ke ZHANG1, 2, Peng ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering,Shenyang Jianzhu University,Shenyang 110168,China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering,Shenyang University of Technology,Shenyang 110870,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202403051
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为研究波纹对全陶瓷轴承打滑和振动特性的影响,将位移激励和热变形进行耦合,提出一种动态的波纹模型。将Hertz接触理论和时变位移激励进行结合,得到时变接触刚度系数的计算方法,并对刚度系数进行详细分析。同时考虑时变接触刚度系数和时变位移激励的影响,建立全陶瓷轴承的打滑动力学模型。分析了转速和波纹对全陶瓷轴承打滑和非线性振动特性的影响。结果表明,转速,波纹幅值和波数的增加均会造成球与滚道之间的接触刚度系数增大。接触刚度系数对波数的变化更加敏感。转速的提高会加剧打滑情况。波纹幅值和波数的增加均可以起到抑制打滑的效果。但波纹幅值和波数过大会引起内圈的异常振动。仿真与试验的最大基频差为2.75 Hz,最大误差为0.37%。该研究可用于全陶瓷轴承结构的优化设计以及健康监测。

全陶瓷轴承  /  波纹  /  打滑  /  位移激励  /  热变形

To investigate the effect of waviness on the slippage and vibration characteristics of the full ceramic bearing,displacement excitation and thermal deformation are coupled to propose the dynamic waviness model. The Hertz contact theory and time-varying displacement excitation are combined to obtain the calculation method of time-varying contact stiffness coefficient,and the stiffness coefficient is analyzed in detail. The effects of time-varying contact stiffness coefficient and time-varying displacement excitation are also taken into account to model the slipping dynamic of the full ceramic bearing. The effects of rotational speed and waviness on the slippage and nonlinear vibration characteristics of the full ceramic bearing are analyzed. The results show that an increase in rotational speed,waviness amplitude and wave number all lead to an enlarged contact stiffness coefficient between the ball and the raceway. The contact stiffness coefficient is more sensitive to changes in wave number. The increase in rotational speed can exacerbate slippage. Both the increase in waviness amplitude and wave number can have the effect of inhibiting slippage. However,the waviness amplitude and wave number can be too large resulting in abnormal vibration of the inner ring. The maximum fundamental frequency deviation between simulation and test is 2.75 Hz,the maximum error is 0.37%. This research can be used for the optimal design of the full ceramic bearing structures as well as for health monitoring.

full ceramic bearing  /  waviness  /  slippage  /  displacement excitation  /  thermal deformation
王展, 陈思阳, 王子男, 张珂, 周鹏. 位移激励和热变形耦合的波纹对全陶瓷轴承打滑和振动特性影响研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1503 -1520 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202403051
Zhan WANG, Siyang CHEN, Zinan WANG, Ke ZHANG, Peng ZHOU. Influence of displacement excitation and thermal deformation coupled waviness on slipping and vibration characteristics of full ceramic bearing[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1503 -1520 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202403051
面对航空航天、核工业以及制造业等领域的高温、高速以及干摩擦等特殊工况,全陶瓷轴承的应用不可或缺。然而在运行过程中,由于球与滚道之间的实际摩擦力不足以克服阻力,导致球与滚道之间发生滑移,球并非在理想状态下做纯滚动运动[1]。轴承的打滑是不可避免的,球的打滑会导致轴承内部的受力变得更复杂[2-3],不仅加剧轴承滚道的磨损,降低轴承运行的稳定性并诱发较为严重的噪声,还会增加球与滚道之间的摩擦生热,缩短轴承的使用寿命。
为了研究轴承的打滑特性,近年来,许多学者通过多个角度进行仿真实验分析。TU等[4]和LIU等[5]对圆柱滚子轴承打滑时的振动响应进行了研究,并讨论了摩擦力和保持架兜孔类型的影响。结果表明,适当的保持架凹口尺寸可以减弱打滑程度,打滑引起的摩擦力与振动水平密切相关。LI等[6]发现随着打滑程度的增加,内外滚道的摩擦生热和轴承总功率损失增加,而保持架-导环相互作用和球-油搅动的摩擦生热呈现相反的趋势。NIU等[7]基于动态轴承模型[8]和保持架回转运动模型[9],研究了严重打滑条件下球轴承保持架的稳定性和保持架回转性能,发现保持架的回转稳定性显著下降,滚珠驱动保持架的力量不足。WANG等[10]提出了一种动态模型,该模型考虑了球、滚道、保持架和润滑剂之间的相互作用。并说明轴向载荷显著影响角接触球轴承的打滑行为。GAO等[11]提出了一个综合考虑轴承部件运动学、球与滚道之间的赫兹接触、球与保持架之间的相互作用、流体动力润滑和热效应的模型来研究和预测过滑和打滑机理;对滑移引起的摩擦热效应分析表明,轴承运行过程中形成了相当大的温度梯度。润滑油流量的增加可以在一定程度上减缓温度的升高。OKTAVIANA等[12]对角接触球轴承在不同边界条件下的滑移问题进行了分析。ZHAO等[13]考虑联合载荷和滚动接触效应等极端条件,建立了干润滑角接触球轴承滚动接触摩擦学的统一分析模型。结果表明,滚动接触效应和组合载荷显著影响角接触球轴承的打滑和旋转性能。FANG等[14]建立了一个综合的数学模型来预测滚动轴承的滑移行为,该模型考虑了球与滚道、保持架和润滑剂之间相互作用的影响。GAO等[15]提出一种聚焦保持架特性的综合轴承动力学模型,结果表明在轴承上施加大的轴向载荷可能对防止轴承打滑起反作用。基于动力学理论,李峰等[16]建立了摆动深沟球轴承的动力学模型,结果表明摆动情况下的轴承打滑明显较稳定状态下的轴承打滑严重。彭城等[17]针对三点接触球轴承建立打滑模型,结果表明转速越高或轴向载荷越小,轴承的打滑率越高。LIU等[18]为了提高模型的精度,在动力学模型中,将保持架离散为具有相同滚动单元数目的若干段,以引入连接相邻段的弹簧表示保持架柔度。结果表明,适当地增加连接刚度可以有效缓解打滑现象。HAN等[19]基于赫兹接触理论和弹流润滑,建立了圆柱滚子轴承滑移行为的非线性动力学模型。结果表明径向载荷、弯矩或时变载荷幅值的增大均使最大滚子滑移速度减小,即滚子滑移被衰减。综上,现阶段研究人员对滚动轴承的打滑特性和机理进行了广泛的研究。然而在高速旋转下,滚道的热变形会对表面的波纹轮廓产生影响,很少有研究关注受热变形影响的动态形状缺陷对滚动轴承的接触方式和打滑特性的影响,且陶瓷材料具有刚度大等特性,全陶瓷轴承的振动对刚度变化更加敏感[20]
因此,本研究考虑球与保持架和滚道之间的接触、受热变形影响的动态波纹等因素,引入时变位移激励和接触刚度系数,建立全陶瓷轴承打滑动力学模型来研究波纹和转速等因素对全陶瓷轴承打滑特性和非线性振动特性的影响。通过试验验证理论的可靠性。结果可为全陶瓷轴承的优化设计提供理论依据。
在实际工况中,角接触球轴承的摩擦机理较为复杂。根据轴承Harris理论和Palmgren的经验公式[21],将摩擦力矩分解为与载荷无关的摩擦力矩M0(即空载时油润滑产生的摩擦力矩)和与载荷相关的摩擦力矩M1(即负载作用下的摩擦力矩),其中,接触表面差动滑动引起的摩擦力矩M1为:
M1=f1P1dm
式中,f1为轴承结构与载荷相关系数;P1为轴承摩擦力矩计算载荷;dm为轴承的平均直径。
轴承在高速旋转且受载较小时,油润滑产生的轴承摩擦力矩M0起主要作用,其与润滑油运动黏度、角速度有着直接的联系,表现为轴承润滑液的流体动能损耗[22],可表示为:
{M0=10-7f0(vn)2/3dm3, vn2000M0=1.6×10-5f0dm3, vn<2000
式中,n为轴承转速;v为轴承工况温度下的润滑油运动黏度;f0与轴承种类和油润滑方式相关。
根据轴承内外圈滚道理论,轴承自旋摩擦力矩Ms主要受到球自旋速度和接触载荷影响,因此轴承内/外圈滚道与球自旋摩擦力矩为:
Mf=Mfi+Mfo
Mfi/fo=3μfi/foQi/oai/oΣi/o8
式中,QiQo分别为球与内、外圈滚道法向的接触载荷;aiao分别为内、外滚道赫兹接触椭圆长半轴;μfiμfo分别为球与内、外圈滚道接触区的自旋摩擦系数;ΣiΣo分别为内、外圈滚道接触区第二类椭圆积分。
因此,通过Palmgren工作,可以初步得到全陶瓷轴承球与内/外圈滚道间接触区的摩擦功率消耗分别为:
Hfi/fo=π30n[f1P1dm+10-7f0(vn)2/3dm3]+z=1Nωsz3μfi/foQi/oai/oΣi/o8,vn2000
Hfi/fo=π30n(f1P1dm+1.6×10-5f0dm3)+z=1Nωsz3μfi/foQi/oai/oΣi/o8,vn<2000
式中,ωsz为第z个球的自转角速度;N为球的个数。
由于陶瓷材料的弹性滞后性,当加载超过弹性限度时,应变滞后于应力,与应力相位差π/2部分的黏性分量使应变能以热能形式被耗散,形成滞后损失。因此,陶瓷球与滚道之间的弹性滞后引起的摩擦功率消耗为:
He=0.25dm[1-(Dwcosα0dm)2](z=1Nϑizωbz+z=1Nϑozωbz)β
ϑiz/oz=91282Γi/oππ2(ai/o/bi/o)2Σi/o3[2Σi/oπ(ai/o/bi/o)]-13(83ρi/o)23[8(1-νc)2Ec]13Fi/o43
式中,ωbz为第z个球的公转角速度;bibo分别为内、外滚道赫兹接触椭圆短半轴;νc为陶瓷材料的泊松比;Ec为陶瓷材料的弹性模量;ρiρo分别为球与内、外圈滚道接触点的曲率和;β为陶瓷材料的弹性滞后系数;ΓiΓo分别为内、外圈滚道接触区第一类椭圆积分,FiFo分别为第z个球与内、外圈滚道之间的法向接触力;Dw为球的直径;α0为初始接触角。
同时,全陶瓷轴承在运行过程中,球与保持架碰撞,会产生摩擦力,所引起的摩擦功率消耗为:
Hc=0.25dm[1-(Dwcosα0dm)2]sin[α0+arctan(2Dwsinα0dm-Dwcosα0)]Mcfcωbz
式中,fc为球与保持架之间的滑动摩擦系数;Mc为保持架的重量。
因此,全陶瓷轴承在工作时,造成的总摩擦损耗为:
H=Hfi/fo+He+Hc
全陶瓷轴承的传热主要是与空气和润滑油之间进行。空气会带走轴承比例比较大的热量。要计算全陶瓷轴承与润滑油和空气的换热系数,需要计算润滑油和空气与轴承的接触面积为:
Ab=2πdmΔh
式中,Δh为轴承内外圈滚道与保持架间的距离。
全陶瓷轴承运行过程中,流过轴承的润滑油的平均速度为:
vb=[(Q1Ab)2+(ωdm2)2]0.8
式中,Q1为润滑油流量;ω为轴承旋转角速度。
轴承与润滑油和空气的换热系数h为:
 h=9.7+5.33vb0.8
结合全陶瓷轴承内部传热机理,得出换热系数与温度之间的关系为:
ρ1Cp1Tt+ρ2Cp2vbT=(kT)+Qr
q=h(Tf-T), Qr=PV
式中,Qr为生热率;ρ1为固体密度;ρ2为流体密度;Cp1Cp2分别为固体和流体的常压热容;T为轴承温度;为拉普拉斯算子;k为导热系数;q为对流热通量;Tf为流体介质的温度;t为时间;P为生热量;V为轴承内部体积。
在陶瓷内/外圈滚道温升ΔTir/or的作用下,轴承内/外圈滚道的径向热变形uir/or为:
uir/or=αcΔTir/ordir/or
式中,αc为陶瓷材料的热膨胀系数;dirdor为轴承内、外圈的滚道直径。
轴承的内径和外径在内圈内径表面的温升ΔTib和外圈外径表面的温升ΔToa作用下的径向热变形ui/o为:
ui/o=αcΔTib/oadi/o
式中,di为轴承内径的直径;do为轴承外径的直径。
受热变形影响的陶瓷轴承内、外滚道的相对径向平移量分别为:
uip=uir-ui=αc(ΔTirdir-ΔTibdi)
uop=uor-uo=αc(ΔTordor-ΔToado)
本文以材料为氧化锆的全陶瓷球轴承7008CE进行仿真分析。根据图1所示,随着转速的增加,各部分的径向热变形呈现非线性递增的趋势。转速为6000 r/min时,7008CE的内圈滚道径向热变形为3.1 μm,外圈滚道径向热变形为2.55 μm。由于内滚道的温升大于外滚道,因此内滚道的热变形更大。转速增加到20000 r/min时,7008CE的内圈滚道径向热变形为12.33 μm,外圈滚道径向热变形为13.41 μm。根据热变形机理,外圈滚道的尺寸大于内圈滚道的尺寸,转速的增加造成温升急剧增加,因此外圈滚道的热变形更大。
为了模拟轴承滚道的波纹,通过叠加正弦函数的方式[23]来描述任意位置Lj处的波纹轮廓的波动为:
w=j=1Nwwjsin(2πLjλj+βw)
式中,wj为第j个波纹的幅值;Nw为波纹波数;βw为波纹的初始相位角;λj为第j个波纹的平均波长,可以表示为:
λj={0.5θwjdir0.5θwjdor
式中,θwj为第j个波纹度对应的弧度角。因此,任意位置Lj可以表示为[24]
Lj={0.5dirθz0.5dorθz
式中,θz为第z个球与内、外滚道接触时的方位角。
由于全陶瓷轴承的保持架兜孔大小与球不同,存在间隙cp,假设所有的球不完全均匀分布,引入随机数ϖz均匀分布于1和-1之间,θz可以表示为:
θz={2πN(z-1)+ψbz-ωot+ϖzcprm2πN(z-1)+ψbz-ωit+ϖzcprm
式中,ψbz为第z个球的公转角度;ωiωo分别为轴承内、外圈的角速度;rm为轴承的平均半径。
全陶瓷轴承运行过程中,滚道的热变形会导致波纹轮廓的位置发生变化。同时由于波峰和波谷处滚道厚度不同,导致滚道的热变形不均匀。因此,所产生的附加波纹幅值可以表示为:
μir/or=2wirj/orjuip/opdir/or-di/o
式中,wirjworj为轴承内、外滚道的径向第j个波纹范围内的波幅。
因此,考虑热变形影响,第z个球与轴承的波纹滚道接触产生的时变位移激励为:
wirz=j=1Nw(wirj+μir)sin[j(ψbz-ωit)+2πj(z-1)N+jϖzcprm+βiw]+uip
worz=j=1Nw(worj+μor)sin[j(ψbz-ωot)+2πj(z-1)N+jϖzcprm+βow]+uop
式中,βiw为内滚道波纹的初始相位角;βow为外滚道波纹的初始相位角。
当波纹不存在时,球与光滑的滚道之间接触面的曲率半径是恒定不变的。但实际由于滚道波纹的存在,球与滚道之间接触面的曲率半径随波纹的位置变化,不再为恒定值,导致球与滚道之间的接触力随之发生变化。
根据所得的热变形与位移激励耦合的波纹模型,可以得到任意位置Lj处内/外滚道波纹度的曲率ρw[25-26]
ρiw=|(wij+uir)(2πλj)2sin(2πLjλj+βiw)|[1+(wij+uir)2(2πλj)2cos2(2πLjλj+βiw)]1.5
ρow=|(woj+uor)(2πλj)2sin(2πLjλj+βow)|[1+(woj+uor)2(2πλj)2cos2(2πLjλj+βow)]1.5
式中,wijwoj为内、外滚道第j个波纹的幅值。
则任意位置Lj处,波纹度的曲率半径Rw可以表示为:
Riw=ρiw-1,Row=ρow-1
当滚道表面不存在波纹时,全陶瓷接触球轴承的球与滚道之间可以看作球与球的接触方式。根据如图2所示(图中riwrow分别为内、外滚道的曲率半径,B为轴承的厚度)的角接触球轴承几何结构特点,参考表1中全陶瓷轴承7008CE的参数,运用Hertz接触理论求解球与内外滚道之间的接触刚度系数。
因Hertz接触计算量小、表达式简单,被广泛应用在角接触球轴承领域。根据Hertz接触理论,接触体1和接触体2的点接触情况如图3所示。
设球为接触体1,内外滚道为接触体2。且定义凸面为正面,凹面为负面,通过球和滚道接触面法线且与轴承径向平面平行的平面为平面A,通过球心的轴向平面为平面B。当角接触陶瓷球轴承的滚道表面存在波纹度时,由于滚道表面的曲率半径随波纹位置的变化而变化,不再为恒定值[26],因此,与光滑滚道不同,内滚道存在波纹度时,球与内圈滚道接触副的主曲率分别表示为:
ρA2i=ρiw,ρB2i=-riw-1,ρA1=2Dw-1,ρB1=2Dw-1
同理,外滚道存在波纹度时,球与外圈滚道接触副的主曲率分别表示为:
ρA2o=ρow,ρB2o=-row-1,ρA1=2Dw-1,ρB1=2Dw-1
则球与内外滚道的接触副曲率之和可表示为:
ρi/o=ρA2i/A2o+ρB2i/B2o+ρA1+ρB1
球与内外滚道的接触副曲率之差可以表示为:
F(ρ)i/o=|(ρA2i/A2o-ρB2i/B2o)+(ρA1-ρB1)|ρA2i/A2o+ρB2i/B2o+ρA1+ρB1
根据轴承Harris接触理论,两个接触物相互接触时曲率差Fρ)、第一类椭圆积分Γ、第二类椭圆积分Σ以及椭圆率κ之间的关系可以表示为:
F(ρ)=[(κ2+1)Σ-2Γ][(κ2-1)Σ]-1
根据曲率差Fρ)、第一类椭圆积分Γ、第二类椭圆积分Σ以及椭圆率κ之间的关系可以得到接触椭圆率κ的不动点迭代公式为:
κj+1=2Γκj-Σκj[1+F(ρ)κj]Σκj[1-F(ρ)κj]
式中,j为迭代次数。
图3可知,球与陶瓷轴承滚道的接触面呈现椭圆形,该椭圆形的长半轴和短半轴分别为ab。根据Hertz接触理论,可以得到接触椭圆的长半轴和短半轴、球与陶瓷轴承滚道的总接触变形以及接触压力Q的大小为[27]
ai/o=6κi/o2Σi/o/(πEcρi/o)3Q1/3
bi/o=6Σi/o/(πEcκi/oρi/o)3Q1/3
δi/o=Γi/o9ρi/o/(2π2Ec2κi/o2Σi/o)3Q2/3
Q=ki/oδi/o1.5
则球与内/外滚道的接触刚度系数可以表示为:
ki/o=πκi/oEc3Γi/o(2Σi/oΓi/oρi/o)0.5
式中,κi/o为内/外滚道的接触椭圆率。
以10阶波纹度模型为例,选取波纹幅值为5 μm进行仿真分析。根据图4可知,球与滚道的接触刚度系数随着波纹位置的变化而变化。当转速为18000 r/min时,球与内滚道接触刚度系数的最大值为357300576 N/mm,明显高于此时球与外滚道接触刚度系数。当转速为6000 r/min时,球与内滚道接触刚度系数最大值为357300199 N/mm,小于转速为18000 r/min时球与内滚道的接触刚度系数。这表明随着转速的增加,球与滚道之间的接触刚度系数增加。由于不同转速下陶瓷球和内外滚道的摩擦温升不同,导致波纹滚道轮廓发生变化。进而造成接触刚度系数在提高转速时的递增。
以10阶波纹度模型为例,在转速为12000 r/min的工况下进行仿真分析。根据图5可知,当径向波纹幅值为5 μm时,球与内滚道的接触刚度系数最大值为357300387 N/mm。当径向波纹幅值增加到15 μm,球与内滚道的接触刚度系数最大值为357301230 N/mm。这表明随着波纹幅值的增加,球与内外滚道的时变接触刚度系数增加。同时波纹幅值较大时,滚道表面的凸起更加尖锐,这会增加陶瓷滚道表面的脆性,不利于全陶瓷轴承的长期正常运行。
以径向波纹幅值为10 μm的波纹度模型为例,在转速为12000 r/min的工况下进行仿真分析。根据图6可以看出,接触刚度系数随角度变化曲线的波峰数是波数的两倍。当波数为5时,球与内滚道的接触刚度系数最大值为357300564 N/mm。当波数增加到16时,球与内滚道的接触刚度系数最大值为357301563 N/mm。可以发现波数越大,接触刚度系数越大。相比于波纹幅值,接触刚度系数对波纹波数更加敏感。由于波数增长会导致陶瓷滚道表面的波纹波长减小,使陶瓷滚道表面更加脆弱,同样不利于全陶瓷轴承的长期正常运行。
全陶瓷轴承通常以加速工况和匀速工况运行。在突然启动或加速过程中,承载区的球主要靠内滚道的摩擦力驱动,而非承载区的球主要受自身惯性和保持架的推动作用。对于保持架,主要依靠自身惯性和承载区的球来推动。这导致处于加速工况下的球与滚道容易出现打滑现象。同时在匀速工况时,受负载影响,球在每次进入承载区时会受到突然载荷作用,改变球的受力平衡。这导致球的速度发生变化,造成咬入打滑现象。
根据加速工况的机理,当全陶瓷轴承的内圈在t0时刻开始加速,内圈的角速度ωit0~t1时间段内由ω0升至ω1ω0<ω1)。因此,内圈角加速度可表示为:
ωit=ω1-ω0t1-t0
则内圈的角速度可以表示为:
ωi=ω0+ωit(t-t0),t0<t<t1
当全陶瓷轴承在匀速工况下运行,全陶瓷轴承的内圈角加速度为0,内圈的角速度恒定为ωi=ω0
因此,保持架的角速度可以写为:
ωc=ψct
式中,ψc为保持架的旋转角度。
图7所示,球与保持架的位置分为三种情况,分别为球与保持架的前后端不接触、球与保持架前端接触和球与保持架后端接触。由于保持架兜孔的间隙影响,球与保持架兜孔的一侧接触的同时必然与另一侧脱离接触。因此,第z个球与保持架前端之间的接触力可以表示为:
Fc1z=Krc[(ψbz-ψc-ϖzcprm)rm]n,ψbz-ψc-ϖzcprm>0
Fc1z=0, ψbz-ψc-ϖzcprm0
式中,Krc为保持架与球之间的接触刚度;n为荷载-变形指数,在较小的弹性变形范围内可取为1。
同理,第z个球与保持架后端之间的接触力可以表示为:
Fc2z=Krc[(ψc-ψbz-ϖzcprm)rm]n,ϖzcprm+ψbz-ψc<0
Fc2z=0, ϖzcprm+ψbz-ψc0
z个球与保持架前端和后端间的摩擦力可以写为:
{fc1z=μcFc1zfc2z=μcFc2z
式中,μc为球与保持架之间的摩擦系数。
对于润滑的全陶瓷球轴承,球与滚道之间存在油膜[28],其中心膜厚度可表示为:
hc=2.69U0.67G0.53W-0.067(1-0.61e-0.73κ)Rx
式中,U为无量纲速度参数;G为无量纲材料参数;W为无量纲载荷参数;Rx为等效半径,当球与内滚道接触时,Rx表示为:
Rx=0.5di(1-0.5dirm-1cosα)
同理,当球与外滚道接触时,Rx表示为:
Rx=0.5do(1+0.5dorm-1cosα)
式中,α为接触角。
由于润滑对轴承打滑影响较大,为提高模型准确性,应计入油膜和流体阻力等影响。本文通过ANSYS Fluent软件进行流体仿真计算,得到全陶瓷轴承的油膜分布云图。以外滚道的油膜分布为例,如图8所示。可知当转速为4000 r/min时,全陶瓷轴承外滚道的最大油膜厚度为3.9 μm。转速为10000 r/min时,全陶瓷轴承外滚道的最大油膜厚度为5.7 μm。可以发现转速的增加造成油膜厚度增大,且转速越高,油膜分布越均匀。这是因为转速越高,润滑油的流速越大。即提高转速有利于润滑油膜的形成。
因此,油膜刚度kf可以写为:
kfi/fo=Qfhci/co
式中,Qf为油膜承载的载荷;hci/co为内/外滚道中心油膜厚度。
则可以求得等效刚度系数为:
ke=kikfikokfoki+kfi+ko+kfo
图9可知,内外滚道的油膜刚度均随着转速的增加而逐渐减小。当转速增加到一定值时,油膜刚度的变化率将减小。这表明低速时油膜刚度对转速的变化更敏感。由于转速增加造成流体流速加快,使得油膜厚度增加,导致油膜刚度显著下降。
当充分润滑时,全陶瓷轴承在运行过程中,球的公转方向会受到润滑油剪切力的作用,阻碍球体运动。因此,通过阻力可以表示为:
Fdz=0.25CdρπDw2(rmψbzt)2
式中,ρ为润滑油的密度;Cd为流动阻力系数,可以表示为[29]
Cd=20Re-1,Re<2000
Cd=0.00086Re1/3,2000Re<10000
Cd=5×108Re-2,Re10000
式中,Re为雷诺数,可以表示为:
Re=ρψbztrm2η0-1
式中,η0为运动黏度系数。
由于流体阻力的存在,球自转和保持架旋转也会受到阻力力矩的影响,可以表示为:
Mdrz=0.5Crρ(ψszt)2Dw5
Mdc=18η0ρArca3(ψct)2+0.5ρCcrca3(rca2-rcb2)(ψct)2
式中,rca为保持架的外半径;rcb为保持架的内半径;CrCc分别为球自转的阻力系数和保持架旋转的阻力系数;ψsz为第z个球的自转角度;A为保持架外圆柱面的面积;Mdrz为球自转受到的阻力矩;Mdc为保持架旋转受到的阻力矩。
根据第z个球与内滚道之间的位置关系,可以得到球在位置角度为θz时与内滚道接触产生的变形量为:
δiz=[xcosθz+ysinθz-hiz-wirz-rz-γ/2]+
式中,xy为内圈的位移;rz为第z个球的径向位移;γ为轴承的径向游隙;“+”表示括号内必须为正数,否则为0。
球与外滚道的接触变形取决于球的径向位移,则第z个球与外滚道接触产生的变形量可表示为:
δoz=[rz+hoz+worz-γ/2]+
根据赫兹接触理论,第z个球与内/外滚道接触产生的接触力可以表示为:
Fiz/oz=keδiz/oz1.5
因此,球与滚道之间的摩擦力可以表示为:
fiz/oz=μi/oFiz/ozΔvi/o|Δvi/o|
式中,μiμo为球与内、外滚道之间的摩擦系数,可以表示为:
μi/o=0.04|Δvi/o|, |Δvi/o|<0.05
μi/o=0.02, |Δvi/o|0.05
式中,∆vi、∆vo为球与内、外滚道的滑移速度,可以推导为:
Δvo=0.5ωbzdor-0.5ωszDw
Δvi=0.5ωidir-0.5ωbzdir-0.5ωszDw
其中,ωbzωsz可以表示为:
ωbz/sz=ψbz/szt
当施加较大载荷,球滚动过程中不会发生陀螺滑移,则可以认为球与滚道在轴向平面产生的静摩擦力可以产生阻力力矩与陀螺力矩平衡,平衡方程可以表示为:
Ftoz/tiz=μsFoz/iz
(Ftoz+Ftiz)Dw=Mgz
式中,μs为球与滚道之间的静摩擦系数;FtizFtoz为第z个球与内、外滚道产生的静摩擦力;Mgz为第z个球的陀螺力矩。
图10所示,每个球主要受到来自内滚道、外滚道和保持架的作用力,以及球在自转和公转情况下受到的流体阻力和阻力矩。因此,第z个轴承球在径向、自转方向和公转方向这三个方向的运动微分方程可以描述为:
mbrm22ψbzt2=0.5fizdir-0.5fozdor+(Fc2z-Fc1z-Fdz+Gbsinθz)rm
Jb2ψszt2=0.5(foz+fiz-Fc1z-Fc2z)Dw+Mdrz
mb2rzt2=Fizcosαiz-Fozcosαoz+Ftizsinαiz-Ftozsinαoz+mbωbz2rm-Gbcosθz-fc1z+fc2z
式中,mb为陶瓷轴承球的质量;Jb为陶瓷轴承球的转动惯量;Gb为陶瓷轴承球的重力;αizαoz为第z个球与内滚道、外滚道的接触角。
根据图11所示,保持架主要受轴承球的接触力和摩擦力。由于球与保持架接触存在三种情况,较为复杂,但只要球与保持架前端碰撞,由于存在兜孔间隙,球就不会与保持架后端接触。因此,保持架在旋转方向的运动微分方程可以表示为:
Jc2ψct2=rmz=1N(Fc1z-Fc2z)+Mdc
式中,Jc为保持架的转动惯量。
根据图12所示,全陶瓷轴承的内圈主要受滚道与每个球之间的接触力和摩擦力。因此,内圈在径向平面的xy方向上的运动微分方程可以表示为:
mi2xt2=-z=1N[(Fizcosαiz+Ftizsinαiz)cosθz-fizsinθz]
mi2yt2=Q-z=1N[(Fizcosαiz+Ftizsinαiz)sinθz-fizcosθz]
式中,mi为内圈的质量。
在加速工况下,不存在波纹时,光滑的陶瓷滚道与球之间在接触过程中会出现明显的打滑现象。当滚道存在波纹时,热变形导致波纹轮廓发生改变,进而改变球与滚道之间的接触状态,对全陶瓷轴承打滑产生较大影响。
本小节以波数为5阶的轴承打滑模型为例,在加速度为500 rad/s2、载荷为300 N的工况下进行仿真计算。
图13可以看出,由于波纹的存在改变了球与滚道的接触状态,导致球进入承载区后,球与内滚道的接触力未出现递增趋势,而是在承载区范围内随机出现峰值。这主要受时变接触刚度系数和非线性变形的影响。随着波纹幅值由5 μm增加到15 μm,球每次进入承载区其与内滚道的接触力出现呈倍数递增的趋势。也就是说波纹幅值越大,球与内滚道的接触力越大。值得注意的是,随着波纹幅值的增加,球的非承载区明显缩小,这表明球在公转一周的过程中,会受到随机突变的接触力,加剧陶瓷球的疲劳破坏。
图14为第z个球在全陶瓷轴承加速1 s的过程中自转角速度的实际值和理论值的对比。可以发现当波纹幅值较小时,在全陶瓷轴承加速过程中球的自转角速度呈阶梯状递增。由于转速增加,球进入承载区的时间缩短,自转角速度的波动逐渐减弱。出现这种阶梯式递增的原因在于球处于承载区时,其承受载荷作用,在内滚道摩擦力的作用下自转加速。而当球处于非承载区时,球由于不承受载荷作用,此时无摩擦力驱动加速,只能靠保持架的推动向前运动,因此非承载区球的自转角速度的趋势稳定。但随着波纹幅值的增加,这种波动上升的趋势更加复杂。值得注意的是波纹幅值越大,球的自转角速度随时间的上升曲线波动的频率越高,且波动的幅值大小显著降低。原因在于波纹幅值的增加会导致接触力增大,根据图13可知,波纹幅值会明显缩小非承载区域,这就造成了球的自转角速度在加速过程中随着波纹幅值的增加出现连续性波动。
图15可知,当波纹幅值为5 μm时,球与内滚道的滑移速度随时间变化的曲线由近似于三角形的波峰组成。且加速工况下,相邻两波峰之间的时间间隔越来越短,波峰值也逐渐下降。每两个波峰之间的角度间隔为2π,且滑移速度为0时的区域为非承载区域。这表明球每转一圈进入承载区时滑移速度就会波动一次。随着波纹幅值的增加,球与滚道的滑移速度曲线的波峰值下降,但三角形的波峰出现的时间间隔减小,这也表明滑移曲线的波动频率增加。可以认为波纹幅值的增加会造成非承载区域的缩小,削弱打滑现象。
根据图16可知,当波纹幅值为5 μm时,在全陶瓷轴承加速阶段的前0.1 s内,保持架滑动率由100%迅速下降,而后在0.1~1.4 s内趋于稳定。这表明全陶瓷球轴承在加速初始阶段打滑最为严重。主要原因为加速初始阶段全陶瓷球轴承的保持架在静止状态下受到球的突然接触,导致保持架的角速度急剧增加。当加速一段时间后,球与保持架之间的作用力趋于稳定。通过不同波纹幅值的保持架滑动率的对比可知,随着波纹幅值的增加,在加速的初始阶段,保持架滑动率下降的速率增加。可以认为波纹幅值越大,保持架的滑动率由100%下降到0.01%所用的时间越短,同样可以说明波纹幅值的增加可以有效地抑制全陶瓷轴承的打滑。
本小节以波纹幅值为5 μm的轴承打滑模型为例,在加速度为500 rad/s2、载荷为300 N的工况下进行仿真计算。
根据图17可知,当波数为5阶时,球与内滚道的接触力曲线中可以明显看到非承载区域。且随着波纹波数由5阶增加到16阶,球与内滚道的接触力呈倍数递增,同时接触力曲线中的非承载区逐渐缩小。高阶波纹产生的接触力与低阶波纹的差距较大。当波数为16阶时,球与内滚道的接触力的最大值为1405 N,而波数为18阶时,球与内滚道的接触力的最大值为1377 N,略微下降。随着波纹波数增加到32阶,球与内滚道的接触力再次出现倍数递增的趋势。可以认为在同一倍数的球个数中,波数越接近球个数的整数倍,产生的接触力越大。且随着倍数的增加,球与滚道的接触力会呈倍数递增,波数增加也会导致球的非承载区域缩小。
图18为第z个球在全陶瓷轴承加速1 s的过程中自转角速度的实际值和理论值的对比。可以发现随着波纹波数由5阶增加到32阶,球实际的自转角速度逐渐趋近于理论值,且球的自转角速度曲线波动更加频繁。同样可以看出随着波数的增加,球的非承载区域逐渐缩小。根据波数的增加导致自转角速度无限趋近于理论值,可以初步判断提升波数可以起到抑制全陶瓷轴承打滑的作用。
图19对比了不同波数情况下球与内滚道的滑移速度。可以发现波纹波数的增加会导致球与内滚道的滑移速度明显下降,且波数越大,滑移速度曲线的波动频率越高。即相同时间内,波数的增加导致滑移曲线的三角波峰数量增加。这是由球在波纹滚道的波峰和波谷之间交替运动的频率增加所致。
根据图20可知,在加速的初始阶段,波数对保持架滑动率的影响表现为随机性。与波纹幅值对保持架的滑动率影响不同,波数对加速一段时间后的打滑现象产生影响。加速0.5 s后,波纹波数为5阶时保持架的滑动率最大值约为0.5%,而波数增加到32阶,保持架的滑动率最大值约为0.26%,随着波数的增加,保持架的滑动率明显下降。且随着波纹波数的增加,保持架的滑动率曲线的波动范围明显缩小。
在匀速工况下,球每次进入承载区会产生较为明显的咬入打滑现象。当滚道表面存在波纹时,球与滚道的接触状态发生改变。且不同转速下,全陶瓷轴承的热变形不同,导致波纹轮廓发生变化,对轴承打滑和非线性振动的影响较大。
本小节以波纹幅值为2.5 μm、波数为5阶的轴承打滑模型为例,在载荷为300 N的匀速工况下进行仿真计算。
图21可知,在匀速工况下由于球与滚道打滑的影响,球的实际自转角速度始终小于理论值。且随着转速的增加,相同时间内,球的自转角速度曲线的波动次数增加。当转速为6000 r/min时,球自转角速度的实际值和理论值的最大差值约为3.06 rad/s。当转速为12000 r/min时,球自转角速度的实际值和理论值的最大差值约为6.12 rad/s。而转速提高到24000 r/min时,球自转角速度的实际值和理论值的最大差值约为12.33 rad/s。可以发现随着转速的提高,球自转角速度的实际值和理论值的差值越来越大。
根据图22可知,随着转速的递增,保持架的滑动率曲线在相同时间内的波动次数增加。当转速为6000 r/min时,保持架的滑动率曲线在(14.57~14.63)×10-2%之间波动。转速提升到24000 r/min,保持架的滑动率在(14.38~14.71)×10-2%之间波动。可以发现转速越高,保持架滑动率随时间变化的曲线波动范围越大。同时,随着转速的提高,可知保持架滑动率曲线的波动范围中心线有所降低,这主要是因为转速的增加导致轴承温升,产生的热变形导致波纹的幅值有所增加。
通过图23可以发现,在这四种转速下,庞加莱截面上均出现了较多的混沌吸引子。且相轨迹由多个不规则的曲线交错而成,形状较为复杂。这表明转速为6000、12000、18000和24000 r/min时,全陶瓷轴承处于混沌运动状态。通过对比不同转速下的相轨迹发现,随着转速的提高,相轨迹的范围逐渐扩大。这也意味着转速越高,运行过程中全陶瓷轴承的振动幅值越大。原因在于转速越高,热变形越大,导致波纹幅值增加。这会造成接触刚度系数增大,计算所得的球与内滚道的接触力增加,导致内圈振幅增大。
本小节以波数为5阶的轴承打滑模型为例,在载荷为300 N、转速为18000 r/min的匀速工况下进行仿真计算。
根据图24可知,在匀速工况下,当波纹幅值为5 μm时,球与内滚道的滑移速度的最大值为1.03 mm/s。当波纹幅值为10 μm时,球与内滚道的滑移速度的最大值为0.8 mm/s。当波纹幅值逐渐增加到15 μm时,球与内滚道的滑移速度最大值为0.45 mm/s。这与加速工况下的轴承打滑现象是一致的,可以认为波纹幅值的增加可以有效降低球与滚道的滑移速度。
根据图25可知,在匀速工况下,波纹幅值为5、10和15 μm时,庞加莱截面上均出现了较多的混沌吸引子,且相轨迹由多条不规则的曲线交错而成。这表明此转速下波纹幅值为5、10和15 μm时,全陶瓷轴承的振动具有极强的非线性特征,处于混沌运动状态。通过对比,随着波纹幅值的增加,相轨迹的范围逐渐扩大。这说明波纹幅值越大,匀速工况下全陶瓷轴承的振动幅值越大。这是由于波纹幅值增加也会造成接触刚度系数增大,球与内滚道的接触力增加,导致内圈振幅增大。
图26可知,随时间的递增,保持架的滑动率呈波动式变化。且随着波纹幅值的增加,保持架的滑动率明显下降。当波纹幅值为5 μm时,保持架滑动率曲线在(14.41~14.62)×10-2%之间波动。当波纹幅值为10 μm时,保持架滑动率曲线在(14.14~14.37)×10-2%之间波动。波纹幅值增加到15 μm时,保持架滑动率曲线在(13.91~14.00)×10-2%之间波动。对比发现匀速工况下随着波纹幅值的增加,保持架滑动率的波动范围缩小。
本小节以波纹幅值为2.5 μm的轴承打滑模型为例,在载荷为300 N、转速为6000 r/min的匀速工况下进行仿真计算。
图27可知,在匀速工况下,波纹波数为5阶时球与内滚道滑移速度的最大值为0.56 mm/s。相比于图24(a)图27(a)中显示的球与内滚道的滑移速度较低。这表明了转速提升较大会削弱波纹的影响,导致球与滚道的滑移速度增加。
在匀速工况下,波纹波数为16阶时球与内滚道滑移速度的最大值为0.41 mm/s。当波纹波数增加到32阶时,球与内滚道的滑移速度的最大值为0.21 mm/s。可以发现匀速工况下波数的增加也可以有效地降低球与滚道的滑移速度。
根据图28可以看出匀速工况下,波数为16阶的庞加莱截面上的混沌吸引子相比于波数为5和18阶的情况分布得更分散,相轨迹更混乱。同时,波数为32阶时的庞加莱截面上的混沌吸引子相比于波数为16阶的情况更分散。这表明当波数越接近球个数的整数倍,庞加莱截面上的混沌吸引子越分散,不同周期的运动的振幅差异越大。且随着倍数的增加,庞加莱截面上的混沌吸引子数量会增加。通过对比可以发现,波数在一倍的球个数内变化,随着波数的递增,相轨迹的范围逐渐扩大。同时也表明了当波数取在球个数的整数倍附近,波数越接近这个整数倍,内圈的振动量越大。
根据图29可知,由于球与滚道之间发生打滑,保持架的滑动率不为0,随时间呈波动式变化。相比于图26,由于转速较低,图29中的保持架滑动率曲线在相同时间内的波动次数减少。当波纹波数为5阶时,保持架滑动率曲线的波动中心约为14.61×10-2%。当波纹波数为16阶时,保持架滑动率曲线的波动中心约为14.13×10-2%。而当波纹波数增加到32阶时,保持架滑动率曲线的波动中心约为13.56×10-2%。对比发现匀速工况下,随着波纹波数的增加,保持架滑动率明显下降。
为验证模型的可靠性,本文参考文献[30]所完成的工作,选取轴承内圈转速为6000 r/min,计算了内圈的旋转频率fs、球通过内圈的频率fi以及球通过外圈的频率fo,计算结果如表2所示。
根据图30可知,当波数为16阶时,由外滚道波纹作用产生的特征频谱分别为fo~10fo,其中fo的幅值最大。当波纹为22阶,由外滚道波纹作用产生的特征频谱与波数为16阶的情况一致。也就是说,当波纹波数为16阶和22阶时,由外滚道波纹产生的频谱峰值主要出现在fo及其谐波分量处,这与文献[30-31]中的结果一致。且仿真计算得到的fo频率为681.49 Hz,与理论计算得到的fo相近,误差为0.59%。
图31可知,波数为16阶时,由内滚道波纹产生的特征频谱分别为fo~10fofi~7fi,其中fi的幅值最大。波数为22阶时,由内滚道波纹作用产生的主要特征频谱分别为fo~10fofi~7fipfi±mfspm为整数),其中fo的幅值最大。也就是说,当波纹波数满足球个数的整数倍,由内滚道波纹产生的频谱峰值主要出现在fi及其谐波分量处。当波纹波数不等于球个数的整数倍,且满足Nw=pN±m时,频谱中含有多个基波和谐波分量。其中基波分量主要以pfi±mfs为主,谐波主要以fofi为主。且fo的谐波分量幅值普遍大于fi的谐波分量幅值。以上仿真结果与文献[30-31]中一致。仿真计算得到的fi频率为918.49 Hz,与理论计算得到的fi相近,误差为0.44%。
为进一步验证模型可靠性,进行全陶瓷球轴承7008CE的振动测量试验。试验采用BVT-1A轴承试验机进行,具体试验装置如图32所示。试验过程采用润滑油润滑,在20 ℃室温下,转速稳定在6000 r/min时,将振动速度传感器触点与全陶瓷轴承外圈接触,进行径向振动速度测量。为尽可能消除设备运行等带来的随机误差,分别选取测量点1~8进行测量。并选取8个测量点所得的特征频率中位值作为试验结果。
选取后的试验测量轴承频域振动信号如图33所示。可知试验内圈的旋转频率为100.28 Hz,仿真与试验的内圈旋转频率相差0.29 Hz,误差为0.29%。试验中球通过外圈的频率为683.99 Hz,仿真与试验中球通过外圈的频率相差2.5 Hz,误差为0.37%。试验中球通过内圈的频率为915.74 Hz,仿真与试验中球通过内圈的频率相差2.75 Hz,误差为0.3%。误差的主要来源为环境温度所造成的轴承温升与理论模型仿真之间的差异,以及轴承装配时产生的变形。模型仿真的基频与试验结果基本一致,验证了理论模型的可靠性。
为研究受热变形影响的波纹滚道轮廓对全陶瓷轴承的打滑特性和振动特性的影响,提出一种热变形与位移激励耦合的动态波纹模型。将Hertz接触理论和时变位移激励进行结合,得到了时变接触刚度系数的计算方法。同时考虑时变接触刚度系数、时变位移激励以及润滑的影响,建立全陶瓷角接触球轴承的打滑动力学模型,分析了加速和匀速两种工况下,波纹等对全陶瓷轴承打滑和非线性振动特性的影响。本研究的结论如下:
(1) 转速增加造成球与滚道之间的接触刚度系数增加。在匀速工况下,随着转速增加,球自转角速度的实际值和理论值的差距越来越大。保持架的滑动率曲线的波动增加,且内圈的振动幅值增大。这表明转速的提高会加剧全陶瓷轴承的打滑情况。
(2) 波纹幅值增加会造成球与滚道之间的时变接触刚度系数增加。同时导致球与滚道的滑移速度明显下降,球自转角速度的实际值更接近理论值,内圈的振动幅值增大。这表明波纹幅值的增加可以起到抑制打滑的效果,但过大会引起内圈的异常振动。
(3) 波数越大,接触刚度系数越大。波数的增加会有效降低球与滚道的滑移速度,球自转角速度的实际值更接近理论值。波数在一倍的球个数内变化,随着波数的递增,全陶瓷轴承内圈的振动幅值增大。当波数取在球个数的整数倍附近,波数越接近整数倍,内圈的振动越不稳定。这表明波数的增加可以起到抑制打滑的效果,但过大或者接近球个数的整数倍会引起内圈的异常振动。仿真与试验主要基频的最大差值为2.75 Hz,最大误差为0.37%。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52205117)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52175107)
  • 辽宁省兴辽英才青年拔尖人才项目(XLYC2203015)
  • 辽宁省科技厅项目(2024-MSLH-401)
  • 辽宁省教育厅科研项目(JYTMS20231563)
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第38卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202403051
  • 接收时间:2024-03-22
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-22
  • 修回日期:2024-05-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52205117)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52175107)
辽宁省兴辽英才青年拔尖人才项目(XLYC2203015)
辽宁省科技厅项目(2024-MSLH-401)
辽宁省教育厅科研项目(JYTMS20231563)
作者信息
    1.沈阳建筑大学机械工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110168
    2.沈阳工业大学机械工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110870

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王子男(1989—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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