Article(id=1227591331476865414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686672000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-14, revisedDate=1695139200000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610180964, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610180964, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610180964, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610180964, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1638, endPage=1644, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591333016174983, articleId=1227591331476865414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Variational limit equilibrium stability analysis of homogeneous soil slope under earthquake action, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the basic principle of variational method and limit equilibrium method,the stability of soil slope under earthquake action is analyzed accurately. Combining the limit equilibrium method of slope stability analysis and the pseudo-static method,the auxiliary functional under constraint conditions is constructed by introducing Lagrange multiplier into the equilibrium equation of sliding soil. The first order ordinary differential equations with the basic unknowns of potential sliding surface,normal stress of sliding surface,force of sliding body,safety factor and Lagrange multiplier are obtained by using Euler equation. The coupled nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically by using the shooting method,and an accurate solution for slope stability analysis under seismic action is obtained. The effectiveness of the model and method is verified by numerical examples.

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基于变分法和极限平衡法的基本原理,对地震作用下土坡的稳定性进行了分析。结合边坡稳定性分析的极限平衡法和拟静力学方法,将滑动土体的平衡方程通过引入拉格朗日乘子构造出约束条件下的辅助泛函;利用欧拉方程得到了以潜在滑动面、滑动面正应力、滑动体作用力、安全系数以及拉格朗日乘子为基本未知量的一阶常微分方程组,并通过引入辅助变量将边坡稳定性分析转化为固定边界条件下的两点边值问题;利用打靶法对该耦合的非线性微分方程组进行了数值求解,得到了考虑地震作用下边坡稳定性分析的精确解,并通过数值算例验证了模型和方法的有效性。

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周凤玺(1979—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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朱顺望(1995—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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朱顺望(1995—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331476865414, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Safety factor values obtained by different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法安全系数
Bishop法0.992
Janbu法0.964
Morgenstern-Price法0.991
变分极限平衡法0.991
强度折减法0.993
本文方法0.991
), ArticleFig(id=1227654455789810394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591331476865414, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同方法所求安全系数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法安全系数
Bishop法0.992
Janbu法0.964
Morgenstern-Price法0.991
变分极限平衡法0.991
强度折减法0.993
本文方法0.991
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地震作用下土坡稳定性的变分极限平衡分析
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朱顺望 1 , 周凤玺 1, 2 , 梁玉旺 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1638-1644
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1638-1644
地震作用下土坡稳定性的变分极限平衡分析
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朱顺望1 , 周凤玺1, 2 , 梁玉旺1
作者信息
  • 1.兰州理工大学土木工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 2.兰州理工大学西部土木工程防灾减灾教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 朱顺望(1995—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

周凤玺(1979—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Variational limit equilibrium stability analysis of homogeneous soil slope under earthquake action
Shunwang ZHU1 , Fengxi ZHOU1, 2 , Yuwang LIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering,Lanzhou University of Technology,Lanzhou 730050,China
  • 2.Western Engineering Research Center of Disaster Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University of Technology,Lanzhou 730050,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306032
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基于变分法和极限平衡法的基本原理,对地震作用下土坡的稳定性进行了分析。结合边坡稳定性分析的极限平衡法和拟静力学方法,将滑动土体的平衡方程通过引入拉格朗日乘子构造出约束条件下的辅助泛函;利用欧拉方程得到了以潜在滑动面、滑动面正应力、滑动体作用力、安全系数以及拉格朗日乘子为基本未知量的一阶常微分方程组,并通过引入辅助变量将边坡稳定性分析转化为固定边界条件下的两点边值问题;利用打靶法对该耦合的非线性微分方程组进行了数值求解,得到了考虑地震作用下边坡稳定性分析的精确解,并通过数值算例验证了模型和方法的有效性。

变分极限平衡法  /  均质土坡  /  地震作用  /  打靶法

Based on the basic principle of variational method and limit equilibrium method,the stability of soil slope under earthquake action is analyzed accurately. Combining the limit equilibrium method of slope stability analysis and the pseudo-static method,the auxiliary functional under constraint conditions is constructed by introducing Lagrange multiplier into the equilibrium equation of sliding soil. The first order ordinary differential equations with the basic unknowns of potential sliding surface,normal stress of sliding surface,force of sliding body,safety factor and Lagrange multiplier are obtained by using Euler equation. The coupled nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically by using the shooting method,and an accurate solution for slope stability analysis under seismic action is obtained. The effectiveness of the model and method is verified by numerical examples.

variational limit equilibrium method  /  homogeneous soil slope  /  earthquake action  /  shooting method
朱顺望, 周凤玺, 梁玉旺. 地震作用下土坡稳定性的变分极限平衡分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1638 -1644 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306032
Shunwang ZHU, Fengxi ZHOU, Yuwang LIANG. Variational limit equilibrium stability analysis of homogeneous soil slope under earthquake action[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1638 -1644 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306032
考虑地震作用下的边坡稳定性分析是岩土工程的一个重要课题。拟静力法将作用在边坡上的地震作用等效为静态条件下的惯性力,将动力学问题简化为静力学问题,由于其物理概念明确,计算效率高而被广泛应用于地震作用分析中[1-3]。极限平衡方法、强度折减法、极限分析法是目前边坡稳定性分析的常用方法[4-5]。其中,基于极限平衡理论对边坡进行分析时,由于静力平衡原理分析滑动体所得静力平衡方程绝大部分为超静定问题,所需求解的未知变量往往大于所建立方程的数量,所以在解决此类问题时都会引入某种假定,不同简化方法采取了不同的假定条件。极限分析法将复杂岩土材料本构关系简化成理想刚塑性状态下的应力-应变关系,从而得到极限状态下的刚塑性体极限破坏荷载,一般包括上限定理和下限定理。解析极限分析法最主要的核心问题是需要构造一个符合条件的运动许可速度场。强度折减法不需要提前假设边坡的滑动面,可以满足静力许可、土体的应力-应变之间的本构关系等条件,但是难以确定边坡的初始应力状态和边坡接近破坏时的弹塑性本构关系。由于极限平衡法概念明确,计算方法简便,因此得到广泛应用。然而,传统的极限平衡法存在条间力假设、滑动面试算迭代过程繁杂等不足,使得计算精度和效率受限。为此,KOP’ASCY[6]提出了基于变分原理的边坡稳定性极限平衡分析方法,该法通过变分原理将安全系数的求解看作是滑动面和应力泛函的极值问题,具有严谨的数学基础从而被广泛关注[7-9]
考虑地震作用下边坡稳定性的变分极限平衡分析方面也有一系列的研究成果[10-14]。其中,结合拟静力法,LESHCHINSKY等[12]考虑对数螺旋形破坏机制的二维土坡,利用变分极限平衡法得到水平地震作用下边坡的稳定性设计图表。BAKER等[13]采用变分极限平衡法,考虑满足边坡稳定性的极值条件,得到了地震作用下问题的理论解。基于变分原理,栾茂田等[14]研究了地震作用下的层状非均质土坡的稳定性,利用数值方法讨论了土坡的临界破坏机制及其极限抗震性能。
由于边坡稳定性分析涉及可动的边界条件,在确定滑面的过程中通常采用最优化搜索算法进行数值求解[15-16],最优化方法适用于复杂地质和地形条件的边坡,但在进行滑动面搜索时当问题包含较多自由度时,计算量较大,计算有时也不容易收敛到安全系数的整体极值上面。本文以水平地震作用下均质土坡的稳定性为研究对象,结合拟静力法,将变分极限平衡法得到的基本方程转化为具有固定边界的两点边值问题,采用打靶法求解该非线性微分方程组,可以直接得到边坡临界滑动面、滑动面上的法向应力和条间力分布的精确解,并与已有文献的分析结果进行对比,验证模型和方法的有效性。
考虑如图1所示的在水平地震作用下的均质土坡,其潜在滑坡体以边坡坡面函数yp(x)和潜在滑动面函数y(x)为边界。在Mohr-Coulomb强度准则下引入安全系数Fs[6],则有:
τ=σtanφ+cFs
式中,τσ分别为滑动面上的切向和法向应力;c为土体的黏聚力;φ表示土体的内摩擦角。
采用拟静力法,将水平地震作用力等效为静力条件下的惯性力,则滑动体的静力平衡条件为:
l(τcosα-σsinα)dl-x0xnkhγm(yp-y)dx=0
l(τsinα+σcosα)dl-x0xnγm(yp-y)dx=0
l[(τcosα-σsinα)y-(τsinα+σcosα)x]dl+x0xn[γm(yp-y)x-khγm(yp-y)yp+y2]dx=0 
式中,kh表示水平地震作用系数;γm表示土体重度;γm(yp-y)表示土体单位重量;α为滑动面与水平面的夹角;l滑动面弧长;x0xn分别为滑动面函数y(x)的两端点。利用几何关系cosα=dx/dlsinα=y'dx/dldl=dx2+dy2,由于静力平衡满足坡面上各个点,故而满足:H(x0)=H(xn)=0V(x0)=V(xn)=0M(x0)=M(xn)=0。通过引入滑动体上水平力H、竖向力V以及弯矩M,极限平衡方程(2)可表示为:
H(x)=x0x[c+σtanφ-Fsσy'-Fskhγm(yp-y)]dx
V(x)=x0x{(c+σtanφ)y'+Fs[σ-γm(yp-y)]}dx
M(x)=x0x{(y-xy')(c+σtanφ)+Fs[-σyy'-  σx+γm(yp-y)x+khγm(yp-y)yp+y2]}dx
方程(3)表明,滑动面函数y(x)σ(x)与参数Fs相关。边坡的稳定分析即在水平地震作用系数kh下寻找2个未知函数y(x)σ(x),在满足平衡方程(3)条件下实现安全系数Fs最小,即
Fs=miny,σFs[y(x),σ(x)|kh]
由此可知,危险滑动面的最小安全系数的实质就是求某个泛函的极值问题。为了方便后面的分析和计算,令:
H(x)=x0x[τ-σy'-khγm(yp-y)]dx
V(x)=x0x[τy'+σ-γm(yp-y)]dx
M(x)=x0x[(τ-σy')y-(τy'+σ)x+γm(yp-y)x-khγm(yp-y)yp+y2]dx
式(5a)和(5b)即为传统条分法中的条间力,在FELLENIUS、BISHOP、PRICE和JANBU等的极限平衡分析中,对于条间力均有不同的假定[17]
方程(4)实际上定义了一个变分问题。根据变分法的基本原理,考虑3个极限平衡方程中的1个方程为目标泛函,同时另2个方程就必须满足所需的积分约束,这样将问题可转换成标准的等周问题。通过构造含拉格朗日乘子λ1λ2的辅助泛函F,可将有积分约束的等周问题转换成无约束的变分极值问题,即
F=F0+λ1F1+λ2F2
式中,
F0=(y-xy')(c+σtanφ)-Fs[(yy'+x)σ-γmx(yp-y)-khγm(yp-y)yp+y2]
F1=c+σtanφ-Fsσy'-kc(yp-y)
F2=(c+σtanφ)y'+Fs[σ-γm(yp-y)]
该等周问题的极值必须满足欧拉方程[6],即
Fσ-ddxFσ'=0
Fy-ddxFy'=0
由方程(8a)可得滑动面函数的微分方程:
y'=tanφ(y+λ1)-Fs(x-λ2)tanφ(x-λ2)+Fs(y+λ1)
由方程(8b)可得法向应力函数的微分方程:
σ'=-2(c+σtanφ)+Fsγm(x-λ2)+kh(y+λ1)tanφ(x-λ2)+Fs(y+λ1)
到目前为止有了约束方程(5)、滑动面方程(9)和应力方程(10),为获得问题的特定解,还需要满足下列条件。
边界条件:
y | x=x0=yp| x=x0
y | x=xn=yp| x=xn
横截条件:
[F+(yp'-y')Fy']|x=x0=0
[F+(yp'-y')Fy']|x=xn=0
式(6)结合式(7)、(9)~(11),并代入方程(12),经过整理可以得到:
σ(x)|x=x0=-c(y+λ1)-Fsγm(yp-y)(λ2-x)-kh(yp-y)(λ1+yp+y2)+yp'c(λ2-x)tanφ(y+λ1)+Fs(λ2-x)+yp'[tanφ(λ2-x)-Fs(y+λ1)]|x=x0
σ(x)|x=xn=-c(y+λ1)-Fsγm(yp-y)(λ2-x)-kh(yp-y)(λ1+yp+y2)+yp'c(λ2-x)tanφ(y+λ1)+Fs(λ2-x)+yp'[tanφ(λ2-x)-Fs(y+λ1)]|x=xn
至此,基于变分法的基本原理和极限平衡法得到了在水平地震作用下均质土坡稳定性问题的控制方程及其相应的边界条件。
式(9)、(10)为滑动面函数与应力函数相互耦合的非线性常微分方程组,一般很难得到其解析解。打靶法将两点边值问题的数值解转化为一阶方程组初值问题的数值解,通过寻求满足原边界条件的初值问题解从而得到能够满足任意精度要求的边值问题的精确解,为此类常微分方程组的求解提供有效途径[18-19]。通过打靶法将方程(5)、(8)、(9)转化为一阶常微分方程组的形式,建立相应的状态方程。
引入未知变量W0Wn
{W0(x)=x0Wn(x)=xn
由于x0xn的大小与自变量x无关,则有:
{dW0dx=0dWndx=0
再引入新自变量t,并做下列变量变换:
x=W0+t(Wn-W0)
x为自变量,那么微分方程组的自由边界问题就可以转换为固定边界问题。引入新的自变量t和表示积分弧长区间大小的变量W0Wn后,问题就转变为t[0,1]上的两点边值问题。选取(y,σ,H,V,M,Fs,λ1,λ2,W0,Wn)作为未知量,结合方程(5)、(9)、(10),则问题相应的状态方程可表示为:
dydt=(Wn-W0)tanφ(y+λ1)-Fs(x-λ2)tanφ(x-λ2)+Fs(y+λ1)
dσdt=(Wn-W0)-2(c+σtanφ)+Fsγm(x-λ2)tanφ(x-λ2)+Fs(y+λ1)
dHdt=(Wn-W0)[c+σtanφ-Fsσy'-kc(yp-y)]
dVdt=(Wn-W0){y'(c+σtanφ)+Fs[σ- γm(yp-y)]}
dMdt=(Wn-W0){[(τ-σy')y-(τy'+σ)x+γm(yp-y)x]-khγm(yp-y)yp+y2}  
dFsdt=0
dλ1dt=dλ2dt=0
dW0dt=dWndt=0
相应的边界条件为:
y|t=0=yp(x0)
y|t=n=yp(xn)
σ(x)|x=x0=-cyp'(λ2-x)-c(y+λ1)(λ2-x)(Fs+yp'tanφ)+(y+λ1)(tanφ-Fsyp')|x=x0
σ(x)|x=xn=-cyp'(λ2-x)-c(y+λ1)(λ2-x)(Fs+yp'tanφ)+(y+λ1)(tanφ-Fsyp')|x=xn
利用打靶法可以将边界方程(18)、(19)转化为初值问题,从而利用数值分析方法得到方程组(17)中所有未知量的数值解,即可以得到滑动面位置y(x)的数值解。有关打靶法计算的具体过程可参考文献[19],这里不再赘述。
为了验证本文所提出模型和计算方法的有效性,选取澳大利亚计算机应用协会(Association of Computer Aided Design,ACADS)中的算例[16],当水平地震作用系数kh =0时,本文的计算模型与该算例相同,即不考虑地震作用的情形。边坡的计算模型如图2所示。取土体的黏聚力c=3 kPa,内摩擦角φ=19.6,土体重度γm=20 kN/m3
计算结果与不同形式的条分法、强度折减法以及使用搜索算法的变分极限平衡法[16]进行了比较,结果如表1所示。可以看出,当水平地震作用系数kh=0时所得结果0.991与变分极限平衡法和Morgenstern-Price法的安全系数相等。
图3给出了水平地震作用系数kh =0时临界滑动面上法向应力分布情况。由图3可知临界滑动面坡角处的法向应力值为11.23 kPa,而坡顶出现的法向应力为-3.13 kPa,表明在坡顶存在张拉应力。图4分别绘出了采用Morgenstern-Price法、文献[16]的搜索算法以及本文方法得到的ACADS算例滑动面位置。可以看出,不同方法所得到的滑动面形状相似,但其位置和形状并不相同,并且与采用搜索算法的变分极限平衡法得到的结果基本吻合,但Morgenstern-Price方法由于利用了传统的极限平衡法中对条间力的假设等原因导致滑动面范围更大。
图5(a)和(b)分别绘出了本文方法得到的法向和切向条间力分布曲线,并与Morgenstern-Price法得到的结果进行了比较。可以看出,无论是法向还是切向,条间力峰值基本一致,但其出现的位置不同,Morgenstern-Price法得到的结果均要靠近坡顶,并且两种方法得到的切向条间力分布存在较大的差别,这是由于基于传统条分法的Morgenstern-Price法虽然考虑了土条间法向力和条间剪切力,且力系平衡条件满足静力平衡条件,但同时人为引入了土条间的剪切力和法向力之间假定的关系式,即条间力函数,使得计算结果出现偏差。由图5还可以看出,坡顶张力的出现导致条间力在坡顶处出现转折,这与庞峰等[20]的研究结果是一致的。
为验证本文提出的方法在分析地震作用下边坡稳定性的有效性,参照文献[22],水平地震作用系数分别取为kh =0.1和kh =0.2,进行土坡算例验证分析。
首先考虑地震作用系数kh =0.1时土坡稳定性情况。从图6中能够得到最小安全系数为1.619,与算例[21]基本一致,并得到坡脚处的法向应力值为12.94 kPa,在坡顶处的法向应力值为-3.01 kPa。正如方程(4)所预期的那样,最小安全系数值是对滑动面函数和应力函数极值问题的求解。从图中可以看到在坡顶处出现的拉应力与陈建功等[16]的结果一样,这种一致性说明边坡发生滑动时在坡顶将会产生张拉裂缝。相较于应力不参与变分分析的优化方式[22],本文的应力和滑动面是两个独立的函数,最后求解的最小安全系数值通过各状态方程联立得到,这使得最终结果不仅有滑动面及其应力分布对应的最小安全系数,还包含滑动土体的条间力分布情况,具体的函数曲线如图7所示。
考虑水平地震系数kh =0.2时得到的最小安全系数为1.391,这与文献[21]中的算例结果是一样的。图8绘出了滑动面及其法向应力分布图,可以看出坡脚的法向应力为54.67 kPa,而在坡顶的法向应力值为-11.04 kPa。通过与图6比较可以发现,水平地震系数的变化显著影响了边坡潜在滑动面的位置及其法向应力的大小和分布。图9同样是该边坡临界滑动面的条间力分布情况,能够看到在坡顶处出现的转折更为显著。
为了分析地震作用对边坡稳定性的影响,选取前面的ACADS算例中的边坡模型,取水平地震系数分别为kh=0、 0.10、 0.2、 0.3。图10~12分别绘出了不同水平地震系数下边坡潜在滑动面及其条间力分布情况。
图10可以看出,随着地震作用的增大,边坡潜在滑动面在坡顶的位置沿x轴正向移动,也就是滑动体的范围在不断增加,稳定安全系数逐渐变小,边坡稳定性越差。从图1112可以看出,法向和切向条间力的变化趋势均呈现从零增加到最大值后逐渐减小再增长为零的一个过程。随着地震作用的增加,条间力的也随之增大。
结合拟静力法,建立了土坡在水平地震作用下稳定性问题的变分极限平衡方程,结合数值算例,采用打靶对问题进行了求解并验证了模型和方法的有效性。
(1) 变分极限平衡法较传统的极限平衡法在数学上更为严谨,分析结果更加可靠。针对地震作用下二维边坡的稳定性问题,基于打靶法能够准确快速地获得稳定系数、潜在滑动面、滑动面上法向应力以及条件作用力的分布。
(2) 随着水平地震作用系数的增大,滑动体的范围将逐渐增大,边坡的稳定性逐渐降低,滑动体的条间力幅值也随之增大。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12362032)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11962016)
  • 甘肃省重点研发计划资助项目(23YFFA0063)
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2025年第38卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306032
  • 接收时间:2023-06-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-14
  • 修回日期:2023-09-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12362032)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11962016)
甘肃省重点研发计划资助项目(23YFFA0063)
作者信息
    1.兰州理工大学土木工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730050
    2.兰州理工大学西部土木工程防灾减灾教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730050

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周凤玺(1979—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306032
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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