Article(id=1227591038840275817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202508008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688486400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-05, revisedDate=1694793600000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610111197, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610111197, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610111197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610111197, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591023870800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='8', pageStart='1645', pageEnd='1934', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610107611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610373804, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1722, endPage=1731, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591040538968954, articleId=1227591038840275817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Electromechanical coupling characteristics and working mechanism of hybrid vibration control for PSAPS supporting the helicopter main reducer, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The harmonic vibration produced by the gear meshing in the helicopter’s main reducer is one of the main sources of noise in the helicopter cabin. Designing vibration-isolating gearbox struts to suppress vibration transmission to the airframe can effectively reduce cabin noise. The piezoelectric stack actuators periodic strut (PSAPS),composed of periodically arranged piezoelectric stacks and metallic materials,demonstrates ‘mechanical filtering’ characteristics within specific frequency bands,serving as a passive vibration control method. By adjusting the driving voltage of piezoelectric stacks in PSAPS to achieve variable stiffness characteristics,active vibration control is enabled. In order to study the electromechanical coupling relationship between active vibration control and passive vibration control of PSAPSs,a specialized PSAPS configuration is developed to address helicopter gear meshing noise suppression,and the electromechanical coupling dynamic model of PSAPSs with the form of transfer matrix is established for the mechanical filtering characteristics of periodic structure and elastic wave propagation in piezoelectric stack. In frequency domain,the force and velocity at both ends of the PSAPSs,the driving voltage and current,the geometrical parameters of the strut and the material parameters are coupled in this model. In this paper,the maximum attenuation rate of the PSAPS can be obtained under the limitation of the maximum driving voltage and current of the piezoelectric stack by using this model. The influence of rubber damping loss factor,excitation force,and cell number in PSAPS on the required driving voltage and current for active control is analyzed in this article.

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直升机主减速器中的齿轮在啮合过程中产生的谐波振动是直升机舱内噪声的主要来源之一,设计具有隔振性能的齿轮箱撑杆抑制振动向机体传递,可达到舱内降噪的目的。压电叠堆与金属材料周期排列组成压电叠堆周期撑杆(piezoelectric stack actuators periodic strut,PSAPS),其在特定频带范围内具有“机械滤波”特性,为被动控制;调节PSAPS中压电叠堆的驱动电压,使压电叠堆呈现出变刚度特性,为主动控制。为研究PSAPS的主动与被动混合振动控制方式间的耦合关系,针对压电叠堆中弹性波的传播与周期结构的机械滤波特性,设计了满足直升机齿轮啮合噪声抑制需求的PSAPS方案,并建立了其传递矩阵形式机电耦合动力学模型。从频域的角度将PSAPS两端的力与速度、驱动电压与电流、杆件几何参数与材料参数耦合起来,得到在压电叠堆最大驱动电压、电流的限制下,主、被动混合振动控制的最优力传递率;并分析了PSAPS中的橡胶阻尼损耗因子、激振力幅值、周期数对主动控制所需驱动电压与电流的影响规律。

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陆洋(1977—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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岳慧裕(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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岳慧裕(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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岳慧裕(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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articleId=1227591038840275817, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=The influence of cell number on driving signal, figureFileSmall=6rtiObbufZl7zqxA+JjC7A==, figureFileBig=I1Ma0GLcQeb/kOaemH8SkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653590408426455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591038840275817, language=CN, label=图16, caption=周期数对驱动信号的影响, figureFileSmall=6rtiObbufZl7zqxA+JjC7A==, figureFileBig=I1Ma0GLcQeb/kOaemH8SkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653590530061278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591038840275817, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Material parameters of rubber

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弹性模量/GPa密度/(kg·m-3
0.0251200
), ArticleFig(id=1227653590639113188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591038840275817, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

橡胶材料参数

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弹性模量/GPa密度/(kg·m-3
0.0251200
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Material parameters of PZT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相对介电常数弹性顺度常数/(10-12 m2·N-1)压电常数d33/(10-12 C·N-1)密度/(kg·m-3)
540018.16358000
), ArticleFig(id=1227653590865605610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591038840275817, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PZT材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相对介电常数弹性顺度常数/(10-12 m2·N-1)压电常数d33/(10-12 C·N-1)密度/(kg·m-3)
540018.16358000
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直升机主减速器周期撑杆混合振动控制的机电耦合特性及工作机理研究
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岳慧裕 1 , 陆洋 1 , 党崇 1 , 李程磊 1 , 马锦超 1 , 冯剑波 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(8): 1722-1731
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(8): 1722-1731
直升机主减速器周期撑杆混合振动控制的机电耦合特性及工作机理研究
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岳慧裕1 , 陆洋1 , 党崇1, 李程磊1, 马锦超1, 冯剑波2
作者信息
  • 1.南京航空航天大学直升机动力学全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210016
  • 2.中国融通集团第六十研究所,江苏 南京 210016
  • 岳慧裕(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陆洋(1977—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Electromechanical coupling characteristics and working mechanism of hybrid vibration control for PSAPS supporting the helicopter main reducer
Huiyu YUE1 , Yang LU1 , Chong DANG1, Chenglei LI1, Jinchao MA1, Jianbo FENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory of Rotorcraft Aeromechanics,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing 210016,China
  • 2.The 60th Research Institute of CRTC,Nanjing 210016,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202508008
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直升机主减速器中的齿轮在啮合过程中产生的谐波振动是直升机舱内噪声的主要来源之一,设计具有隔振性能的齿轮箱撑杆抑制振动向机体传递,可达到舱内降噪的目的。压电叠堆与金属材料周期排列组成压电叠堆周期撑杆(piezoelectric stack actuators periodic strut,PSAPS),其在特定频带范围内具有“机械滤波”特性,为被动控制;调节PSAPS中压电叠堆的驱动电压,使压电叠堆呈现出变刚度特性,为主动控制。为研究PSAPS的主动与被动混合振动控制方式间的耦合关系,针对压电叠堆中弹性波的传播与周期结构的机械滤波特性,设计了满足直升机齿轮啮合噪声抑制需求的PSAPS方案,并建立了其传递矩阵形式机电耦合动力学模型。从频域的角度将PSAPS两端的力与速度、驱动电压与电流、杆件几何参数与材料参数耦合起来,得到在压电叠堆最大驱动电压、电流的限制下,主、被动混合振动控制的最优力传递率;并分析了PSAPS中的橡胶阻尼损耗因子、激振力幅值、周期数对主动控制所需驱动电压与电流的影响规律。

直升机  /  振动与噪声  /  周期结构  /  混合振动控制

The harmonic vibration produced by the gear meshing in the helicopter’s main reducer is one of the main sources of noise in the helicopter cabin. Designing vibration-isolating gearbox struts to suppress vibration transmission to the airframe can effectively reduce cabin noise. The piezoelectric stack actuators periodic strut (PSAPS),composed of periodically arranged piezoelectric stacks and metallic materials,demonstrates ‘mechanical filtering’ characteristics within specific frequency bands,serving as a passive vibration control method. By adjusting the driving voltage of piezoelectric stacks in PSAPS to achieve variable stiffness characteristics,active vibration control is enabled. In order to study the electromechanical coupling relationship between active vibration control and passive vibration control of PSAPSs,a specialized PSAPS configuration is developed to address helicopter gear meshing noise suppression,and the electromechanical coupling dynamic model of PSAPSs with the form of transfer matrix is established for the mechanical filtering characteristics of periodic structure and elastic wave propagation in piezoelectric stack. In frequency domain,the force and velocity at both ends of the PSAPSs,the driving voltage and current,the geometrical parameters of the strut and the material parameters are coupled in this model. In this paper,the maximum attenuation rate of the PSAPS can be obtained under the limitation of the maximum driving voltage and current of the piezoelectric stack by using this model. The influence of rubber damping loss factor,excitation force,and cell number in PSAPS on the required driving voltage and current for active control is analyzed in this article.

helicopter  /  vibration and noise  /  periodic structure  /  hybrid vibration control
岳慧裕, 陆洋, 党崇, 李程磊, 马锦超, 冯剑波. 直升机主减速器周期撑杆混合振动控制的机电耦合特性及工作机理研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1722 -1731 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202508008
Huiyu YUE, Yang LU, Chong DANG, Chenglei LI, Jinchao MA, Jianbo FENG. Electromechanical coupling characteristics and working mechanism of hybrid vibration control for PSAPS supporting the helicopter main reducer[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1722 -1731 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202508008
直升机主减速器产生的齿轮啮合噪声是直升机舱内噪声的主要来源之一[1-5]图1给出了S-76直升机舱内噪声频谱图[4]。噪声频谱图中存在多条高分贝的线谱,这些线谱是由直升机齿轮箱中的齿轮啮合造成的。而齿轮啮合噪声分布在500~2500 Hz,该频率范围正是人耳所敏感的噪声频带范围。齿轮啮合噪声根据不同机理主要分为两部分,一部分是齿轮在啮合的过程中引起空气扰动,造成声辐射;另一部分是由齿轮啮合振动通过主减速器与机体间的连接结构(如减速器撑杆)传至机体,引起舱壁等结构的振动而产生的结构辐射噪声[6-7]。本研究的主要降噪对象为结构辐射噪声,可以通过对减速器撑杆进行隔振设计,从而达到抑制舱内结构辐射噪声的目的。
在对减速器撑杆隔振设计的研究中,文献[8-9]提出采用具有隔振性能的周期结构作为减速器撑杆。在周期结构中,只有特定频带的弹性波可以沿着周期结构传播,这个频带称为通带;而弹性波被禁止传播的频带称为禁带。由于周期结构独特的动力学特性,可以将周期结构视为针对弹性波传播的机械滤波器[10]
然而,尽管周期结构在禁带范围内可以取得良好的宽频振动衰减效果,但是针对直升机舱内噪声这种具有很强的线谱干扰噪声的应用背景,仅仅运用周期结构的隔振能力,隔振处理之后的齿轮啮合线谱振动水平依然较高[5]。为提高齿轮箱撑杆的隔振效果,有必要在利用周期结构进行宽频隔振的基础上,进一步结合主动控制方法对线谱振动进行控制,这种将被动控制与主动控制相结合的隔振方式称为主、被动混合控制方式。
已有的基于周期结构的主、被动混合振动控制主要有两种方式。一种是通过驱动主动材料(例如形状记忆合金、压电材料等)调节周期结构的宽频动刚度[9]、周期性[10]、等效阻尼[8]来抑制杆件中宽频的纵波传播。这些方式是在周期结构的基础上将主动材料模拟成具有特殊性能的被动材料,从而达到增强宽频控制的效果。另一种是在周期结构进行宽频机械滤波的同时,使用主动控制进行单频或者多频振动控制[5]。相比于被动控制方式,第二种控制方式因为具有谐波控制性能,达到相同的谐波控制效果时其体积更为紧凑、重量更低;相比于主动控制方式,因为混合控制具有宽频的控制性能,其主动作动器对功率的需求更小,在工程应用中更易实现。以上两种主、被动混合振动控制方式多在一个缩比模型结构上进行研究,以加速度或者力传递率为评价指标。在缩比模型上进行研究,结构的边界条件难以模拟真实条件;而使用加速度与力传递率作为评价指标时,一般在试验研究中使用较低水平的加速度或者力作为激励,此时主动材料所需要的驱动功率会小。在现实的应用场景下,这些研究问题可能存在主动材料功率不足的问题。这些研究的主要问题是,没有建立一个可以描述系统全状态的机电耦合系统,而本文提出的机电耦合模型包含了结构两端的边界条件、结构与材料参数、压电叠堆与驱动电压,可以分析主、被动混合振动控制系统中各个参数的耦合关系。
为了深入分析主、被动混合振动控制系统的机理,本文提出了一种简化的混合振动控制系统模型——压电叠堆周期撑杆模型(piezoelectric stack actuators periodic strut,PSAPS),即将压电叠堆与被动材料周期排列的,具有主、被动混合控制能力的智能撑杆,如图2所示。该撑杆依据EH101直升机的主减速器撑杆的几何尺寸[1]而设计,具有4个周期的周期结构。压电叠堆与被动材料周期排列,使该撑杆具有周期结构特有的机械滤波特性;通过控制压电叠堆的电压改变压电材料的动刚度,可以使该撑杆对干扰振动进行主动控制。
在一个由主动材料组成的隔振系统中,当结构参数、材料与压电参数以及其驱动电压/电流范围、结构边界条件确定时,该隔振系统所能获得的最优隔振效果已确定。各种主动振动控制算法的优化只是为了无限接近最优控制效果,并不能改变最优控制效果。然而,现有的应用于直升机主减速器撑杆的主动振动控制研究文献多将研究重点集中于主动控制算法创新上[11-12],极少探讨由压电组成的主动结构、压电驱动电压/电流范围以及边界条件等因素对主动控制效果的影响。本文对该问题开展专门研究。为此,首先需要建立PSAPS的机电耦合动力学模型。为了便于进行机理研究,本文拟基于传递矩阵形式进行PSAPS的机电耦合动力学建模。该传递矩阵模型可以清晰地给出PSAPS中的力学参数、电学参数、材料参数与结构参数之间的耦合关系,便于分析激振力、阻尼损耗因子以及周期结构参数等因素对主动控制时压电材料的电压、电流的影响,也可以给出PSAPS进行主、被动混合振动控制时的最优控制效果。
为了建立具有传递矩阵形式的PSAPS机电耦合动力学模型,首先建立一维被动杆件的传递矩阵动力学模型和压电叠堆作动器的传递矩阵形式的机电耦合动力学模型,在前两者的基础上,推导得出传递矩阵形式的PSAPS机电耦合动力学模型。
被动杆件的传递矩阵动力学模型只由系统本身的动态特性决定,与系统两端的结构和激励无关。因此,传递矩阵特别适合应用于多子结构系统的动力学分析中。对于一个线弹性杆件来说,如果只有一个输入端和输出端,其传递矩阵动力学模型如图3所示[13]
杆件振动微分方程如下式所示:
ρA2w(x,t)t2-EA2w(x,t)x2=0
频域上线弹性杆件输入端与输出端的传递关系如下式所示:
F1=α1F2+α2V2
V1=α3F2+α4V2
Tp=[α1α2α3α4]
式中,w表示位移;ρE分别为材料的密度和杨氏模量;A为横截面积;输入量F1V1与输出量F2V2均为频域上的复数形式,具有幅值与相位信息;α1~α4为待定常数。
根据式(1)~(4)可以推导出,在频域上,整个杆件输入端与输出端的纵向传递关系为:
[F1V1]=Tp[F2V2]=[cos (kLp)-EAkjωsin (kLp)jωEAksin (kLp)cos (kLp)][F2V2]
式中,k为纵向波数,k=ωρELp为杆件长度;ω为圆频率。
从式(5)中可以看出,根据材料的杨氏模量E、波数k与结构的几何尺寸,就可以求出弹性杆件的传递矩阵。再根据系统的边界条件(固定端速度为0;自由端力为0)就可以求出系统的响应,而无需求解运动微分方程。
相对于压电片,压电叠堆作动器在沿着电场方向(使用d33模式)具有更大的行程,所以压电叠堆作动器在实际应用更加广泛。压电叠堆作动器可以视为由多个压电片在机械结构上串联,在电路上并联而成,如图4所示。
对压电材料进行机电耦合动力学建模,使用最普遍的模型是Mason等效电路模型(Mason’s equivalent circuit)[14],但是该模型只能对单层压电片进行建模,为得到整个压电叠堆传递矩阵模型,需要把多层压电片的传递矩阵模型相乘,计算量很大。为减小计算量,本文参考ZHANG等[15-16]的压电叠堆模型,建立基于压电叠堆机电耦合的传递矩阵形式的动力学模型。
首先,建立压电叠堆的机电耦合动力学模型,其物理模型示意图如图5所示。图中的压电叠堆由n层压电片串联而成。
图5中,下标“i”表示压电叠堆的输入端,下标“o”表示压电叠堆的输出端;fivi为输入端的力与速度;fovo为输出端的力与速度;ui分别为压电叠堆的驱动电压与电流。根据压电本构方程、杆件纵向振动微分方程,以及每层压电片中的电场是均匀分布的假设,可以推导出压电叠堆的电流、速度、端面法向力分别为[6-8]
i(t)=A(e'vo-vitp+nϵ'tpu(t)t)
v(x,t)=jω(a3sin (kx)+a4cos (kx))
f(x,t)=-A[c'(a1acos (kx)-   a2a sin (kx))ejωt-e'u(t)tp]
式中,tp为压电层厚度;n为压电叠堆中的压电片层数,则压电叠堆长度La=ntpϵ'表示零应变下的介电常数;t为时间;x为位移;a1a2a3a4为待定系数;c'为压电材料短路时的弹性模量;e'为短路时的应变与电位移之比。
为了将模型从时域转换到频域,定义压电叠堆两端速度为:vi=Viejωtvo=Voejωt,两端法向力为fi=Fiejωtfo=Foejωt,电流i(t)=Iejωt,电压u(t)=Uejωt,其中,ViVoFiFoIU分别为输入端速度、输出端速度、输入端力、输出端力、电流和电压的频域量。将上述公式代入电流公式(6)、速度公式(7)、与法向力公式(8)中,整理成频域下的矩阵形式:
[FiFoU]=[Ajω((e')2kϵ'tp+c'atan (aLa))-Ajω((e')2kϵ'tp+c'asin (aLa))e'jωkϵ'Ajω((e')2kϵ'tp+c'asin (aLa))-Ajω((e')2kϵ'tp+c'atan (aLa))e'jωkϵ'e'jωkϵ'-e'jωkϵ'tpjωkϵ'A][ViVoI]
式中,a表示压电叠堆的波数。从式(9)中可以看出,压电叠堆两端面上的力学参数(力、速度)与驱动压电叠堆的电学参数(电压、电流)之间存在耦合关系。将式(9)修改为下面的矩阵形式:
[FiViU0]=Ta[FoVoUI]
其中,Ta为一个4×4矩阵,Ta的一个特解为Td
Td=[cos (aLa)-Ac'asin (aLa)jω-Ae'(cos (aLa)-1)tp0sin (aLa)jωAc'acos (aLa)-e'jωsin (aLa)tpc'a00010e'jωsin (aLa)tpc'aAe'(cos (aLa)-1)tp-jωA(nϵ'tp+(e')2sin (aLa)tp2c'a)1]
矩阵Ta为压电叠堆机电耦合矩阵。因为式(10)与式(6)~(8)等价,所以只需要再确定力学边界条件(速度与激振力)与电学边界条件(压电叠堆的驱动电压与电流)中的3个参数,就可以求解压电叠堆的机电耦合动力学问题。由于式(11)是由式(6)~(8)三个等式推导而来,所以Ta有无穷解。为方便描述,使用Ta的特解Td来表示压电叠堆机电耦合矩阵。
Td记为:
Td=[[T1]2×2[T2]2×2[T3]2×2[T4]2×2]
将传递矩阵Td分解为4个子矩阵,可以简单地表示出压电叠堆的机电耦合关系,从而显示出传递矩阵表达形式的优势。[T1]2×2为结构-结构耦合矩阵,表示输入端力Fi、速度Vi与输出端力Fo、速度Vo之间的关系;[T4]2×2为电-电耦合矩阵,表示电压U、电流I的关系;[T2]2×2为结构-电耦合矩阵,表示输入端力Fi、速度Vi与输出端电压U、电流I之间的关系;[T3]2×2为电-结构耦合矩阵,表示输入端电压U、电流I与输出端力Fo、速度Vo之间的关系。通过控制压电叠堆的驱动电压与电流,就能影响压电叠堆动力学特性,这也就是压电叠堆进行主动振动控制的机理。
图6为具有m个周期的PSAPS的机电耦合动力学模型,其压电叠堆的驱动电压与电流分别独立。为了使用被动材料的传递矩阵与压电叠堆的机电耦合传递矩阵表示出PSAPS的机电耦合动力学模型,需要对被动材料与压电叠堆的模型进行改写。
被动材料只影响其两端的力与速度,其自身并不存在电压与电流参数。为了表示其传递特性,图6中的所有被动材料传递矩阵Tp可以修改为Tq
Tq=[cos (kLa)-Ac'ksin (kLa)jω00sin (kLa)jωAc'kcos (kLa)000010001000001](4m+2)×(4m+2)
由于第i个压电叠堆不影响其余m-1个压电叠堆的电压与电流,根据式(11)可以写出Tdi的表达式。例如第1个压电叠堆传递矩阵Td1可以表示为:
Td1=[cos (aLa)-Ac'asin (aLa)jω-Ae'(cos (aLa)-1)tp00sin (aLa)jωAc'kcos (aLa)-e'jωsin (aLa)tpc'a0000100e'jωsin (aLa)tpc'aAe'(cos (aLa)-1)tp-jωA(nϵ'tp+(e')2sin (aLa)tp2c'a)10000000000001](2m+2)×(2m+2)
图6中的PSAPS的机电耦合传递矩阵关系为:
[F0V0U10U20U2m0]=Tb[F2mV2mU1I1U2I2U2mI2m]
其中,具有m个周期的PSAPS的机电耦合传递矩阵Tb为:
Tb=i=1mTdi*Tq
式中,*表示矩阵相乘。
为了验证PSAPS机电耦合传递矩阵模型的正确性,本节分别采用传递矩阵模型和多物理场仿真软件COMSOL对图7中的PSAPS进行仿真计算。由于在计算线性或者线性化模型受到一个或者多个谐波激励时的响应时,使用频域法较为方便,故本节以激振力与压电叠堆驱动电压为谐波激励,以力传递率为响应进行频域研究。
在仿真研究中,设置图7中的PSAPS一端受激振力Fe作用,激振力Fe200 N;另一端设置为固支约束,固支处的反作用力为Fr。4个压电叠堆的驱动电压幅值均设置为10045° V(电压的相位超前激振力相位45°)。通过上述激励与边界条件的设置,进行仿真研究。评价杆件在激励-固支边界下的隔振性能,通常使用力传递率TF为评价指标,其定义为:
TF=20lgFrFe
表12分别给出了PSAPS中的橡胶和压电叠堆(PZT)的材料参数。
应用二维有限元模型可以有效降低PSAPS的计算量。PSAPS的二维有限元模型的网格图如图8所示。将边界约束、驱动电压、激振力引入模型中,使用频域求解器对0~2500 Hz进行扫频求解。应用频域求解器求解的物理意义为:当在所设置的边界条件、激励条件下,求解该系统达到稳定状态下的响应。
图9给出了基于PSAPS机电耦合传递矩阵和有限元软件COMSOL仿真计算得到的力传递率结果对比。
图9中可以看出,基于PSAPS机电耦合传递矩阵模型得到的力传递率曲线与COMSOL仿真得到的力传递率曲线吻合程度良好,验证了本文所建立的PSAPS机电耦合传递矩阵模型的正确性。需要注意的是,在该有限元验证模型中,因为对压电叠堆施加了任意驱动电压,所以无法从该仿真中分析PSAPS的隔振性能。仅能表示PSAPS在施加相同边界与激励时,两种分析方法得到的力传递率响应一致,验证了机电耦合传递矩阵模型的准确性。
当PSAPS的结构参数、力边界条件和压电叠堆及其驱动器性能确定时,PSAPS的减振性能的极限值也可以确定。对于图7中的PSAPS,橡胶材料阻尼损耗因子设置为0.05,当激振力幅值为100 N,压电叠堆及其驱动器的最大驱动电压幅值设置为200 V,最大驱动电流设置为10 A(实际情况下,驱动器的最大驱动电压与电流的数值会随着频率的变化而变化,具体数值需要实测)。以力传递率最小为优化目标,以最大驱动电压与电流为约束条件,4个压电叠堆的驱动电压与电流为优化变量,使用MATLAB优化工具箱求解该优化问题,其非线性优化问题可以表示为:
min TF(X);s.t.{0abs(Ui)200;i=1,2,3,40abs(Ii)10;i=1,2,3,4
式中,X为输出端力与输入端力之比的绝对值,X=abs(Fo/Fi)。
经过非线性优化求取最小的力传递率,得到PSAPS的最小传递率曲线,如图10所示。
图10对比了PSAPS在被动控制(不驱动压电叠堆)下的力传递率与使用最优驱动电压与电流时的主、被动混合振动控制下的力传递率。从图10(a)中可以看出,当激振力频率大于237 Hz时,力传递率都可以衰减到-150 dB以下,其实这时主动振动控制已经可以将反作用力衰减到0,图中较小的力传递率是因为优化计算残留的微小数值误差。当然,在实际应用中,由于各种干扰因素的存在,主动控制很难将反作用力衰减到0。图10(b)图10(a)的低频部分,可以看出,在50~200 Hz范围内,力传递率也可以再减小1~3 dB,在此频域范围内可以实现有限的低频控制能力。在50 Hz以下,力传递率与PSAPS的被动控制方式下的力传递率几乎不变。这也说明了该方案难以对低频进行主动隔振。但是,文献[17-21]应用改进的主动控制算法对直升机桨叶通过频率(约20 Hz)进行主动隔振,也能够取得优良的控制效果。这是因为其实验室下的边界条件比真实工况下的边界条件更弱,此时方案的最优隔振性能在低频上会有更好的效果。
图10中的最优力传递率即应用主动控制之后,主动与被动混合振动控制的最优控制效果。主动控制算法的创新只能使隔振效果趋近于最优力传递率,但是因为误差的存在,其并不能达到最优力传递率。
为了分析图10中产生最优力传递率变化趋势的原因,图11给出了4个压电叠堆的最优控制电压与电流。
图11中可以看出,在236 Hz以下时,各个压电叠堆的驱动电压均达到了最大值200 V,驱动电压的范围限制了隔振性能的提升,因此图10中的力传递率衰减并不明显。即所设计的PSAPS在进行低频主动控制时,无法满足所需功率需求,因此不能进行有效的低频振动控制。而在237 Hz之后,4个压电叠堆的驱动电压与电流没有同时到达上限,此时该撑杆具有将反作用力衰减到0的隔振潜力。
本研究针对500~2000 Hz范围的直升机齿轮啮合噪声的抑制问题,所以该PSAPS的隔振频率范围完全可以满足该应用需求。
图7中的PSAPS模型与边界条件为基础,研究橡胶材料阻尼损耗因子对PSAPS进行主动控制时所需的驱动电压与电流的影响。其他参数设置如下:激振力幅值设置为20 N;反作用力设置为0,即此时振动得到了完全衰减,橡胶材料阻尼损耗因子分别为00.050.15。具有不同阻尼损耗因子的PSAPS的力传递率如图12所示;进行主动控制所需的驱动电压与电流如图13所示。
图13中可以看出,随着阻尼损耗因子的增加,PSAPS进行主动控制所需的驱动电压与电流减小。这是因为阻尼损耗因子增加时,PSAPS的力传递率减小(如图12所示)。总体上,在PSAPS共振频率附近,阻尼损耗因子的增加能够明显降低对控制信号水平的需求。
从图中可以看出,在250 Hz以下的范围内,存在进行主动控制所需的驱动电压超过1000 V或者电流超过100 A的情况,而该驱动电压与电流在直升机中难以实现。若需要抑制这些频率范围内的振动与噪声,难以通过提升驱动能力进行主动控制,而必须通过对PSAPS进行结构设计来降低所需驱动电压与电流。
图7中的PSAPS模型与边界条件为基础,研究边界条件中的激振力对PSAPS进行主动控制时所需的驱动电压与电流的影响。其他参数设置如下:激振力幅值分别设置为1、10、100 N;反作用力设置为0,即此时振动得到了完全衰减,橡胶材料阻尼损耗因子为0.05。进行主动控制所需的驱动电压与电流如图14所示。
图14中可以看出,随着激振力指数级增加,进行主动控制所需的驱动电压与电流也指数级增加。从该仿真研究中还可以推导:若在未应用真实边界条件的试验中,例如文献[17-21]中的主动控制方案可以取得较好的控制效果,当其处于真实边界条件时,很有可能因为驱动能力不足而几乎不起作用。从图中可以看出,这种情况尤其在低频控制时更加普遍。
图7中的PSAPS模型与边界条件为基础,研究PSAPS的周期数对进行主动控制时所需的驱动电压与电流的影响,周期数分别设置为2410。其他参数设置如下:激振力幅值设置为20 N;反作用力设置为0,即此时振动得到了完全衰减,橡胶材料阻尼损耗因子为0.05。具有不同周期数的PSAPS的力传递率如图15所示;进行主动控制所需的驱动电压与电流如图16所示。
图1516中可以看出,随着周期数的增加,禁带范围内的力传递率减小,进行主动控制需要的驱动电压与电流减小。但是在200 Hz以下的频率范围内,因为周期数的增加,共振峰的数量增多,进行主动控制所需的驱动电压与电流也增大。
本文以抑制直升机舱内齿轮啮合噪声的主减速器周期撑杆为研究背景,针对宽频振动控制与多频谐波控制的需求,提出了适用于主、被动混合振动控制的PSAPS,对其建立具有传递矩阵形式的机电耦合动力学模型。该模型将PSAPS的结构参数、材料参数、边界条件与进行主动振动控制的压电叠堆的驱动电压与电流的耦合在一起,建立了全状态的耦合模型,解释了压电叠堆进行主动隔振控制的原理。通过COMSOL多物理场有限元仿真验证了模型的准确性,并使用该模型得到了基于主、被动混合振动控制的PSAPS的最佳隔振能力,并分析了主要参数对PSAPS进行主动控制所需的驱动信号的影响规律。该模型还可以对使用压电材料的主动或者主、被动混合振动控制结构的设计提供指导。此外,也可以通过对其他类型的主动控制器进行多物理场耦合分析来评价控制方案的最优隔振性能,从而设计出更符合实际需求的控制方案。
  • 航空科学基金资助项目(2024M009052002)
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划项目(GZB20240969)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2024M754135)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20241375)
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2025年第38卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202508008
  • 接收时间:2023-07-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-05
  • 修回日期:2023-09-16
基金
航空科学基金资助项目(2024M009052002)
国家资助博士后研究人员计划项目(GZB20240969)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2024M754135)
江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20241375)
作者信息
    1.南京航空航天大学直升机动力学全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210016
    2.中国融通集团第六十研究所,江苏 南京 210016

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陆洋(1977—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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