Article(id=1227591038177575780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696608000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-07, revisedDate=1706630400000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610111040, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610111040, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610111040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610111040, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591023870800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='8', pageStart='1645', pageEnd='1934', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610107611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610373804, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1809, endPage=1818, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591038823498600, articleId=1227591038177575780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Vertical vortex-excited aerodynamic wave effect and vibration suppression mechanism of typical box girder, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the suppression mechanism of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) by adding aerodynamic countermeasures such as guide vanes near maintenance rails and spoilers on handrails,the displacement and pressure measurement on a large-scale sectional model was conducted in wind tunnel tests. Based on the spatial-temporal distribution and statistical characteristics of surface pressure,an aerodynamic wave hypothesis is proposed and further verified using the spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) method. Moreover,the complex spatial-temporal pressure field is quantified and deconstructed with the spatial-temporal energy spectrum of the aerodynamic force,revealing the mechanism of vertical VIVs as well as its suppression by aerodynamic countermeasures in a streamlined box girder. The results reveal that there are three lock-in ranges of vertical VIVs for the original girder while the largest VIV response appears in the 3rd order lock-in range. The addition of guide vanes near maintenance rails reduces the maximum amplitude of model displacement by 53.1% whereas the installation of spoilers on handrails eliminates VIVs. The complicated pressure field on the girders surface can be expressed as a linear superposition of aerodynamic forces related to multiple spatial-temporal distribution modes induced by different excitation sources. The pressure on the original girder is dominated by the 1st order SPOD mode where the component at the fundamental frequency of bridge girder is the main ingredient. Meanwhile,the spatial-temporal distribution mode of aerodynamic force on the upper surface contribute more to the VIVs. The predominant aerodynamic forces mode distributing harmonic on the upper surface travels downstream,with the contribution value presenting a wave-like distribution,collectively referring to as the “aerodynamic wave effect”. The aerodynamic wave intensity acting on the upper surface is much greater than that of the lower surface. The propagation of the aerodynamic wave could be characterized by the monotonously decreasing phase lag between the distributed aerodynamic forces and the vortex-excited forces (VEFs). The wavelength of the aerodynamic wave on the original girder is approximately consistent with the wavelength of the contribution value,which corresponds to the distance between the windward and leeward crash barriers. With the addition of guide vanes near maintenance rails,the predominant mode of aerodynamic wave on the upper surface is similar with that on the original girder while the wave intensity decreases,resulting in a reduction of VIV response. The spatial-temporal energy spectrum of aerodynamic force on the upper surface turns into a broadband distribution after the installation of spoilers on handrails,and the frequency lock-in phenomenon disappeared. Thus,VIVs were eliminated. This study provides a new perspective for the analysis of pressure field on girder surface and constructing mathematical models of the vortex-excited force on bridge girders,which could deeply reveal the mechanism of VIV.

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为研究增设检修轨道导流板、人行道栏杆抑流板等气动措施抑振机理,开展了大尺度节段模型测振测压风洞试验。基于表面压力时空分布特征及其统计特性提出了气动行波假设,结合谱本征正交分解(spectral proper orthogonal decomposition,SPOD)方法进行验证,并提出气动力时空功率谱,进一步量化与解构了复杂的时空压力场,揭示了流线型箱梁涡振机理及气动措施抑振机理。研究表明:原始断面在试验风速内存在3阶竖向涡振锁定区间,其中第3阶锁定区振幅最大。增设检修轨道导流板后,断面最大振幅减小53.1%,增设人行道栏杆抑流板后涡振消失。断面表面复杂压力场可表达为多个不同激励源诱发的气动力时空分布模式的线性叠加。原始断面表面压力场由断面振动基频处1阶SPOD模态对应压力时空分布主导,同时上表面模态压力时空分布占主导地位。上表面主导模态压力沿下游呈现行波式演变,贡献值呈波浪式分布,统称为“气动行波”效应。上表面气动行波作用强度远大于下表面。气动行波传播可由分布气动力与涡激力相位差单调递减表征。原始断面上表面气动行波波长与贡献值空间分布波长基本一致,约等于前、后缘防撞栏杆之间距离。增设导流板后,上表面主导气动行波传播模式基本不变,作用强度减小,从而涡振幅值减小。增设抑流板使得上表面能量分布呈宽带分布特征,锁频现象消失,故而不发生涡振。研究提炼了涡振时断面表面复杂压力场中的关键和主导气动力时空演变模式——气动行波,为桥梁主梁断面涡振机理分析和涡激力数理模型的构建提供了思路。

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赵林(1974—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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胡传新(1987—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1227653590911746681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591038177575780, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Fitting parameters of contribution values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
断面abcdR2B/λ
原始断面-0.118-2.5547.802-0.94430.98611.242
导流板断面0.02161-4.9917.03-4.4970.96291.119
), ArticleFig(id=1227653590999827071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591038177575780, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

贡献值拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
断面abcdR2B/λ
原始断面-0.118-2.5547.802-0.94430.98611.242
导流板断面0.02161-4.9917.03-4.4970.96291.119
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典型箱梁竖向涡激气动力行波效应与抑振机理
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胡传新 1, 2, 3 , 戴钢 1 , 赵林 2, 4 , 王相龙 1 , 葛耀君 2, 4
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(8): 1809-1818
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(8): 1809-1818
典型箱梁竖向涡激气动力行波效应与抑振机理
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胡传新1, 2, 3 , 戴钢1, 赵林2, 4 , 王相龙1, 葛耀君2, 4
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学城市建设学院,湖北 武汉 430065
  • 2.同济大学桥梁结构抗风技术交通运输行业重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 3.武汉科技大学城市更新湖北省工程研究中心,湖北 武汉 430065
  • 4.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 胡传新(1987—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

赵林(1974—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Vertical vortex-excited aerodynamic wave effect and vibration suppression mechanism of typical box girder
Chuanxin HU1, 2, 3 , Gang DAI1, Lin ZHAO2, 4 , Xianglong WANG1, Yaojun GE2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Urban Construction,Wuhan University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430065,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Wind Resistant Technology for Bridge Structures,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China
  • 3.Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Urban Regeneration,Wuhan University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430065,China
  • 4.State Key Lab of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310007
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为研究增设检修轨道导流板、人行道栏杆抑流板等气动措施抑振机理,开展了大尺度节段模型测振测压风洞试验。基于表面压力时空分布特征及其统计特性提出了气动行波假设,结合谱本征正交分解(spectral proper orthogonal decomposition,SPOD)方法进行验证,并提出气动力时空功率谱,进一步量化与解构了复杂的时空压力场,揭示了流线型箱梁涡振机理及气动措施抑振机理。研究表明:原始断面在试验风速内存在3阶竖向涡振锁定区间,其中第3阶锁定区振幅最大。增设检修轨道导流板后,断面最大振幅减小53.1%,增设人行道栏杆抑流板后涡振消失。断面表面复杂压力场可表达为多个不同激励源诱发的气动力时空分布模式的线性叠加。原始断面表面压力场由断面振动基频处1阶SPOD模态对应压力时空分布主导,同时上表面模态压力时空分布占主导地位。上表面主导模态压力沿下游呈现行波式演变,贡献值呈波浪式分布,统称为“气动行波”效应。上表面气动行波作用强度远大于下表面。气动行波传播可由分布气动力与涡激力相位差单调递减表征。原始断面上表面气动行波波长与贡献值空间分布波长基本一致,约等于前、后缘防撞栏杆之间距离。增设导流板后,上表面主导气动行波传播模式基本不变,作用强度减小,从而涡振幅值减小。增设抑流板使得上表面能量分布呈宽带分布特征,锁频现象消失,故而不发生涡振。研究提炼了涡振时断面表面复杂压力场中的关键和主导气动力时空演变模式——气动行波,为桥梁主梁断面涡振机理分析和涡激力数理模型的构建提供了思路。

桥梁工程  /  气动措施  /  气动行波效应  /  涡振抑振机理  /  涡激振动  /  流线型闭口箱梁

In order to study the suppression mechanism of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) by adding aerodynamic countermeasures such as guide vanes near maintenance rails and spoilers on handrails,the displacement and pressure measurement on a large-scale sectional model was conducted in wind tunnel tests. Based on the spatial-temporal distribution and statistical characteristics of surface pressure,an aerodynamic wave hypothesis is proposed and further verified using the spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) method. Moreover,the complex spatial-temporal pressure field is quantified and deconstructed with the spatial-temporal energy spectrum of the aerodynamic force,revealing the mechanism of vertical VIVs as well as its suppression by aerodynamic countermeasures in a streamlined box girder. The results reveal that there are three lock-in ranges of vertical VIVs for the original girder while the largest VIV response appears in the 3rd order lock-in range. The addition of guide vanes near maintenance rails reduces the maximum amplitude of model displacement by 53.1% whereas the installation of spoilers on handrails eliminates VIVs. The complicated pressure field on the girders surface can be expressed as a linear superposition of aerodynamic forces related to multiple spatial-temporal distribution modes induced by different excitation sources. The pressure on the original girder is dominated by the 1st order SPOD mode where the component at the fundamental frequency of bridge girder is the main ingredient. Meanwhile,the spatial-temporal distribution mode of aerodynamic force on the upper surface contribute more to the VIVs. The predominant aerodynamic forces mode distributing harmonic on the upper surface travels downstream,with the contribution value presenting a wave-like distribution,collectively referring to as the “aerodynamic wave effect”. The aerodynamic wave intensity acting on the upper surface is much greater than that of the lower surface. The propagation of the aerodynamic wave could be characterized by the monotonously decreasing phase lag between the distributed aerodynamic forces and the vortex-excited forces (VEFs). The wavelength of the aerodynamic wave on the original girder is approximately consistent with the wavelength of the contribution value,which corresponds to the distance between the windward and leeward crash barriers. With the addition of guide vanes near maintenance rails,the predominant mode of aerodynamic wave on the upper surface is similar with that on the original girder while the wave intensity decreases,resulting in a reduction of VIV response. The spatial-temporal energy spectrum of aerodynamic force on the upper surface turns into a broadband distribution after the installation of spoilers on handrails,and the frequency lock-in phenomenon disappeared. Thus,VIVs were eliminated. This study provides a new perspective for the analysis of pressure field on girder surface and constructing mathematical models of the vortex-excited force on bridge girders,which could deeply reveal the mechanism of VIV.

bridge engineering  /  aerodynamic measures  /  aerodynamic wave effect  /  suppression mechanism of VIV  /  vortex-induced vibration  /  streamlined closed-box girder
胡传新, 戴钢, 赵林, 王相龙, 葛耀君. 典型箱梁竖向涡激气动力行波效应与抑振机理. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1809 -1818 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310007
Chuanxin HU, Gang DAI, Lin ZHAO, Xianglong WANG, Yaojun GE. Vertical vortex-excited aerodynamic wave effect and vibration suppression mechanism of typical box girder[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1809 -1818 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310007
大气边界层中的大跨度桥梁结构不可避免地受到风的作用的影响,同时随着跨径的增大,其对风荷载愈发敏感,易诱发涡激振动。大量的风洞试验及工程实践表明,主梁断面的涡振性能对气动外形的改变非常敏感,在不改变桥梁结构与使用性能的前提下,适当改变主梁的气动外形或增设非结构性的主动或被动导流/抑流装置(气动措施),是抑制涡振的有效方法。如改变风嘴[1]、栏杆型式[2],增设导流板[3]、稳定板[4]、风障[5]以及主动吹气装置[6]等。气动措施因桥而异,同一种气动措施对不同外形主梁断面的涡振抑制效果不尽相同。对于流线型闭口箱梁,增设人行道栏杆抑流板或检修轨道导流板是最为简便和常用的气动措施之一。2021年虎门大桥突发涡振后,曾采用人行道栏杆抑流板作为临时抑振措施[7],后续采用移除底部外侧检修车轨道作为长期措施,有效抑制了涡振。李春光等[8]研究发现,在宽幅流线型钢箱梁上增设检修轨道栏杆抑流板可抑制断面涡振响应,同时在增设抑流板的基础上将检修轨道内移,抑振效果更好。许福友等[9]针对某流线型封闭箱梁,研究发现增设抑流板改善了其上表面流场分布,有效抑制了断面涡振。对于检修轨道导流板,刘志文等[10]研究发现,优化检修车轨道位置能有效抑制主梁涡振。孙延国等[11]发现布置检修轨道导流板可改善涡振性能,且改善程度与导流板尺寸及倾角密切相关。朱思宇等[12]、刘君等[13]发现在检修轨道内侧布置导流板可大幅降低竖向涡振振幅。总体而言,流线型闭口箱梁涡振多为人行道栏杆、检修轨道等附属设施诱导产生,设置人行道栏杆抑流板、增设检修轨道导流板等方法可有效提升其涡振性能。
刚性节段模型测压测振试验可获得涡振时模型表面各测点的压力时程信号。然而与数值模拟相比,试验获得的压力信号往往存在不平滑、不规则波动,非完全正弦等缺点。故通常将模型表面的脉动压力分布当作随机场或者多元随机过程处理,得到多元随机变量的统计特性及谱特性,用于气动激励机理研究。谱本征正交分解(spectral proper orthogonal decomposition,SPOD)方法正是这样一种方法,可提取统计平均意义上的单频时空信号,且同一频率下各模态之间相互正交,同时按照能级进行排序,结合了本征正交分解(POD)与动态模态分解(DMD)方法的优点[14]。HOA等[15]和DE GRENT等[16]采用SPOD方法研究了方柱或桥梁断面表面风压场,发现SPOD相较于POD可更好地提取与重构原始压力特征模态。总之,SPOD方法可对结构表面时空压力信号进行时空分解和重构,并提取主导和关键气动力时空演变模式,且该模式往往对应特定流动模态,有助于深化对涡振等流固耦合现象物理机制的认识。
综上所述,现有研究多基于主梁节段模型试验或数值模拟,或施加抑流板等抑振措施,或改变检修轨道等气动措施位置等,对比研究涡振特性、抑振效果等。还有学者基于表面同步压力时频特性进行分析,从断面表面压力宏观统计特性的角度揭示涡振及气动措施抑振机理。文献[17-22]进一步由涡振时断面表面压力推演断面周围关键绕流特征——旋涡漂移,建立了涡振机理分析的简化涡模式,揭示了流线型箱梁及双开槽主梁涡振机理。然而,他们将旋涡对断面作用简化为集中力,难以表征涡振时断面表面压力的时空分布特征。因此有必要充分利用SPOD方法在数据时空关键特征提取上的优势,深入研究涡振时断面表面压力时空演变模式及施加气动措施前后上述模式变化,揭示主梁断面涡振与气动措施抑振机理。
针对典型流线型箱梁断面,通过主梁节段模型试验,对比研究了原始断面增设导流板与抑流板前后的涡振响应变化。基于表面压力时空分布特征及其统计特性,提出了气动行波假设。进一步基于SPOD方法验证气动行波假设,并对比增设气动措施前后断面表面主导涡激气动力时空演变。在此基础上提出气动力时空功率谱,进一步量化与解构增设气动措施前后时空压力场的气动力时空演变模式变化,揭示典型流线型箱梁断面涡振机理及气动措施抑振机理。
以典型流线型箱梁断面为研究对象,进行了1∶20主梁节段模型试验,模型长L为3.6 m,宽B为1.9 m,高D为0.178 m。竖向频率fv为3.32 Hz,扭转频率ft为8.54 Hz,竖向和扭转阻尼比均为0.35%。分别完成无气动措施(以下称原始断面)、设置检修轨道导流板与设置人行道栏杆抑流板节段模型试验,主梁断面尺寸及测压点布置如图1所示,图中α为初始来流攻角。气动措施位置及细部尺寸如图2所示。试验在同济大学TJ-3边界层风洞中进行,采样频率为100 Hz,采样时间为60 s,风洞试验参数详见文献[23]。
图3给出了原始断面与增设气动措施断面在初始来流攻角α为+3°时的竖向涡振响应[17]图3中,U为来流风速,A为涡振振幅。可见在折减风速0~2.07范围内,原始断面与导流板断面存在3阶涡振锁定区,第3阶锁定区振幅最大。原始断面在增设导流板后,1阶和2阶涡振锁定区最大振幅分别减少了23.6%和19.0%,3阶涡振锁定区最大振幅减少了53.1%,可知增设导流板对原始断面3阶锁定区涡振抑制效果较好。在栏杆扶手上增设抑流板后,涡振现象消失。为研究导流板与抑流板的抑振机理,本文选取折减风速为1.91(对应试验风速为12 m/s)作为典型工况进行分析。
断面发生竖向涡振时,断面表面测点i分布气动力可表示如下:
Fi(t)=-pi(t)δisin(θi)
式中,pi(t)表示表面测点i脉动压力;δi表示测点流域长度;θi表示水平轴逆时针旋转至壁面外法线方向r所旋转角度。
涡激力采用分布气动力积分,Faero(t)=i=1NiFi(t),其中Ni为测点数。分布气动力与涡激力示意图如图4所示,二者均定义竖直向上为正。
对于流线型箱梁断面涡振,当其表面分布气动力与涡激力相位差呈线性变化时,气流对断面作用力可用气动行波模型进行简化,如图5所示。图5中,ΔDJK两点横坐标之差。相位差Δφ沿测点坐标由φJ递减至φK,即K点相较于J点压力时程的时间滞后Δt,表征气动行波从J点上方传播至K点上方。此时气动力时空分布可表示为:
Fwave=12ρU2BC˜Lsin(ωt-βx+φ0)
式中,ρ为空气密度;B为断面宽度;C˜L为无量纲系数;ω为涡激力圆频率,涡振时与断面振动圆频率一致;β为波矢,β=2πk,其中k为波数,为断面瞬时压力分布波长λ的倒数,即k=1/λφ0为气动行波初相位。
主梁表面气动行波传播可采用振动频率处分布气动力与位移相位差的空间分布表征,由于涡激力与位移相位差恒定,亦可采用分布气动力与涡激力相位差表征。图6给出了原始断面与增设气动措施断面表面分布气动力与涡激力相位差的空间分布,其值大于0表示分布气动力超前于涡激力,其值小于0表示分布气动力滞后于涡激力。原始断面与导流板断面上、下表面相位差变化趋势基本相同,在下表面为递增,对于上表面,除上游风嘴处,相位差沿来流方向单调递减,约呈线性变化,表示原始断面与导流板断面上表面均存在气动行波,且沿来流方向匀速传播。总体而言,振动频率处分布气动力与涡激力相位差单调递减可表征主梁表面气动行波传播,原始断面与导流板断面表面均存在对应断面振动基频气动行波效应。
发生涡振时,忽略高次谐波成分,设竖向涡激力为:
Faero(tn)=12ρU2BCTcos(ωtn+ψ)+ζ(tn)
式中,CT为无量纲系数;tn为离散时刻点;ψ为涡激力与断面位移相位差;ζ(tn)为高斯白噪声。
对涡激力进行无量纲化,涡激力系数Caero(tn)=Faero(tn)/(0.5ρU2B),即
Caero(tn)=CTcos(ωtn+ψ)+ζ(tn)
同时,设断面表面测点i脉动压力为:
pi(tn)=12ρU2Apicos(ωtn+φi)+ξi(tn)
式中,Api为各测点脉动压力无量纲幅值;φi为测点脉动压力与断面位移相位差;ξi(tn)为高斯白噪声。
设测点i分布气动力系数Ci(tn)=-pi(tn)sinθi/(0.5ρU2),由式(5)得:
Ci(tn)=-Apisinθicos(ωtn+φi)+ξi(tn)
箱梁表面各测点区域分布气动力对涡激力的贡献可采用贡献值进行量化,其正、负分别表征该区域分布气动力对涡激力起增强和减弱作用[21]。分布气动力对涡激力的贡献值Caero_i的大小取决于测点区域分布气动力脉动大小和测点i区域分布气动力与涡激力的相关性,表示为:
Caero_i=Cσiρi
式中,Cσi为测点i区域气动力系数根方差;ρi为测点i区域分布气动力与涡激力相关系数。
由式(6),测点i区域气动力系数根方差Cσi为:
Cσi=22Apisinθi
分布气动力与涡激力相关系数ρi为:
ρi=Cov(Caero(tn),Ci(tn))σ(Caero(tn))σ(Ci(tn))
式中,Cov(Caero(tn),Ci(tn))为分布气动力系数与涡激力系数的协方差函数;σ(Ci(tn))σ(Caero(tn))分别为分布气动力系数和涡激力系数的根方差。
将式(4)和(6)代入式(9),当时间足够长时,可写为:
ρi=-cos(φi-ψ)
由2.1节,对比式(2)和(6),φi可写为φi=-βx+φ0,可得:
ρi=-cos(-βx+φ0-ψ)
将式(8)和(11)代入式(7),实际贡献值可表示为:
Caero_i=-22Apisinθicos(-βx+φ0-ψ)
由式(12)可知,当分布气动力与涡激力相位差单调递减时,贡献值近似呈波浪式分布。同时对比式(2)和(12),贡献值空间分布与气动行波波数相同,波长一致。
图7列出了原始断面与增设气动措施断面表面分布气动力对涡激力贡献值的空间分布。对于下表面,原始断面与增设气动措施断面气动力贡献在绝大部分区域为正值,原始断面贡献值远大于导流板断面及抑流板断面。与此同时,抑流板断面贡献值小于导流板断面,两侧斜腹板越靠近检修轨道处,贡献值越大,底板贡献值沿来流方向变化较小。增设气动措施后上、下表面贡献值均存在不同程度的减小,其中抑流板断面相较于导流板断面贡献值减小幅度更大。原始断面与导流板断面上表面贡献值近似呈波浪式分布,变化趋势基本相同,表明二者存在相似的气动行波效应。断面上表面波幅即气动行波作用强度远大于下表面。抑流板断面上表面贡献值趋近于0,且结合2.1节可知,其表面不存在上述气动行波效应。
为探究原始断面与导流板断面上表面气动行波作用模式,取无量纲坐标-0.42~0.47(对应上表面测点128~158与1~29)贡献值分布,根据式(12),可采用如下简化函数进行拟合:
y=ae-bxcos(-cx+d)
式中,abcd为拟合参数,其中参数c对应波矢。
图8对比了原始断面与导流板断面上表面贡献值拟合函数与原始数据。表1给出了其贡献值拟合参数,其中拟合优度R2均在0.96以上,表明拟合效果较好。原始断面与导流板断面无量纲波数B/λ分别为1.242与1.119,对应无量纲波长分别为0.805与0.894,计算贡献值无量纲波长为0.84,约等于前、后缘防撞栏杆之间距离。综上所述,分布气动力与涡激力相位差单调递减时,贡献值近似呈波浪式分布,结合2.1节可知,原始断面与导流板断面表面均存在气动行波效应,且气动行波波长与贡献值波长相等,约等于前、后缘防撞栏杆之间距离。
为获取主梁表面脉动压力时空分布特征,针对断面表面无量纲脉动压力时空矩阵P,采用Welch方法[24]将其均分为Nb块,分块间互有重叠,每个分块矩阵可表示为[25]
P(r)=[p1(r),p2(r),,pNg-1(r),pNg(r)],1rNb
式中,pm(r)为第r个分块矩阵的第m个快照,pm(r)=pm+(r-1)(Ng-No)(1mNg),其中,Ng为各分块快照数,No为相邻分块重叠快照数。
对各分块矩阵进行离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform,DFT),可得:
P^(r)=[p^1(r),p^2(r),,p^Ng-1(r),p^Ng(r)]
其中,DFT后的第r个分块矩阵的第m个快照p^m(r)可表示为:
p^m(r)=1Ngj=1Ngwjpj(r)exp[-i2π(m-1)(j-1)/Ng]
式中,pj(r)表示第r个分块矩阵的第j个快照;权重wj为窗函数节点值,用于减少各快照由于非周期性引起的谱泄露。
提取指定频率fg下的快照重排成新的分块矩阵,可得:
P^fg=Δt/(Nbj=1Ngwj2)[p^m(1),p^m(2),,p^m(Nb)]
式中,Δt为时间间隔。
频率为fg的相关矩阵Cfg可表示为:
Cfg=P^fg(P^fg)H
对各频率相关矩阵进行特征值分解,即可获得SPOD模态(特征向量Θfg)以及对应的模态能量(特征值Λfg),并依据模态能量的大小对模态进行排序。
SPOD各模态中不同频率成分能量可采用其特征值表征,如图9所示。原始断面与增设气动措施断面1阶模态为主导模态,其中原始断面与导流板断面1阶模态中主导频率对应断面振动频率,同时该频率下1阶模态能量远大于其他模态,表明原始断面与导流板断面涡振由断面基频处1阶SPOD模态对应压力成分主导。增设导流板后,该成分能量明显减小;增设抑流板后,能量分布呈宽带分布特征,锁频现象消失,表明抑流板对其存在明显抑制作用。
上述1阶特征值所对应特征向量即为1阶SPOD模态,对应模态压力分布可采用下式进行重构:
Ffg(fg,tg)=Real[Θfgexp(-i2πfgtg)]=|Θfg|cos(-2πfgtg+Θfg)
式中,Real[∙]表示取模态实部;|Θfg|表示1阶SPOD模态振幅;Θfg表示1阶SPOD模态相位;tg为重构时刻。
原始断面与增设气动措施断面振动频率下1阶SPOD模态单周期压力时空分布如图10所示。图10中,t0表示所提取单周期的初始时刻,不同断面对应初始时刻不同,t0-origint0-guidet0-spoiler分别表示原始断面、导流板断面和抑流板断面工况的t0时刻,T为振动周期,A为断面振动幅值。由图10可见,上表面模态压力占主导地位,原始断面与导流板断面下表面模态压力分布近似为线性,在后缘检修轨道处突变,数值增大,增设导流板后,突变消失。除下表面尾缘区域,原始断面与导流板断面上、下表面SPOD模态压力分布规律基本相同,表明导流板针对基频模态主要影响下表面尾缘区域气动力分布。
在上表面,原始断面与导流板断面模态压力均呈现波浪式变化,同时整体压力分布随时间推移向来流方向移动,呈现明显的气动行波传播模式,同时其空间分布近似为波浪式分布,波长约等于前、后缘防撞栏杆之间距离,与2.2节相符。原始断面t0-origin时刻模态压力分布与导流板断面t0-guide+3T/4时刻基本相同,原始断面t0-origin+T/8时刻对应导流板断面t0-guide+7T/8,以此类推。结合第2节可知,原始断面与导流板断面上表面均存在显著的对应断面振动频率的气动行波,其波长基本相等,约等于前、后缘防撞栏杆之间距离。抑流板断面上、下表面模态压力变化与原始断面、导流板断面均不同,分布较为杂乱,表明抑流板抑制了上述气动行波产生。值得注意的是,本文SPOD模态为统计平均意义上的压力场特征模态重构与预测,并非完全反映原始压力的瞬时分布。
涡振时模型表面的压力时空分布场,可看作由不同分离点激励产生的压力时空分布模式(气动行波模式)的叠加,且不同压力时空分布模式(气动行波模式)对应不同的激励机制。为进一步分离气动力时空分布特征信息,对断面表面压力时空矩阵作二维时空傅里叶变换,绘制表面压力时空功率谱,以直观量化对应不同激励机制的气动行波模式。
选取断面上表面前、后缘人行道栏杆与下表面断面底板测点气动力系数进行处理。由于断面表面测点为非均匀布置,同时为提升波数域分辨率,对断面表面瞬时修正压力分布进行分段三次埃尔米特插值,插值点间隔为0.001 m,上表面选取宽度Bup为1.75 m(前、后缘人行道栏杆之间,无量纲坐标为-0.46~0.46),下表面选取宽度Bdown为1.066 m(下表面底板,无量纲坐标为-0.28~0.28),插值后时空矩阵上表面空间点数为1751,下表面空间点数为1067,时间点数N为6000,时间间隔为0.01 s。对插值后的压力时空矩阵作二维离散傅里叶变换,实现时间-空间域至波数-频率域的转换。
上表面气动力时空功率谱如图11所示。图11中,XYZ轴分别表示无量纲波数Bup/λ、折减频率fB/U、能量Ekf),其中,k表示无量纲波数,f表示折减频率,能量取值为上述傅里叶变换后矩阵模的平方。为便于观察,同时采用谱峰高度与颜色表示能量大小。图中各点表示相应波数与频率的气动行波,原始压力序列可看作多个不同频率与波数的气动行波叠加组成。峰值高度则反映了气动行波作用强度,体现出气动行波对原始压力序列的贡献程度。
图11可见,原始断面与导流板断面上表面均存在一显著峰值,波峰对应频率与波数基本相同,其频率对应断面振动频率,无量纲波数均为0.9,波长约等于前、后缘防撞栏杆之间距离。结合图10气动行波模式,表明原始断面与导流板断面涡振均由同一气动行波模式诱导,该气动行波频率对应断面振动频率,波长约等于前、后缘防撞栏杆之间距离,与前文结论相符。
下表面气动力时空功率谱如图12所示。可见对于下表面,原始断面与导流板断面和上表面类似,同样存在一峰值,其能量量级远小于上表面。此外,其无量纲波长远大于主梁宽度,表明该区域气动力与主梁运动之间存在几乎恒定的相位差,称为涡激气动力的迟滞力成分[17]。该成分具有自激性质,可分解为与位移同相的气动刚度项、与速度同相的气动阻尼项。上表面气动行波作用强度远大于下表面,表明原始断面与导流板断面涡振主要由上表面气动行波主导。对于抑流板断面,其上、下表面时空功率谱峰值能量远远小于原始断面与导流板断面,且分布较为杂乱,同时其对应振动频率峰值较小,结合3.2节可知,增设抑流板抑制了断面上、下表面对应断面振动频率的气动行波,气动力能量呈宽带分布,不存在含能高的主导气动行波。
综上所述,原始断面与导流板断面上表面相位差沿来流方向单调递减,呈线性变化,表征存在气动行波沿来流方向传播。采用SPOD方法剖析断面表面压力时空分布,上表面气动力时空分布模式占主导地位,原始断面与导流板断面涡振均由断面振动基频处1阶SPOD模态对应气动力成分主导,该气动力成分沿下游呈现行波式演变,即为主导气动行波。其频率对应断面振动基频,波长与贡献值空间分布波长基本相等,约等于前、后缘防撞栏杆之间距离。抑流板断面上、下表面不存在上述主导气动行波效应。通过构建断面表面脉动压力时空功率谱可直观量化与解构对应不同激励机制的气动行波成分,原始断面与增设气动措施断面上表面气动力行波作用强度均远大于下表面。增设导流板后上表面主导气动行波传播模式基本不变,作用强度减小,故涡振幅值减小。抑流板由于使得上表面能量分布呈宽带分布特征,锁频现象消失,故而不发生涡振。
本文针对典型闭口箱梁主梁断面,进行了大尺度节段模型测振测压风洞试验,选取原始断面、增设导流板断面以及增设抑流板断面典型风速下工况,结合气动力时频特性与SPOD方法,研究了断面表面气动行波效应,进一步提出气动力时空功率谱对其进行验证。主要结论如下:
(1)原始断面在试验风速内存在3阶竖向涡振锁定区间,增设检修轨道导流板后3阶涡振振幅减小53.1%,增设人行道栏杆抑流板后涡振消失。原始断面与导流板断面上表面分布气动力与涡激力相位差单调递减,可表征存在对应振动频率处的气动行波传播。
(2)原始断面与导流板断面涡振由断面振动基频处1阶SPOD模态对应压力时空分布主导,沿下游呈现行波式演变,称为主导气动行波。其频率为断面振动频率,波长与贡献值空间分布基本一致,约等于前、后缘防撞栏杆之间距离。
(3)通过构建断面表面脉动压力时空功率谱可直观量化与解构对应不同激励机制的气动行波成分。原始断面与导流板断面上表面主导气动行波作用强度远大于下表面。增设导流板后上表面主导气动行波传播模式基本不变,作用强度减小,故涡振幅值减小。抑流板使得上表面能量分布呈宽带分布特征,锁频现象消失,故而不发生涡振。
研究归纳了涡振时断面表面复杂压力场中关键和主导气动力时空演变模式——气动行波,为桥梁主梁断面涡振机理分析和涡激力数理模型构建提供了思路。然而,上述气动行波模式对应流场物理机制尚不明确,未来将深入研究上述气动力时空分布模式内在流场微观机制,并将进一步推广至分体箱梁等主梁涡振及颤振机理研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52108471)
  • 桥梁结构抗风技术交通行业重点实验室开放课题基金资助项目(KLWRTBMC23-02)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3005301)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004105)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4201500)
  • 湖北省高等学校优秀中青年科技创新团队计划项目(T2022002)
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2025年第38卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310007
  • 接收时间:2023-10-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-07
  • 修回日期:2024-01-31
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52108471)
桥梁结构抗风技术交通行业重点实验室开放课题基金资助项目(KLWRTBMC23-02)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3005301)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004105)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4201500)
湖北省高等学校优秀中青年科技创新团队计划项目(T2022002)
作者信息
    1.武汉科技大学城市建设学院,湖北 武汉 430065
    2.同济大学桥梁结构抗风技术交通运输行业重点实验室,上海 200092
    3.武汉科技大学城市更新湖北省工程研究中心,湖北 武汉 430065
    4.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092

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赵林(1974—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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