Article(id=1227591037246440275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202305008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683129600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-04, revisedDate=1689091200000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610110817, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610110817, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610110817, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610110817, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591023870800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='8', pageStart='1645', pageEnd='1934', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610107611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610373804, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1739, endPage=1746, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591037581984603, articleId=1227591037246440275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Dynamic response diagnosis method for poor condition of high-speed railway fasteners, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the intelligence of fastener disease diagnosis,a fastener condition diagnosis method is proposed based on vehicle dynamic response data and generalized demodulation time-frequency analysis combined with sparrow search algorithm-support vector machine (SSA-SVM) model. The acceleration signals of the normal and abnormal sections of the fastener are collected,and the short-time Fourier transform and the maximum overlapping discrete wavelet packet transform are used to preprocess the signal data. The generalized demodulation time-frequency analysis method is used to decompose the signal,and the effective value,energy contribution rate and wavelength of the main information components are calculated as the characteristic index. The characteristic index is trained by the joint SSA-SVM model to construct the classification model. The results show that the accuracy of the method is 97.50%,and several evaluation indicators are used to verify that its effectiveness and accuracy can meet the actual needs.

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为解决传统高速铁路扣件状态诊断依赖于人工巡检的问题,提高扣件状态诊断的智能化,提出一种基于车辆动态响应数据,应用广义解调时频分析联合麻雀搜索算法优化支持向量机(sparrow search algorithm-support vector machine,SSA-SVM)的扣件状态诊断方法。利用安装在高速综合检测列车上的加速度传感器,采集扣件正常与失效区段的车辆振动响应信号,使用短时傅里叶变换与最大重叠离散小波包变换对信号数据进行预处理,获取频域信息与相位信息;利用广义解调时频分析方法分解信号,计算主要信息分量的有效值、能量贡献率和波长,作为扣件状态诊断的特征指标;联合SSA-SVM模型训练特征指标,用于构建分类模型。结果表明:该方法对高速铁路扣件状态诊断的准确率达到97.50%,SSA-SVM模型诊断效果优于其他方法,且使用多个评价指标验证其有效性和准确率能够满足实际应用的需求。

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刘金朝(1971—),男,博士,研究员。E-mail:
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周梁琪(1997—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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周梁琪(1997—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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Science Technology and Engineering2021,21(10):4025-4029., articleTitle=Fault diagnosis of rolling bearing based on sparrow search algorithm optimized support vector machine, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227653590634922604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037246440275, awardId=P2018G051-3, language=CN, fundingSource=中国铁路总公司科技研究开发计划项目(P2018G051-3), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227653590764946033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037246440275, awardId=2019YJ153, language=CN, fundingSource=中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司科研开发基金资助项目(2019YJ153), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227653580857999434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037246440275, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227653580866388044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037246440275, companyId=1227653580857999434, 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figureFileSmall=wNKahbKQG3I1BVrJRXh4DA==, figureFileBig=/2D7QsUvAh368gvpc3vdUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653587690521097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037246440275, language=CN, label=图10, caption=ROC曲线以及KS值和AUC值, figureFileSmall=wNKahbKQG3I1BVrJRXh4DA==, figureFileBig=/2D7QsUvAh368gvpc3vdUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653587812155916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037246440275, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Effective values of fasteners under different working conditions

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扣件状态有效值
正常0.2~0.5
失效1~10
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不同工作状态扣件的有效值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扣件状态有效值
正常0.2~0.5
失效1~10
), ArticleFig(id=1227653588051231262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037246440275, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Energy contribution rate of fasteners under different working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扣件状态能量贡献率
正常0~0.03
失效0.05~10
), ArticleFig(id=1227653588143505953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037246440275, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同工作状态扣件的能量贡献率

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扣件状态能量贡献率
正常0~0.03
失效0.05~10
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Wavelength values of fasteners under different working conditions

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扣件状态波长/mm
正常≠65
失效65
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不同工作状态扣件的波长值

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扣件状态波长/mm
正常≠65
失效65
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Results of model comparison experiments

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序号模型名称分类准确率/%模型训练时间/s
1SVM91.2513.75
2PSO-SVM95.0033.85
3SSA-SVM97.5017.64
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模型对比试验结果

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序号模型名称分类准确率/%模型训练时间/s
1SVM91.2513.75
2PSO-SVM95.0033.85
3SSA-SVM97.5017.64
), ArticleFig(id=1227653590030942788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037246440275, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Confusion matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测样本实际正样本实际负样本
正确预测样本TPFP
错误预测样本FNTN
), ArticleFig(id=1227653590152577612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037246440275, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

混淆矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测样本实际正样本实际负样本
正确预测样本TPFP
错误预测样本FNTN
), ArticleFig(id=1227653590295183959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037246440275, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Calculation results of model evaluation indicators

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精确率召回率F1分值
0.97230.93560.9547
), ArticleFig(id=1227653590408430172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037246440275, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

模型评价指标计算结果

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精确率召回率F1分值
0.97230.93560.9547
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高速铁路扣件状态不良动态响应诊断方法
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周梁琪 1 , 刘金朝 2 , 徐晓迪 2 , 李忠艳 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(8): 1739-1746
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(8): 1739-1746
高速铁路扣件状态不良动态响应诊断方法
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周梁琪1 , 刘金朝2 , 徐晓迪2, 李忠艳1
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学数理学院,北京 102206
  • 2.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司基础设施检测研究所,北京 100081
  • 周梁琪(1997—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘金朝(1971—),男,博士,研究员。E-mail:
Dynamic response diagnosis method for poor condition of high-speed railway fasteners
Liangqi ZHOU1 , Jinzhao LIU2 , Xiaodi XU2, Zhongyan LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mathematics and Physics,North China Electric Power University,Beijing 102206,China
  • 2.Infrastructure Inspection Research Institute,China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited,Beijing 100081,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202305008
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为解决传统高速铁路扣件状态诊断依赖于人工巡检的问题,提高扣件状态诊断的智能化,提出一种基于车辆动态响应数据,应用广义解调时频分析联合麻雀搜索算法优化支持向量机(sparrow search algorithm-support vector machine,SSA-SVM)的扣件状态诊断方法。利用安装在高速综合检测列车上的加速度传感器,采集扣件正常与失效区段的车辆振动响应信号,使用短时傅里叶变换与最大重叠离散小波包变换对信号数据进行预处理,获取频域信息与相位信息;利用广义解调时频分析方法分解信号,计算主要信息分量的有效值、能量贡献率和波长,作为扣件状态诊断的特征指标;联合SSA-SVM模型训练特征指标,用于构建分类模型。结果表明:该方法对高速铁路扣件状态诊断的准确率达到97.50%,SSA-SVM模型诊断效果优于其他方法,且使用多个评价指标验证其有效性和准确率能够满足实际应用的需求。

扣件状态诊断  /  车辆动态响应  /  广义解调时频分析方法  /  SSA-SVM模型

In order to improve the intelligence of fastener disease diagnosis,a fastener condition diagnosis method is proposed based on vehicle dynamic response data and generalized demodulation time-frequency analysis combined with sparrow search algorithm-support vector machine (SSA-SVM) model. The acceleration signals of the normal and abnormal sections of the fastener are collected,and the short-time Fourier transform and the maximum overlapping discrete wavelet packet transform are used to preprocess the signal data. The generalized demodulation time-frequency analysis method is used to decompose the signal,and the effective value,energy contribution rate and wavelength of the main information components are calculated as the characteristic index. The characteristic index is trained by the joint SSA-SVM model to construct the classification model. The results show that the accuracy of the method is 97.50%,and several evaluation indicators are used to verify that its effectiveness and accuracy can meet the actual needs.

fastener status diagnostics  /  vehicle dynamic response  /  generalized demodulation time-frequency analysis method  /  SSA-SVM model
周梁琪, 刘金朝, 徐晓迪, 李忠艳. 高速铁路扣件状态不良动态响应诊断方法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1739 -1746 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202305008
Liangqi ZHOU, Jinzhao LIU, Xiaodi XU, Zhongyan LI. Dynamic response diagnosis method for poor condition of high-speed railway fasteners[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1739 -1746 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202305008
高速铁路列车的行驶安全与轨道状态密不可分[1],而高速铁路轨道的扣件结构是其中的重要组成部件之一,起到了降噪缓振、固定钢轨与轨枕的作用[2]。扣件的工作状态分为正常、失效两种情况,其中扣件失效状态则包括:扣件螺栓松动、弹条失位、弹条损伤和弹条断裂等。传统的扣件状态诊断方法大多依赖于人工巡检,该方法的工作效率较低、成本过高,难以满足现代高速铁路的智能化检测需求。因此实现扣件状态的智能化、高精度和高效诊断,对于保证轨道列车安全运行具有重要意义[3]
目前,对于铁路扣件状态诊断的智能化检验方法主要是采用基于机器视觉的图像处理系统。通过在行驶的高速列车底部安装高速线阵相机,对铁道线路进行拍照获取扣件的图像数据,并将此刻的扣件位置用定位模块进行记录[4],然后运用小波变换等方法提取扣件子区域的特征,最后将特征输入到机器学习等分类器中进行训练学习,达到故障分类的目的[5-10]。该方法相较人工巡检的优势在于大幅地提高了检测精度,但目前仍存在检测设备复杂、对现场安装条件要求高等问题,同时该方法的实际应用效果会受光照等外界环境因素的影响。因此,其可推广性、适应性较差,限制了机器视觉在扣件状态检测方面的发展和应用。
本文提出一种基于车辆动态响应数据,应用广义解调时频分析联合SSA-SVM模型的高速铁路扣件状态诊断方法,针对连续多段扣件周期性状态不良问题进行诊断分析。首先进行数据预处理,运用短时傅里叶变换与最大重叠离散小波包变换,得到原始信号的频域信息与相位信息;其次,使用广义解调时频分析方法将信号进行分解处理,提取包含主要信息的分量,并选择有效值、能量贡献率、波长作为扣件状态诊断的特征指标;最后,通过SSA-SVM模型输入特征指标,进行扣件的分类诊断,并对诊断结果进行分析和评价,以证明该模型的可行性和精确性。
本文使用的数据集来源于高速综合检测列车的车辆动态响应检测系统,该系统通过在高速列车不同位置安装加速度传感器,采集列车行驶时的轴箱加速度、构架加速度、车体加速度以及行驶速度等实时数据[11],这些数据能够反映轨道及其各部件的工作状态。
研究发现,存在连续多段扣件失效会导致高速列车车轮和轨道之间产生较大的振动响应,进而引起轴箱的振动,因此本文利用轴箱垂向加速度数据来进行扣件状态的诊断。图1为某高速铁路轴箱加速度数据波形图,其中里程在K972+150~K972+200区段轴箱垂向加速度幅值较大,且呈现周期性波动,经实地查验该区段因轮轨接触激发扣件的剧烈振动,造成扣件的大量断裂,为连续多段扣件失效区段。
由于直接使用车辆动态响应数据集的幅值作为诊断扣件状态的特征指标时,容易出现随机性过强与阈值难以确定的问题,因此需要进行数据预处理操作。选取图1中扣件正常K972+110~K972+120区段、扣件失效K972+162~K972+172区段为例作对比试验,进行轴箱垂向加速度信号频域信息的频谱分析,并相应得到两个试验区段的边际谱,试验结果如图23所示。
边际谱图能够反映出信号的能量特征,可以看出图2扣件正常区段各频率段的能量分散且较低;而图3扣件失效区段能量集中且频率成分较单一,信号的周期性较强,从图23中比较看出,扣件正常区段的加速度信号波形图与扣件失效区段的边际谱图区别比较明显,说明加速度信号数据可以很好地表征扣件状态。
为更好地提取并描述扣件失效处时频特征,进一步研究容易引起扣件共振、导致扣件故障的频域范围,选取K972+162~K972+172扣件失效区段作短时傅里叶变换,进行轴箱垂向加速度信号频域信息的频谱分析[12],得到如图4所示的时频分布。
图4中可以看出,扣件失效处信息主要分布在[500,2500] Hz的频率范围内,同时原始信号x(t)的时频分布呈现出频带相互重叠且强度不同的多条直线。为了更好地提取原始信号x(t)中的时频特征,需将这些信号分量进行分离处理。而传统的滤波器、傅里叶变换或小波变换都难以实现这一功能,为此本文采用广义解调时频分析方法进行前期的信号处理。
广义解调时频分析是一种新兴的信号处理方法,其特点是善于处理多分量信号、非平稳信号[13],通过将广义解调与最大重叠离散小波包变换(maximal overlap discrete wavelet packet transform,MODWPT)结合,使时频特征由非平稳的曲线形式转换为一系列线性、与时间轴平行的单分量信号之和。其方法流程如下[14]
步骤1 对原始信号x(t)进行Hilbert变换:y(t)=x(t)+jH[x(t)],得到解析信号。
步骤2 在使用广义解调方法时需预知分析信号的时频分布情况,故此时利用最大重叠离散小波包对原始信号进行处理,结果如图5所示。
采用拟合法:使用一次多项式拟合得到相位函数s(t)=b1t,其中,b1为一次函数的斜率,b1=1.62×10-5
图5可知,通过最大重叠离散小波包变换[15]得到的分量信号,体现的能量随时间和频率分布的曲线波动较为明显。
步骤3 为了解决最大重叠离散小波包变换结果波动明显的问题,对y(t)进行广义解调,得到解调函数d(t)=y(t)e-j2πs(t),再对d(t)进行Hilbert变换,得到新的解析信号z(t)=d(t)+H[d(t)]
步骤4 利用最大重叠离散小波包将信号z(t)分解成一系列分量之和,即z(t)=i=1Jci(t),其中,J为广义解调分解得到的分量信号个数。
步骤5 将分量信号ci(t)反向解调处理后,进而获得解析信号ri(t)=ci(t)ej2πs(t),其中i=1,2,,J
步骤6 计算各解析信号ri(t)的瞬时频率fi(t)和瞬时幅值ai(t)[16]
fi(t)=12πarctan[Im(ri(t))Re(ri(t))]
ai(t)=[Re(ri(t))]2+[Im(ri(t))]2
式中,Re为复数的实部;Im为复数的虚部。
步骤7 绘制Hilbert谱如图6所示。
图6中可以看出,采用基于广义解调时频分析方法处理信号后,时频分布转换成了一条近似与时间轴平行的直线,且时频特性集中度更高。
为能体现扣件状态特征,本文选取了有效值、能量贡献率和波长三个指标对数据特征进行刻画,以长度10 m为一试验区段(即每组试验数据为长度10 m的里程路段的扣件状态),经过160组扣件状态正常、160组失效区段,共320组区段案例得到评价指标,并以某高速铁路扣件失效K972+162~K972+172区段为例进行论证。
有效值(均方根值)可以反映所选信号的能量大小和数据的幅值变化情况。由于经过扣件失效区段的振动加速度数据的幅值通常变化较大,因此选取有效值作为特征指标,计算公式如下:
Xrms=1Ni=1Nxi2
式中,N表示有效值窗长。
利用前文对加速度原始信号x(t)进行广义解调时频处理的方法,分解得到了若干分量信号,对应计算其各自的有效值Xrms1,Xrms2,,Xrmsn,并通过计算各分量信号的能量与原信号能量的比例,筛选得到能量占比较大的分量,即为能够体现扣件失效信息的主要分量,例如:K972+162~K972+172区段主要分量有效值为1.329。
按上述方法,计算并归纳大量扣件状态正常和失效区段案例的加速度信号主要分量,剔除模糊区间后总结得到该诊断标准划分如表1所示。
当扣件失效时,信号的能量分布会随信号中频率信息分布的变化而产生变化[17]。为了验证此变化,在通过广义解调方法将每段案例区段分解为若干子信号的基础上,计算试验区段各子信号的能量分布,量化不同频段信号能量在全频段信号总能量中的比例,即能量贡献率。能量贡献率的计算公式为:
H=Xrmsi2XrmsT2
式中,Xrmsi为第i个子信号的有效值;XrmsT为原始信号x(t)的有效值。
例如:K972+162~K972+172区段能量贡献率为:
H=1.32925.8312=0.0520
按上述方法,计算并归纳大量扣件状态正常和失效区段案例的加速度信号,得到主要分量的能量贡献率的数值,排除模糊区后结果如表2所示。
波长表示波在一个完整的振动周期内传播的距离大小,其计算公式为:
λ=uf
式中,u为波速;f为振动频率。
波速数据的计算来源为车辆振动响应数据中的速度数据,例如K972+162~K972+172区段列车行驶速度为163 km/h,即45.3 m/s。通过观察主要分量信号的边际谱,发现其实际频率结果如图7所示,能量集中在693.9 Hz处。
因此,本文选用的K972+162~K972+172扣件失效区段的波长计算为:45.3/693.9=0.065 m,由于扣件放置于轨枕上,而轨枕间距为0.065 m,因此扣件振动波长与轨枕间距对应,形成周期性波长,所以扣件波长的失效值设定为定值0.065 m。此外,为排除计算结果是由于线路不平顺造成的,考虑到扣件失效区段波长为0.065 m,属于短波不平顺;而通常利用轨道几何检测测量的线路不平顺在2 m以上,属于中长波不平顺,在上一节使用的时频分析方法,已利用1 m以下的高通滤波去除线路中长波不平顺的影响。
按上述方法计算大量扣件状态正常和失效区段案例的波长,经去除模糊区间后发现扣件失效区段的波长为定值,具体结果如表3所示。
综上,区段中扣件状态不同,其加速度信号有效值、能量贡献率和波长就不同,通过特征指标进行非线性组合诊断扣件的工作状态。后续对特征的分类训练通过机器学习的方法实现,故引入SSA-SVM模型进行模型试验并对结果进行评价。
扣件状态诊断模型的设计基于Python语言开发,并使用到Tensorflow和Sklearn等工具库。
支持向量机在机械故障诊断中得到了广泛的应用。该方法在处理非线性、小样本和高维模式识别等类型的问题时具有良好的性能[18-19]。在使用支持向量机时,惩罚因子C和核函数参数σ的选取是故障诊断精度最重要的影响因素[20-21]。但现有的支持向量机参数优化方法普遍存在着寻优速度慢、调整参数过多、易陷入局部最优等问题,致使其故障识别精度不高。
本文采用一种麻雀搜索算法优化支持向量机的分类模型,用于对扣件故障诊断。麻雀搜索算法是参考麻雀觅食行为的一种新型群体智能优化算法,相较其他优化算法有寻优与收敛的速度快、算法的鲁棒性强、可高精度全局搜索等优势。该算法通过模拟麻雀觅食过程获得最优参数Cσ,将迭代训练得到的最佳参数进行保存X(bestC,bestσ),并将该参数组输入到SVM模型中进行样本分类训练和测试[22]图8为SSA-SVM模型流程图。
SSA-SVM模型的优势是:一方面增加样本的均匀性及多样性;另一方面避免SVM中惩罚因子C与核函数参数σ选取的主观性,降低计算陷入局部最优的几率。因此,本文使用SSA-SVM模型训练扣件正常与失效区段数据建立的模型,以实现高速铁路扣件的状态分类诊断。
根据前文内容,选用有效值、能量贡献率和波长三个指标作为故障诊断模型的特征参数。共选取240组特征数据作为模型的训练集输入,其中包括120组失效区段数据和120组正常区段数据;测试集数据每种另外选取40组,共80组数据进行模型测试。
为了体现SSA-SVM模型的优越性,采用对比试验的方法,将传统SVM模型、PSO-SVM模型与SSA-SVM模型的试验结果进行比较,各类模型最优的分类结果如表4所示。
根据表4中结果可以得出,SSA-SVM模型相较于传统SVM模型和PSO-SVM模型的分类准确率更高且耗时较少,整体优势明显。将扣件状态诊断辨识结果绘制成散点图,如图9所示。
为了更进一步评价SSA-SVM模型对故障诊断的效果,考虑到本文是针对扣件正常与失效两种状态的判断,为典型二分类问题,故采用常规的机器学习模型评价方法,引入混淆矩阵的方式如表5所示。
利用混淆矩阵的TPFPFNTN四个参数,绘制成操作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC),计算操作特征曲线的KS值和AUC值并进行评价;另外,本文还通过计算分类器结果的精确率、召回率和F1分值三个评价指标,来更全面地展示分类器的效果。
ROC曲线是以FPR为横坐标轴、TPR为纵坐标轴,从0到1调整阈值后构成数对(FPRTPR)组合形成的曲线。TPR指分类正确的正样本占比,FPR指分类错误的负样本占比,二者计算公式如下:
TPR=TPTP+FN
FPR=FPFP+TN
KS值指TPRFPR的误差绝对值的最大值,用以体现分类的区分度;AUC值是ROC曲线与横坐标FPR之间组成的面积大小,用以体现分类的质量好坏。KS值与AUC值越接近1,表明该分类器的效果越好。本文绘制的ROC曲线以及KS值和AUC值结果如图10所示。
图10可以看出,模型对扣件故障的分类结果的ROC曲线上升较快且距离参考线较远,计算得到的KS值和AUC值均在0.9以上,这一结果表明SSA-SVM模型对扣件状态分类有极佳的分类效果。
三者均为分类器评价的常用指标,其中精确率是指正确分类的正例个数占分类为正例的实例个数的比例,其计算公式为:
Precisoin =TPTP+FP
召回率是指正确分类的正例个数占全部实际正例个数的比例,其计算公式为:
Recall=TPTP+FN
F1分值是将召回率和精确率取调和平均,对两个指标进行综合性评价,其计算公式为:
F1=2×Precision×RecallPrecision + Recall 
计算得到的精确率、召回率和F1分值结果如表6所示。
表6中可以看出,精确率、召回率和F1分值三个评价指标的计算结果数值均在0.9以上,对模型的分类效果有很高的评价。
综上所述,通过绘制ROC曲线,并计算其KS值和AUC值,以及通过计算精确率、召回率与F1分值等模型评价指标的结果来看,本文构建的扣件状态诊断模型均取得了极佳效果,表明将本文设计并选取的有效值、能量贡献率和波长三个特征参数输入SSA-SVM模型中训练,能够有效且高精度地对高速铁路扣件状态进行诊断。
为克服人工巡检的效率极低、人力成本高,以及机器视觉在扣件失效检测方面存在推广性、适应性较差等问题。本文提出了一种广义解调时频分析联合SSA-SVM模型的高速铁路扣件状态诊断方法。取得的成果具体如下:
(1)为实现对信号中所蕴含的有效信息的提取,首先,采用最大重叠离散小波包变换,过滤掉噪声与故障信号中无关的频率分量,并结合信号自身特性,对其进行相位函数的拟合;其次,通过广义解调时频分析方法分解信号;最后,根据能量占比提取其中的有效信息。
(2)将提取到的包含扣件状态信息的分量信号进行计算处理,制定有效值、能量贡献率和波长三类特征作为诊断扣件状态的评价标准,并用于后续分类。
(3)为实现扣件故障的高效智能化检测,利用麻雀搜索算法优化支持向量机模型进行状态分类判别,最终模型分类准确度为97.50%,结果表明该方法对扣件状态检测具有较高的识别准确率。
(4)将SSA-SVM与其他两种分类检测模型的结果进行了对比试验,证明了经SSA算法优化后的SVM模型具有较高的识别精度以及较快的运算速度。
(5)最后通过绘制ROC曲线,并计算KS值和AUC值,以及通过计算精确率、召回率与F1分值等指标评价模型性能,进一步表明了SSA-SVM模型对扣件状态诊断的高准确性。
综上所述,本文基于车辆动态响应数据,针对连续多段扣件周期性状态不良问题,建立的广义解调时频分析联合SSA-SVM模型的扣件失效诊断方法具有较高的有效性和准确性,可以为相关领域的应用提供技术参考。
  • 中国铁路总公司科技研究开发计划项目(P2018G051-3)
  • 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司科研开发基金资助项目(2019YJ153)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202305008
  • 接收时间:2023-05-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-04
  • 修回日期:2023-07-12
基金
中国铁路总公司科技研究开发计划项目(P2018G051-3)
中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司科研开发基金资助项目(2019YJ153)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学数理学院,北京 102206
    2.中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司基础设施检测研究所,北京 100081

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刘金朝(1971—),男,博士,研究员。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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