Article(id=1227591037221274450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694620800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-14, revisedDate=1713542400000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610110812, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610110812, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610110812, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610110812, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591023870800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='8', pageStart='1645', pageEnd='1934', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610107611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610373804, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1645, endPage=1654, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591037548430169, articleId=1227591037221274450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Analysis of landing gear shimmy considering tire time delay effect, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The tire deformation traveling wave characteristics vary at different vibration frequencies and speeds,and are influenced by the coupling of landing gear structural vibration,resulting in continuous changes in tire lateral deformation modes. The tire models for previous traditional landing gear shimmy analysis are quasi-static restoring force model,which assumes that the functional relationship between tire lateral force,self-aligning moment and lateral deformation is fixed. Based on the tire stretched string theory,a time delay tire model coupled with landing gear shimmy is established to analyze the dynamic changes in tire lateral deformation modes,and the real-time lateral deformation distribution of the tire and the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the landing gear during shimmy are obtained. The time delay is introduced to calculate the tire deformation traveling wave,and the stability of the landing gear tire coupled shimmy model is studied by the bisection method. The testing methods for the parameters of time delay tire shimmy model is provided. Using the methods presented in this paper,the landing gear shimmy analysis and experimental test of a certain aircraft are conducted. The calculated vibration frequency and shimmy stability region are consistent with the analysis results of traditional tire models and test results.

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航空轮胎变形波的传播受到起落架摆振频率、滑跑速度和结构振动耦合的影响,会导致轮胎侧向变形模式产生相应变化。以往的起落架轮胎摆振分析模型为传统的准静态恢复力模型,假设轮胎侧向力、回正力矩与轮胎侧偏角、侧向变形的函数关系固定不变。本文基于轮胎张线理论,构建了一种考虑时滞效应的轮胎模型及考虑轮胎侧向变形模式动态变化的起落架-轮胎耦合摆振分析方程,实时计算轮胎在振动过程中的侧向变形空间分布,求解起落架与轮胎非线性动力学行为。引入时滞参数计算轮胎变形波的传播,借助二分法研究起落架-轮胎耦合摆振方程的稳定性,分析关键参数变化对起落架系统稳定性的影响,并给出了考虑时滞效应影响的摆振分析参数的测试方法及起落架摆振验证方法。通过本文方法进行某型飞机起落架摆振分析及试验验证,计算得到的振动频率及摆振稳定区域与传统轮胎模型分析结果及试验结果相一致,验证了本文所构建的考虑轮胎侧向变形模式动态变化的起落架摆振分析方法的工程适用性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘小川(1983—),男,博士,研究员。E-mail:
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刘冲冲(1985—),男,博士,高级工程师。E-mail:

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刘冲冲(1985—),男,博士,高级工程师。E-mail:

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刘冲冲(1985—),男,博士,高级工程师。E-mail:

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Journal of Vibration Engineering2023,36(4):903-908., articleTitle=Intelligent prediction of tire stiffness and application in landing gear shimmy analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227653591628972704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037221274450, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=57, issue=3, pageStart=455, pageEnd=467, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=35, authorNames=THOTA P, KRAUSKOPF B, LOWENBERG M, journalName=Nonlinear Dynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=THOTA PKRAUSKOPF BLOWENBERG M. Interaction of torsion and lateral bending in aircraft nose landing gear shimmy[J]. 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figureFileBig=3rHnTRP4BDtpKtIdsfv7+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653585626923383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037221274450, language=CN, label=图18, caption=起落架摆振试验系统, figureFileSmall=Dy7aaqM6cwjZChYLtgmsaw==, figureFileBig=3rHnTRP4BDtpKtIdsfv7+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653585702420864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037221274450, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Parameters of landing gear and tyre

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序号参数单位取值
1Iψkgm22.55
2CψNms/rad150
3KψNm/rad121000
4Iδkgm242.26
5CδNms/rad500
6KδNm/rad2420000
7lm0.05
8am0.1
9lgm1.07
10kN/m2510000
11cNs/m2600
12Ikgm20.52
13Rm0.22
14σm0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1227653585790501258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591037221274450, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

起落架及轮胎参数

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序号参数单位取值
1Iψkgm22.55
2CψNms/rad150
3KψNm/rad121000
4Iδkgm242.26
5CδNms/rad500
6KδNm/rad2420000
7lm0.05
8am0.1
9lgm1.07
10kN/m2510000
11cNs/m2600
12Ikgm20.52
13Rm0.22
14σm0.3
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考虑轮胎时滞效应的起落架摆振分析
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刘冲冲 1 , 刘小川 1 , 许勇 2, 3 , 杨正权 1 , 黄兆铭 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(8): 1645-1654
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(8): 1645-1654
考虑轮胎时滞效应的起落架摆振分析
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刘冲冲1 , 刘小川1 , 许勇2, 3, 杨正权1, 黄兆铭1
作者信息
  • 1.中国飞机强度研究所强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065
  • 2.西北工业大学数学与统计学院,陕西 西安 710072
  • 3.空天领域复杂性科学教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710072
  • 刘冲冲(1985—),男,博士,高级工程师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘小川(1983—),男,博士,研究员。E-mail:
Analysis of landing gear shimmy considering tire time delay effect
Chongchong LIU1 , Xiaochuan LIU1 , Yong XU2, 3, Zhengquan YANG1, Zhaoming HUANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity,Aircraft Strength Research Institute of China,Xi’an 710065,China
  • 2.School of Mathematics and Statistics,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710072,China
  • 3.MOE Key Laboratory for Complexity Science in Aerospace,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710072,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309040
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航空轮胎变形波的传播受到起落架摆振频率、滑跑速度和结构振动耦合的影响,会导致轮胎侧向变形模式产生相应变化。以往的起落架轮胎摆振分析模型为传统的准静态恢复力模型,假设轮胎侧向力、回正力矩与轮胎侧偏角、侧向变形的函数关系固定不变。本文基于轮胎张线理论,构建了一种考虑时滞效应的轮胎模型及考虑轮胎侧向变形模式动态变化的起落架-轮胎耦合摆振分析方程,实时计算轮胎在振动过程中的侧向变形空间分布,求解起落架与轮胎非线性动力学行为。引入时滞参数计算轮胎变形波的传播,借助二分法研究起落架-轮胎耦合摆振方程的稳定性,分析关键参数变化对起落架系统稳定性的影响,并给出了考虑时滞效应影响的摆振分析参数的测试方法及起落架摆振验证方法。通过本文方法进行某型飞机起落架摆振分析及试验验证,计算得到的振动频率及摆振稳定区域与传统轮胎模型分析结果及试验结果相一致,验证了本文所构建的考虑轮胎侧向变形模式动态变化的起落架摆振分析方法的工程适用性。

摆振  /  起落架  /  轮胎  /  时滞  /  稳定性  /  阻尼

The tire deformation traveling wave characteristics vary at different vibration frequencies and speeds,and are influenced by the coupling of landing gear structural vibration,resulting in continuous changes in tire lateral deformation modes. The tire models for previous traditional landing gear shimmy analysis are quasi-static restoring force model,which assumes that the functional relationship between tire lateral force,self-aligning moment and lateral deformation is fixed. Based on the tire stretched string theory,a time delay tire model coupled with landing gear shimmy is established to analyze the dynamic changes in tire lateral deformation modes,and the real-time lateral deformation distribution of the tire and the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the landing gear during shimmy are obtained. The time delay is introduced to calculate the tire deformation traveling wave,and the stability of the landing gear tire coupled shimmy model is studied by the bisection method. The testing methods for the parameters of time delay tire shimmy model is provided. Using the methods presented in this paper,the landing gear shimmy analysis and experimental test of a certain aircraft are conducted. The calculated vibration frequency and shimmy stability region are consistent with the analysis results of traditional tire models and test results.

shimmy  /  landing gear  /  tires  /  time delay  /  stability  /  damping
刘冲冲, 刘小川, 许勇, 杨正权, 黄兆铭. 考虑轮胎时滞效应的起落架摆振分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1645 -1654 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309040
Chongchong LIU, Xiaochuan LIU, Yong XU, Zhengquan YANG, Zhaoming HUANG. Analysis of landing gear shimmy considering tire time delay effect[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1645 -1654 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309040
轮胎与地面接触区域内侧向复杂变形和载荷的传递受到摩擦定律控制的影响,部分为粘着区域,部分为滑移区域,轮胎动力学分析要在精度和计算代价之间取得平衡。飞机起落架在发生摆振的过程中,起落架与轮胎的侧向变形与扭转变形互相耦合,使得轮胎侧向变形模式动态变化,从而导致轮胎侧向力、回正力矩与轮胎侧向变形函数关系非线性动态变化。美国兰利中心的研究报告指出[1],轮胎刚度随轮胎运动状态的变化而改变,通过对比不滚动轮胎动力学特性与滚动轮胎动力学特性,两者力学特性相差很大,其中滚动轮胎扭转刚度不到不滚动轮胎扭转刚度的三分之一,其原因是轮胎在不同运动状态下侧向变形模式不同。以往摆振分析中使用的轮胎模型,例如,Smiley模型[2-5]、Moreland模型[6-10]、魔术公式等[11-14]模型中轮胎侧向变形模式固定线性不变,从而导致模型不够精确,计算响应与实际物理过程有一定的误差。飞机及起落架的轻量化设计需求提高,对摆振分析的精度要求也更高,因此有必要在摆振分析中构建更准确的轮胎模型[15-16]
WEI等[17]开发了一种非线性有限元程序,用于模拟轮胎速度相关的侧向动力学行为,但是将有限元程序结合现有摆振分析程序计算起落架摆振问题,计算代价高导致效率较低。XU等[18]对轮胎的侧偏特性随速度变化的特性也开展了相关研究,建立UniTire-Model轮胎模型来描述速度对轮胎侧偏特性的影响,并采用拟合的方法模拟不同速度下的摩擦系数。但是该模型主要针对轮胎侧向力及回正力矩饱和状态下摩擦系数随速度的变化开展研究,与起落架发生摆振瞬间的轮胎侧向力状态并不完全一致。TAKÁCS等[19]基于轮胎张线理论,将轮胎与地面接触区域简化为一接触线,假设该接触线在小角度变形下与地面没有滑移,构建了轮胎时滞分析模型,其约束的数学形式是一个偏微分方程(PDE),该PDE方程耦合到积分微分方程(IDE)可求解机轮的摆振动力学行为,此方法可考虑轮胎侧向变形模式动态变化对轮胎侧向力、回正力矩与轮胎侧向变形函数关系的影响,与传统的轮胎静态恢复力摆振模型相比,其与物理实际更相符。相关分析结果显示,与传统轮胎模型相比,该轮胎模型在低速度区间预测出了额外的不稳定区域,甚至出现了准周期振动,并且通过试验进行了验证[19-24]。将该时滞轮胎模型应用于起落架摆振分析以提高起落架动力学分析精度,但国内外缺少该模型与起落架结构耦合振动方面的研究,需要在现有时滞轮胎模型研究的基础上,研究起落架摆振与轮胎侧向变形和扭转变形振动耦合影响,构建起落架与轮胎时滞动力学耦合摆振分析模型。
本文基于轮胎张线理论,将轮胎与地面接触区域简化为一接触线,假设该接触线在小角度变形下与地面没有滑移,构建考虑轮胎侧向变形模式动态变化的起落架-轮胎耦合摆振分析模型,通过数值方法计算轮胎在发生摆振过程中的实时侧向变形模式,求解起落架系统非线性动力学行为。引入时滞,计算轮胎变形波的传播,研究起落架-轮胎耦合摆振方程的稳定性,研究关键参数对起落架-轮胎耦合振动稳定性的影响,并给出时滞轮胎模型参数测试方法。通过本文构建的时滞轮胎模型与摆振分析方法进行某型飞机起落架摆振分析及与试验测试对比验证,计算得到的振动频率及摆振区域与传统轮胎分析结果及试验测试结果一致,然而,通过时滞轮胎模型分析,发现起落架摆振稳定区域相对于传统轮胎模型而言,轮胎刚度的变化对起落架稳定性的影响更大。
图1所示,起落架在发生摆振的过程中,结构会产生侧向变形和扭转变形,侧向弯曲变形角和扭转变形角分别用δψ表示。l为起落架稳定矩,lg为起落架等效高度,v为起落架滑行速度。将轮胎与地面的接触简化为一个有恢复弹性力的张线,如图2所示。
轮胎与地面接触区域在点LR之间,x[-aa],其中a为轮胎与地面接触半长。在接触线外,轮胎侧向变形指数衰减,定义如下:
q(x,t)={q(a,t)e-x-aσ ,x[a,)q(-a,t)ex+aσ,x[-,-a)
式中,σ为轮胎松弛长度。
建立起落架在操纵状态下的摆振动力学方程如下:
Iψψ¨+Cψψ˙+Kψψ+Iδ˙vR=-k-(l-x)q(x,t)dx-c-(l-x)ddtq(x,t)dx
Iδδ¨+Cδδ.+Kδδ-Iψ˙vR=-klg-q(x,t)dx-clg-ddtq(x,t)dx
式中,Iψ为起落架扭转转动惯量;Cψ为起落架扭转阻尼;Kψ为起落架扭转刚度;I为机轮转动惯量;R为轮胎的半径;Iδ为起落架侧向转动惯量;Cδ为起落架侧向阻尼;Kδ为起落架侧向刚度;k为轮胎单位长度侧向刚度;c为轮胎单位长度侧向阻尼;q(x,t)为轮胎张线单点的侧向变形;q'(x,t)表示q(x,t)关于x的偏导数;lg为起落架等效高度,表示为:
lg=Lcosθ
式中,L为起落架高度;θ为起落架前倾角。
假设轮胎滚动过程中,在小角度变形下与地面没有滑移,在地面坐标系XYZ下,考虑起落架扭转变形和侧向变形与轮胎的振动耦合,轮胎与地面接触点P运动约束方程可表示为:
[X(x,t)Y(x,t)]=[vt-(l-x)cosψ(t)-q(x,t)sinψ(t)-lgδ(t)sinψ(t)-(l-x)sinψ(t)+lgδ(t)cosψ(t)+q(x,t)cosψ(t)]
接触点P横坐标 x[-a,a]
假设轮胎在小角度偏转下无滑移,dX(x,t)dt=0dY(x,t)dt=0,则:
{dX(x,t)dtsinψ(t)-dY(x,t)dtcosψ(t)=0dX(x,t)dtcosψ(t)+dY(x,t)dtsinψ(t)=0
可得到:
{ddtq(x,t)=vsinψ(t)+(l-x)ψ˙(t)-lgδ˙(t)x˙=-vcosψ(t)+q(x,t)ψ˙(t)+lgδ˙(t)ψ˙(t)
其中:
ddtq(x,t)=q˙(x,t)+ q'(x,t)x˙
结合式(7)和(8)可得到:
q˙(x,t)=vsinψ(t)+(l-x)ψ˙(t)-lgδ˙(t)+   q'(x,t)[vcosψ(t)-q(x,t)ψ˙(t)-   lgδ˙(t)ψ˙(t)]
起落架结构刚度可通过静态有限元分析及试验的方法获得[16],本文不再赘述。轮胎参数测试原理图如图3所示。试验系统由垂向加载系统、水平加载系统、加载框架、试验夹具、力传感器、位移传感器等组成。试验过程中,通过垂向加载系统将轮胎压缩至设定载荷,通过水平加载系统拖动水平加载平台,使得轮胎发生侧向变形,同步测试轮胎侧向变形、侧向力,获得轮胎侧向力F-侧向变形S曲线,可求出单位长度轮胎侧向刚度。通过压敏纸测试轮胎在不同垂直载荷作用下的接触地面印记,并测定轮胎接触半长。轮胎松弛长度测试方法参照SAE ARP 4955A—2012[25]
F-S曲线为一时滞曲线(如图4所示),点UDL为曲线下半支上的点,D点为位移中点,U点和L点位移分别比D点位移大和小10%,轮胎单位长度侧向刚度k由下式计算[25]
{SD=0.5(Smax+Smin)SU=SD+0.1(Smax-Smin)SL=SD-0.1(Smax-Smin)k=(FU-FL)/[(σ+2a)(SU-SL)]
式中,SD为轮胎变形曲线的等效零点;SmaxSmin分别为轮胎变形位移的最大值和最小值;SU为轮胎等效变形比为10%的位移;SL为轮胎等效变形比为-10%的位移;FU为轮胎等效变形比为10%的侧向力;FL为轮胎等效变形比为-10%的侧向力。
单位长度轮胎侧向阻尼系数为:
ζ=0.5F(S=0)+-F(S=0)-(σ+2a)(Fmax-Fmin)
式中,FmaxFmin分别为轮胎侧向力的最大值和最小值;F(S=0)+为侧向位移等于0时的轮胎侧向力的正值;F(S=0)-为侧向位移等于0时的轮胎侧向力的负值。
某型飞机起落架及轮胎参数如表1所示。
假设qxt)在初始接触点L处是连续可微的,即在L点没有发生畸变[12]
q'(a,t)=-q(a,t)σ
通过Lax-Wendroff方法[26]结合龙格-库塔方法,求解PDE-IDE方程(2)、(3)、(9)。Lax-Wendroff方法将原方程进行泰勒展开,推导出离散方程进行递推计算,空间网格点的数量为200,算法在时间和空间上具有二阶精度。
起落架初始扭转角速度ψ˙=2 rad/s,其余起落架及轮胎变形初始值为0,计算得到10、50 m/s滑跑速度下起落架摆振响应及典型时刻下轮胎变形分别如图56所示。图中,t*为某一典型时刻,q*为t*时刻轮胎的侧向变形。从图中可以看出,轮胎的变形模式并不是线性的,因此用传统的线性轮胎模型计算摆振有一定的局限性。起落架扭转变形与侧向变形有一定的相位差滞后,起落架低速滑跑振动收敛,在速度为50 m/s滑跑时,发生摆振。
起落架在发生摆振的过程中,起落架侧向振动1个周期内轮胎不同时刻的侧向变形如图7所示,扭转振动1个周期内轮胎不同时刻的侧向变形如图8所示。在不同振动频率、不同滑跑速度下轮胎变形波的传递不同,轮胎变形的振动与起落架侧向变形振动有明显的相位差。
计算起落架在不同速度下的摆振响应幅值如图9所示。从起落架侧向变形摆振响应幅值随速度变化的曲线中可以看出,起落架在40~60 m/s速度区间内发生摆振。
τ为轮胎从L点到P点需要的时间,即时滞参数,假设轮胎在小角度偏转下无滑移,即起落架在向前滑行带动机轮转动的过程中,轮胎一旦与地面接触就始终固定在地面上,直至离开地面,公式表示为[19]
[X(x,t)Y(y,t)]=[X(a,t-τ)Y(a,t-τ)]
将式(5)代入式(13),得到:
x=a-vτ
q(x,t)=(l+vτ-a)ψ(t)-lgδ(t)-(l-a)ψ(t-τ)+lgδ(t-τ)+q(a,t-τ)
由式(9)和(12)可得:
q˙(a,t)=vsinψ(t)+(l-a)ψ˙(t)-lgδ˙(t)-   q(a,t)σ[vcosψ(t)-q(a,t)ψ˙(t)-   lgδ˙(t)ψ˙(t)]
由式(14)可得:
q(-a,t)=(l+a)ψ(t)-lgδ(t)-(l-a)ψ(t-2av)+lgδ(t-2av)+q(a,t-2av)
将式(14)~(17)代入式(2)和(3),不考虑轮胎阻尼的影响,得到:
Iψψ¨+Cψψ˙+Kψψ+Iδ˙vR+2kal2ψ+2ka33ψ-2kallgδ+kσ(l-a-σ)q(a,t)=kv02av(l+vτ-a)[lgδ(t-τ)+q(a,t-τ)-(l-a)ψ(t-τ)]dτ-kσ(l+a+σ)q(a,t-2av)
Iδδ¨+Cδδ˙+Kδδ-Iψ˙vR+2kallgψ-2kalg2δ+kσlgq(a,t)=kvlg02av[lgδ(t-τ)+q(a,t-τ)-(l-a)ψ(t-τ)]dτ-kσlgq(a,t-2av)
vσq(a,t)+q˙(a,t)-vψ(t)-(l-a)ψ˙(t)+lgδ˙(t)=0
写成矩阵形式为:
Jp¨(t)+Cp˙(t)+Kp(t)=02avκ1(τ)p(t-τ)dτ+κ2p(t-2av)
其中:
p(t)=[ψδq(a)],J=[Iψ000Iδ0000],C=[CψIυR0IυRCδ0allδ1]
K=[Kψ+2ka33+2kal2-2kallgkσ(l-a-σ)2kallgKδ-2kalg2kσlg-v0vσ]
κ1(τ)=[-kv(l-a)(l+vτ-a)kvlg (l+vτ-a)kv (l+vτ-a)-kvlg(l-a)kvlg2kvlg000]
κ2=[00-kσ(l+a+σ)00-kσlg000]
设:
p(t)=[ψδq(a)]=A1eλt,A1C3
式中,λ为方程(21)的线性化特征值;C3表示A1所在三维空间。则起落架时滞轮胎模型特征值方程为:
DB(λ)=det[λ2J+λC+K+     1λ(κ1·2av·e- 2avλ-κ1(0))+     1λ2κ1'(e- 2avλ-1)-e- 2avλκ2]=0
其中:
κ1'(τ)=[-kv2(l-a)kv2lgkv2000000]
式(27)的所有解的实部为负,系统振动收敛。如出现纯虚复共轭特征值,满足下式:
DB(0±iω)=0
式中,ω为起落架系统摆振圆频率。系统发生分岔,当解的实部从零变为正时,起落架发生摆振[1924]
由于式(29)为超越方程,需要通过数值方法来检测稳定性边界,固定除速度vCψ以外的所有参数,借助二分法[26-27]获得起落架摆振稳定性分析图如图10所示。图10中,μ为起落架扭转阻尼变化系数,即扭转阻尼与初始扭转阻尼的比值。曲线上部为稳定区域,从图10中可以看出,系统在40~60 m/s速度区间抑制摆振需要的阻尼最大,该速度区域内易发生摆振。摆振频率f在27.5~29.1 Hz之间,随着速度的增大而增大。
起落架阻尼与速度临界曲线,摆振频率曲线与通过Smiley模型、Moreland模型[4-5928]摆振分析的结果相比,曲线趋势一致。
取该稳定曲线中四个点(50,1.1)、(50,0.9)、(80,1.0)、(80,0.8),如图11所示。计算摆振响应如图12所示。
固定除速度v和轮胎单位长度侧向刚度k以外的所有参数,获得起落架摆振稳定性分析图如图13所示。图13中,η为轮胎单位长度侧向刚度变化系数,即轮胎单位长度侧向刚度与初始值的比值。在一定载荷范围内,起落架垂直载荷越大,轮胎单位长度侧向刚度越大。曲线下方为稳定区域,从图13中可以看出,在速度为40~60 m/s范围内,起落架发生摆振的临界刚度较小,该速度范围内,起落架在大载荷工况下轮胎单位长度侧向刚度较大,如果高于临界刚度,则易发生摆振。从中可以推理得出降低轮胎侧向刚度有利于抑制起落架摆振。将起落架侧向刚度降低为初始刚度的0.6倍,得到摆振的轮胎临界刚度曲线如图14所示。从图14中可以得出,随着起落架侧向刚度的降低,轮胎摆振临界刚度相应降低,起落架更易发生摆振,且在低速阶段也出现了额外的不稳定区域。
为与本文构建的时滞轮胎模型进行对比研究,选用文献[29]轮胎与起落架摆振分析模型及分岔分析方法,该模型及稳定性求解方法近年来在工程上得到了较好的应用。其中轮胎模型为简化的魔术公式,轮胎侧向力、回正力矩与侧向变形、侧偏角的关系近似为线性。起落架结构参数及轮胎接触半长、松弛长度见表1,轮胎模型相关系数见文献[29]。
计算得到起落架侧向变形摆振响应幅值随速度变化的曲线如图15所示,两种模型的分析结果都显示起落架在40~60 m/s速度范围内发生摆振。
两种轮胎模型计算得到的起落架扭转阻尼与滑跑速度临界稳定曲线对比如图16所示,两者计算得到的稳定区域一致。将轮胎刚度系数增大5%,稳定区域对比图如图17所示,从图中可以看出,轮胎刚度提高同样的幅度,通过轮胎时滞模型计算的临界扭转阻尼提高更大,需要更大的阻尼抑制摆振。相对传统轮胎模型,时滞轮胎模型计算得到的起落架系统稳定性对轮胎刚度的变化更敏感。
摆振试验系统如图18所示,由提升系统、加载系统、飞轮系统等组成。起落架通过夹具安装在试验台吊篮上,通过伺服加载系统模拟作用在轮胎与起落架上的垂直载荷。通过无级调速的旋转大飞轮模拟飞机滑跑速度,通过拉偏角施加初始干扰,模拟验证起落架在起飞和着陆滑行中受到初始干扰激励后引起的飞机动态响应是否存在不稳定问题。同步测量垂直载荷、侧向载荷、航向载荷、扭转载荷、偏转角等动态响应。
将该型飞机起落架安装于摆振试验台,进行摆振验证试验,试验模拟垂直载荷范围为5~40 kN,滑跑速度范围为0~100 m/s。起落架在38~56 m/s速度区间,大载荷工况下发生摆振,振动频率在27~29 Hz之间,随速度的升高而缓慢增大。将试验轮胎换为尺寸一致,侧向刚度较小的轮胎,起落架在所有垂直载荷与速度组合下没有发生摆振,说明轮胎刚度变化对该起落架摆振稳定性影响较大,与时滞轮胎模型分析结果相吻合。这说明本文构建的考虑轮胎侧向变形模式动态变化的起落架摆振分析模型可以较好地应用于工程实践。
传统轮胎摆振模型将侧向变形模式简化为固定不变,而轮胎在摆振过程中与起落架侧向变形、扭转变形耦合,侧向变形模式实时变化。本文构建了一种时滞轮胎模型并应用于起落架摆振分析,可考虑轮胎侧向变形模式实时动态变化。引入时滞参数,计算轮胎侧向变形波的传播,研究起落架-轮胎耦合摆振方程的稳定性。给出了轮胎单位长度刚度等参数测试方法。将该模型应用于某型无人机起落架摆振工程分析中,分析结果与试验结果吻合。最后研究了关键参数变化对起落架摆振性能的影响。得出结论如下:
(1)通过时滞轮胎模型分析起落架摆振,计算得到的响应及稳定区域与传统轮胎模型、试验结果一致,说明时滞轮胎模型可靠准确,可应用于起落架摆振工程分析;
(2)相对于传统轮胎模型不能考虑轮胎运动状态对轮胎动特性的影响,本文构建的时滞轮胎模型突破了该技术局限,可考虑轮胎变形波的传播及与起落架结构振动耦合;
(3)在一定范围内提高起落架阻尼与降低轮胎侧向刚度都能有效抑制该型无人机起落架摆振;
(4)本文给出了时滞轮胎模型的参数测试方法,为该模型工程应用提供了技术支撑,相对于传统的轮胎摆振分析模型,测试参数更少,试验成本更低。
本文研究内容为时滞轮胎模型应用于起落架摆振分析的初步探索与实践,后续需深入对比研究时滞轮胎模型与传统轮胎摆振分析模型的工程适用性与可靠性,继续发展完善本文构建的起落架-轮胎耦合摆振分析模型,例如考虑轮胎阻尼对系统稳定性的影响,轮胎与地面接触半长、松弛长度的变化等。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272297)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309040
  • 接收时间:2023-09-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-14
  • 修回日期:2024-04-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272297)
作者信息
    1.中国飞机强度研究所强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065
    2.西北工业大学数学与统计学院,陕西 西安 710072
    3.空天领域复杂性科学教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710072

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刘小川(1983—),男,博士,研究员。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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