Article(id=1227591033186353968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307058, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689868800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-21, revisedDate=1699718400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610109850, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610109850, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610109850, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610109850, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591023870800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='8', pageStart='1645', pageEnd='1934', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610107611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610373804, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1688, endPage=1698, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591033777750839, articleId=1227591033186353968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Vibration reduction characteristic of rotor system with active elastic support dry friction damper, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The vibration reduction characteristic of rotor system with active elastic support dry friction damper is studied in this paper. The dynamic model of rotor system is established and a 2D friction model of contact surface in dry friction damper us built. The transient and steady state dynamic responses of rotor system are obtained after dynamic equations being solved by utilizing Newmark-HHT numerical integration method. The steady state vibration signals of dry friction damper rotor system under different normal load are compared,meanwhile the transient dynamic responses of rotor system before and after turning on dry friction damper are studied. Experimental test rig for rotor system and dry friction damper are set up. The vibration signals of rotor while passing the first-second critical speed regions are measured and analyzed. Then the experimental vibration signals are compared with simulation vibration responses to verify the vibration reduction effect,and the vibration attenuation characteristic of dry friction damper on rotor system under different working conditions is studied. The results show that the active elastic support dry friction damper could only attenuate rotor’s vibration within a certain normal force. Finally,the results could provide theoretical guide for vibration control strategy on rotor system.

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本文研究了主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统的减振特性。建立了转子系统的动力学模型及干摩擦阻尼器接触界面的二维动力学模型。采用Newmark-HHT数值积分法求解了不同摩擦副正压力条件下主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统的稳态响应及摩擦副正压力变化前后的瞬态响应。在所搭建的主控式干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统动力学特性试验台上测量了不同摩擦副正压力情况下转子在过一、二阶临界转速区时的振动响应。理论仿真与试验结果验证了利用主控式干摩擦阻尼器只能在一定的摩擦副正压力条件下才能对转子系统的振动进行控制,为转子系统振动控制策略的制定提供了理论基础。

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祝长生(1963—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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高象宏(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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高象宏(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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Parameters of elastic support dry friction damper-rotor system

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参数数值
转子质量mr/kg59
转子长度l/m1
1号弹支刚度K1/(N·m-1)3.5×106
2号弹支刚度K2/(N·m-1)5.5×106
涡轮盘质量m1/kg33
极转动惯量Ip1/(kg·m2)0.5659
直径转动惯量Id1/(kg·m2)0.2871
篦齿盘质量m2/kg1.1
极转动惯量Ip2/(kg·m2)0.0042
直径转动惯量Id2/(kg·m2)0.0021
压气机三级盘质量m3/kg9
极转动惯量Ip3/(kg·m2)0.0583
直径转动惯量Id3/(kg·m2)0.0297
压气机二级盘质量m4/kg3.9
极转动惯量Ip4/(kg·m2)0.0244
直径转动惯量Id4/(kg·m2)0.0122
压气机一级盘质量m5/kg5.3
极转动惯量Ip5/(kg·m2)0.0283
直径转动惯量Id5/(kg·m2)0.0143
摩擦副切向接触刚度Kt/(N·m-1)2×107
摩擦系数μ0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1227653583672373996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591033186353968, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统参数

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参数数值
转子质量mr/kg59
转子长度l/m1
1号弹支刚度K1/(N·m-1)3.5×106
2号弹支刚度K2/(N·m-1)5.5×106
涡轮盘质量m1/kg33
极转动惯量Ip1/(kg·m2)0.5659
直径转动惯量Id1/(kg·m2)0.2871
篦齿盘质量m2/kg1.1
极转动惯量Ip2/(kg·m2)0.0042
直径转动惯量Id2/(kg·m2)0.0021
压气机三级盘质量m3/kg9
极转动惯量Ip3/(kg·m2)0.0583
直径转动惯量Id3/(kg·m2)0.0297
压气机二级盘质量m4/kg3.9
极转动惯量Ip4/(kg·m2)0.0244
直径转动惯量Id4/(kg·m2)0.0122
压气机一级盘质量m5/kg5.3
极转动惯量Ip5/(kg·m2)0.0283
直径转动惯量Id5/(kg·m2)0.0143
摩擦副切向接触刚度Kt/(N·m-1)2×107
摩擦系数μ0.3
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主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统减振特性
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高象宏 , 蒋明宏 , 张鹏 , 祝长生
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(8): 1688-1698
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(8): 1688-1698
主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统减振特性
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高象宏 , 蒋明宏, 张鹏, 祝长生
作者信息
  • 浙江大学电气工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
  • 高象宏(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

祝长生(1963—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Vibration reduction characteristic of rotor system with active elastic support dry friction damper
Xianghong GAO , Minghong JIANG, Peng ZHANG, Changsheng ZHU
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical Engineering,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307058
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本文研究了主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统的减振特性。建立了转子系统的动力学模型及干摩擦阻尼器接触界面的二维动力学模型。采用Newmark-HHT数值积分法求解了不同摩擦副正压力条件下主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统的稳态响应及摩擦副正压力变化前后的瞬态响应。在所搭建的主控式干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统动力学特性试验台上测量了不同摩擦副正压力情况下转子在过一、二阶临界转速区时的振动响应。理论仿真与试验结果验证了利用主控式干摩擦阻尼器只能在一定的摩擦副正压力条件下才能对转子系统的振动进行控制,为转子系统振动控制策略的制定提供了理论基础。

转子系统  /  减振特性  /  干摩擦阻尼器  /  动力学建模  /  试验验证

The vibration reduction characteristic of rotor system with active elastic support dry friction damper is studied in this paper. The dynamic model of rotor system is established and a 2D friction model of contact surface in dry friction damper us built. The transient and steady state dynamic responses of rotor system are obtained after dynamic equations being solved by utilizing Newmark-HHT numerical integration method. The steady state vibration signals of dry friction damper rotor system under different normal load are compared,meanwhile the transient dynamic responses of rotor system before and after turning on dry friction damper are studied. Experimental test rig for rotor system and dry friction damper are set up. The vibration signals of rotor while passing the first-second critical speed regions are measured and analyzed. Then the experimental vibration signals are compared with simulation vibration responses to verify the vibration reduction effect,and the vibration attenuation characteristic of dry friction damper on rotor system under different working conditions is studied. The results show that the active elastic support dry friction damper could only attenuate rotor’s vibration within a certain normal force. Finally,the results could provide theoretical guide for vibration control strategy on rotor system.

rotor system  /  vibration reduction characteristic  /  dry friction damper  /  dynamic modelling  /  experimental verification
高象宏, 蒋明宏, 张鹏, 祝长生. 主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统减振特性. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1688 -1698 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307058
Xianghong GAO, Minghong JIANG, Peng ZHANG, Changsheng ZHU. Vibration reduction characteristic of rotor system with active elastic support dry friction damper[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1688 -1698 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307058
转子系统是高速旋转机械的核心部件。转子在运行过程中由于剩余不平衡、外加激励和其他因素会导致振动过大,容易造成设备服役性能退化和机身安全问题。特别是在由滚动轴承支承的转子系统中,由于滚动轴承给转子系统提供的阻尼较小,转子系统在过临界转速时的振动较为突出,为了减小由滚动轴承支承转子系统在通过各阶临界转速时引起的振动,在转子支承上使用阻尼器是最常用的措施之一[1]
在转子的支承位置采用弹性阻尼支承来为转子系统提供必要的阻尼已经被证明是一种最有效的控制转子系统振动的方法,在航空发动机转子系统中已经作为一个设计标准[2]。弹支干摩擦阻尼器是一种典型的弹性阻尼支承结构,但由于摩擦副表面的摩擦学特性比较复杂,国内外虽然对这种阻尼器的特性进行了许多研究,但在接触界面摩擦力学和转子系统动力学方面仍然存在许多问题有待深入研究。
被动式弹支干摩擦阻尼器的动力学参数不能随着转子的工作环境和载荷在线调整,难以满足各种复杂情况下的转子系统振动控制的要求。主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器克服了被动弹支干摩擦阻尼器动力学参数固定不变的不足,能够满足转子系统在不同工作状态及受到不同外激励作用时对系统动力学特性的要求。因此主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器将成为提高转子系统稳定性的有效方法。
主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器由动摩擦片、静摩擦片和正压力施加装置组成,利用动、静摩擦片之间的摩擦力为转子提供外阻尼,通过实时在线调节摩擦副上的正压力实现振动主动控制[3]。范天宇等[4]研究了干摩擦阻尼器的减振原理,用弹簧作为正压力施加装置,实现了转子的振动被动控制[5]。王四季等[6]针对简单对称转子设计了一种通过电磁执行器来施加正压力的主动式弹支干摩擦阻尼器和控制器。随后王四季等[7]测试了突加不平衡情况下干摩擦阻尼器对转子系统的减振效果。宋明波等[8]使用压电陶瓷作为正压力施加装置,设计了相应的试验装置[9],并在试验中验证了对转子系统的减振效果[10-11]。以上研究都是在较低转速工况下基于单盘转子对干摩擦阻尼器的减振效果进行分析的,在减振特性变化规律方面只进行了简单的定性描述,对于高速运转的复杂多盘转子和电磁型主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器的减振特性研究较少。
使用主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器对转子进行减振时,阻尼器结构设计是整体减振试验装置设计的关键环节。宋明波等[12]将折返式鼠笼型弹支与压电陶瓷结合,使得弹支与作动机构共用一个支座,进一步简化了阻尼器的结构。祝长生等[13]提出了一种电磁型自平衡主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器结构,当电磁铁通入电流之后静摩擦片和支承机构可以在滚珠导轨上滑动,动、静摩擦片接触之后为转子系统提供减振所需的阻尼。王四季等[14]进一步提出了干摩擦阻尼器一体化构型设计,通过转子阻尼器试验台验证了减振效果。
为了进一步探究干摩擦阻尼器减振特性,需要建立能够准确描述动、静摩擦片接触运动的阻尼器摩擦力学模型。接触界面的力学模型起源于库仑摩擦模型,该模型认为滑动摩擦力始终与速度方向相反,而且与速度大小无关。SORGE等[15]使用库仑模型解析了干摩擦阻尼器-转子系统的动力学特性,分析了干摩擦阻尼器控制转子系统的滞后不稳定性。随后SORGE[16]提出在合适的正压力条件下,动、静摩擦片处于黏滞状态时能够以最低的能量耗散实现转子振动幅值的降低。LIU等[17]用双线性迟滞回线摩擦力模型分析了转子系统-干摩擦阻尼器系统的动力学特性。一维摩擦运动模型将二维平面的复合运动割裂开来,没有考虑阻尼器不同方向运动之间的耦合作用。李琳等[18]总结了航空发动机中的典型干摩擦阻尼器的结构形式及其工作原理,讨论了干摩擦模型以及接触运动模型的简化方法以及不同简化模型的优缺点和适用范围。SANLITURK等[19]利用微动滑移模型建立了二维平面的摩擦数学模型。LIAO等[11]使用二维平面的小球-底盘模型建立了干摩擦阻尼器的数学模型。由于弹支干摩擦阻尼器中动摩擦片的运动是平面内的环形运动,轨迹可以是平面任意的闭合或非闭合的曲线,无法简单将动摩擦片的运动分解为两个方向上的直线运动。同时由于摩擦力的非线性特性,一维摩擦运动模型将二维平面的复合运动割裂开来,没有考虑阻尼器不同方向运动之间的耦合作用,因此需要研究弹支干摩擦阻尼器摩擦副的二维平面动力学模型。
为了研究电磁型主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器-多盘转子的减振特性,本文首先建立了转子系统的有限元动力学模型和干摩擦阻尼器摩擦力的数学模型。然后利用数值方法分析了不同预紧正压力作用下干摩擦阻尼器-转子系统的动力学特性以及利用干摩擦阻尼器控制转子振动的基本规律。最后在所搭建的干摩擦阻尼器-转子系统试验平台上进行了相关试验,对理论分析结果进行了验证。
将转子分为离散的刚性盘、具有分布质量和弹性的轴段以及离散的具有刚度和阻尼的轴承。在转子弹性支承、圆盘和不同特性的轴段处设置节点,弹性阻尼器支承简化为外力,将系统离散为N-1个单元、N个节点,每个节点处包含4个自由度。
刚性盘单元采用集中质量法进行建模[3],根据拉格朗日方程可以得到:
Mdq¨d-ΩGdq˙d=Qd
Qd=[muneΩ2cos(Ωt)muneΩ2sin(Ωt)00]
式中,Md为质量矩阵;qd为盘处的广义位移;Ω为转子的转速;Gd为陀螺效应矩阵;mune为盘的不平衡量与偏心距的乘积。
轴段单元采用Timoshenko梁单元[3]进行建模,其运动方程为:
Meq¨e-ΩGeq˙e+Keqe=Qe
式中,MeGeKe分别为轴段的质量矩阵、陀螺效应矩阵和刚度矩阵;qe表示轴段的广义位移;Qe表示轴段单元上的外力。
滚动轴承套装在弹性支承内,因此弹支和轴承对转子的支承作用可等效为线性刚度和阻尼,得到轴承的运动方程为:
-Cbq˙b-Kbqb=Qbe
式中,CbKb分别为轴承的阻尼和刚度矩阵;qb表示轴承处的广义位移;Qbe表示轴承处外力。
主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器结构如图1所示,主要由动摩擦片、静摩擦片和电磁作动装置组成。利用弹支端面的动摩擦片和静摩擦片之间的干摩擦力为转子提供外部的阻尼,通过调节电磁执行器线圈中的电流来实时改变动静摩擦片之间的正压力。
动摩擦片平行安装于弹性支承上,在转子转动过程中随弹支的振动而振动,但不旋转。静摩擦片安装于三维力传感器上,在电磁力的作用下随着力传感器轴向移动,与动摩擦片接触之后为转子提供摩擦阻尼。
图2所示为弹性支承的实际结构。滚动轴承套装于弹性支承内,弹性支承将转子在运转过程中的应变能更多地集中在弹支处,有效降低转子本身的振动。
正压力施加装置为电磁铁,线圈通电后电磁铁产生电磁力。电磁力即阻尼器中摩擦副上的正压力。由于电磁铁磁钢的磁导率远远大于空气磁导率,可以忽略阻尼器电磁铁中的磁压降和端部漏磁,并假设所有磁场能量都集中在磁路的气隙之中。
磁路内环的截面积S1和磁路外环的截面积S2图3所示。
内环气隙中的磁感应强度B1和外环气隙中的磁感应强度B2可分别表示为:
B1=μ0NiIS2δ(S1+S2)
B2=μ0NiIS1δ(S1+S2)
根据虚功原理可知,电磁力的大小F为磁场能量W对气隙长度δ的偏导数,其表达式为:
F=|Wδ|=μ0Ni2S1S2I22δ2(S1+S2)
式中,μ0为真空磁导率;I为线圈中流过的电流;Ni为线圈匝数;δ为气隙长度。
图4为根据式(7)得到的电流和气隙在一定范围内变化时,电磁力随电流和气隙的变化情况。结果表明,气隙较大时,电磁力接近0,气隙过小时,3 A左右的电流已经能够产生足够大的电磁力,因此电磁型主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器应该设计合理的气隙长度,通入合适的电流,就可以在摩擦副上得到所需的正压力。
线圈通电后电磁铁产生电磁力,压紧复位弹簧使得动、静摩擦片接触;断开电流之后复位弹簧产生反向推力,动、静摩擦片分离。因此通过调节电磁作动装置中线圈中的电流就能够实时改变动、静摩擦片之间的正压力,实时调整干摩擦阻尼器提供给转子系统的阻尼,最终达到控制转子系统振动的目的。
由于弹支干摩擦阻尼器中动、静摩擦片之间的运动是平面内的环形运动,轨迹可以是平面任意的闭合或非闭合的曲线,因此不能将动摩擦片的运动简单地分解为两个方向上的直线运动,所以在建立干摩擦阻尼器摩擦副上的接触动力学模型时,考虑阻尼器动摩擦片不同方向运动之间的耦合作用,采用了平面二维摩擦副接触动力学计算模型。
在干摩擦阻尼器位置建立能够描述动摩擦片运动特性的相互垂直的o-xyz坐标系,其中坐标的原点在动摩擦片的几何位置,oz轴为转子的轴线方向,oxoy分别为与oz轴垂直平面上的两个相互垂直的坐标系。那么干摩擦阻尼器动摩擦片上任意一点的位置将由(x,y)坐标来描述。
轨迹追踪法使用一根弹簧表征接触面内的摩擦力。使用上一时刻的位移和当前时刻的位移来判断摩擦副处于黏滞或者滑动状态,进一步得到摩擦力的大小及方向[20]图5中第k时刻摩擦副上的接触点和上一时刻库仑摩擦节点之间的距离dk)为:
d(k)=[xt(k)-xd(k-1)]2+[yt(k)-yd(k-1)]2
黏滞状态下当前时刻库仑摩擦节点的位置与上一时刻的位置相同,即
{xd(k)=xd(k-1)yd(k)=yd(k-1)
滑动状态下当前时刻的位置与上一时刻的位置满足:
{xd(k)=xt(k)-μNKtxt(k)-xd(k-1)d(k)yd(k)=yt(k)-μNKtyt(k)-yd(k-1)d(k)
k时刻摩擦副上xy方向的摩擦力表达式分别为:
Ffx={μNxt(k)-xd(k)d(k),d(k)μNKtKt[xt(k)-xd(k-1)],d(k)<μNKt
Ffy={μNyt(k)-yd(k)d(k),d(k)μNKtKt[yt(k)-yd(k-1)],d(k)<μNKt
式中,xtk)、ytk)、xdk)、ydk)、xdk-1)、ydk-1)分别为kk-1时刻接触节点和库仑摩擦节点的位移;μ为摩擦副摩擦系数;Kt为摩擦副切向接触刚度;N为摩擦副正压力;FfxFfy分别为xy方向的摩擦力。
在上述建模过程中分别得到了各个部分的运动方程,在此基础上按照一定的组装规则推导出整体质量、刚度、阻尼和陀螺效应矩阵,对整个系统建模后得到弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统的动力学方程为:
Mq¨+(C-ΩG)q˙+Kq=Q
式中,MKCG分别为整个转子系统的质量、刚度、阻尼和陀螺效应矩阵;qq˙q¨分别为转子节点处的广义位移、速度和加速度;Q为广义外力向量,包括转子的各类激励力以及干摩擦阻尼器的径向摩擦力。
由于动、静摩擦片间摩擦力的复杂性,弹支干摩擦阻尼器-转子系统的动力学模型通常采用无条件稳定的隐式方法求解以获得系统的瞬态和稳态响应。Newmark-HHT方法[21]具有二阶精度,容易实现无条件稳定,所以这里对弹支干摩擦阻尼器-转子系统动力学方程的求解选用了Newmark-HHT方法。根据式(11)和(12)计算出k时刻的摩擦力后代入式(13)广义外力向量Q中,求得k+1时刻的位移,依次类推,求解得到整个弹支干摩擦阻尼器-转子系统的振动响应。因此整个弹支干摩擦阻尼器-转子系统的动力学模型能够整合到统一的动力学方程中进行求解。
理论分析是针对试验转子系统进行的。弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统为图6所示的带有五个刚性圆盘的单转子双支承结构,转子系统的相关参数如表1所示。
整个转子系统主要由压气机1~3级盘鼓组件、涡轮盘、等效篦齿盘、前轴颈、后轴颈、涡轮轴、高压前后支座、1号和2号干摩擦阻尼器及弹性环等部件组成,试验件通过联轴器与电机相连。驱动端为1号阻尼器,非驱动端为2号阻尼器。转子系统在垂直方向上的一阶临界转速为3250 r/min,二阶临界转速为5600 r/min。
图6(b)所示,转子为空心薄壁件结构,鼓筒与盘之间通过螺栓连接,为保证有限元模型的准确性,对转子进行了模态测试,得到单转子一、二阶的振型如图7所示,其中一阶为平动振型,二阶为俯仰振型。根据模态测试结果对转子模型进行了修正。测得转子垂直方向一阶临界转速为3148 r/min,二阶临界转速为5620 r/min,与仿真计算结果相比,误差仅为3.24%和0.36%。
转子系统在启停过程中会频繁通过临界转速,为了避免临界转速区的过大振动,可以对干摩擦阻尼器摩擦副施加一定的正压力。转子一、二阶振型分别为平动和俯仰振型,使用单个或两个阻尼器会对减振效果产生不同影响,为了探究最优摩擦副的正压力及最佳减振效果,需要比较使用不同阻尼器及不同正压力作用下转子系统通过临界转速时的不平衡响应特性。
(a)单独使用1号阻尼器时,压气机三级盘处添加45 g·cm不平衡量,计算得到摩擦副的正压力从0 逐渐增大时,转子上涡轮盘、篦齿盘、压气机一级和三级盘垂直方向在一阶和二阶临界转速区前后的稳态不平衡响应曲线如图8所示。
(b)单独使用2号阻尼器时,压气机三级盘处添加45 g·cm不平衡量,计算得到摩擦副的正压力从0 逐渐增大时,转子上涡轮盘、篦齿盘、压气机一级和三级盘垂直方向在一阶和二阶临界转速区前后的稳态不平衡响应曲线如图9所示。
(c)同时使用1号和2号阻尼器时,压气机三级盘处添加45 g·cm不平衡量,计算得到摩擦副的正压力从0逐渐增大时,转子上涡轮盘、篦齿盘、一级和三级压气机盘垂直方向在一阶和二阶临界转速区前后的稳态不平衡响应曲线如图10所示。
从不同摩擦副正压力条件下转子系统上不同位置的不平衡响应曲线中可以发现,正压力从0逐渐增大时,由于摩擦力的作用,转子系统在各阶临界转速区的振动明显下降,一阶临界转速处的共振峰逐渐向高转速的方向偏移,二阶临界转速处的共振峰被有效抑制。使用1号阻尼器时,一阶临界转速从3250 r/min逐渐增加至3850 r/min;使用2号阻尼器时一阶临界转速从3250 r/min逐渐增加至3600 r/min。
使用单个阻尼器时,摩擦副正压力从0逐渐增加的过程中,一阶临界转速区不平衡响应曲线大致相交于一点,在该点对应转速以下的区间内,增大阻尼器摩擦副的正压力可以减小转子系统的振动,但在此转速以上的一定转速区间,增大摩擦副的正压力反而会导致转子系统的振动增大。同时二阶临界转速区不平衡响应曲线也相交于一点,在该点对应转速以下的区间内,增大阻尼器摩擦副的正压力可以减小转子系统的振动,但在此转速以上的一定转速区间,增大摩擦副的正压力反而会导致转子系统的振动增大。所以干摩擦阻尼器只能在一定的摩擦副正压力条件下对转子系统进行减振。如果以该点的振动作为转子在整个工作转速区的振动指标,可以得到一、二阶临界转速区间分别存在着一个最佳正压力,使转子在整个转速区的振动不超过该点的振动。
使用1号阻尼器减振时,一阶临界处的阻尼器摩擦副的最佳正压力为100 N,二阶临界处的摩擦副最佳正压力为250 N。使用2号阻尼器减振时,一阶临界处的最佳正压力为150 N,二阶临界处最佳正压力为150 N。同时使用1号和2号阻尼器减振时,一阶临界处的最佳正压力为100 N,二阶临界处最佳正压力为100 N。相比正压力为0的不平衡响应曲线,最佳正压力时一阶临界区转子振幅最大降幅达到96.2%,二阶临界区转子振幅最大降幅达到85.63%。
转子系统通过临界转速后以一定工作转速运行,固定转速下转子系统振动过大时可以使用干摩擦阻尼器减振。为了对比固定转速下不同正压力作用时干摩擦阻尼器的减振效果,分别在3000和4000 r/min的稳定转速下,摩擦副上的正压力从0加载至200 N,得到压气机一级盘处振动响应和摩擦力的时间历程如图11所示。
结果表明,转速为3000 r/min,正压力从0增加至200 N时压气机一级盘处振动幅值明显降低,该转速工况下阻尼器起到了良好的减振作用。但在转速为4000 r/min,正压力从0增加至200 N时压气机一级盘处振动幅值明显增大。正压力为200 N的不平衡响应曲线上4000 r/min对应的振动幅值大于0时4000 r/min对应的振动幅值,因此正压力从0增加到200 N时压气机一级盘处振动幅值增大。结合不同摩擦副正压力条件下转子的不平衡响应曲线可以发现,干摩擦阻尼器只能在一定的摩擦副正压力条件下对转子系统进行减振。
试验是在图12所示的主控式弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统试验台上进行的。试验台主要由多盘转子、驱动电机、干摩擦阻尼器、dSPACE测控系统、上位机、开关功放及电涡流位移传感器等组成。靠近电机驱动端为1号干摩擦阻尼器,非驱动端为2号干摩擦阻尼器,每个阻尼器内部装有两个电磁铁,在试验过程中通入不同电流以实现所需摩擦副正压力。
试验过程中动、静摩擦片间的正压力以及摩擦力用三向力传感器测量,电流通过功率放大器产生,数据采集和处理通过dSPACE测控系统实现。动、静摩擦片的材料均为铁铜基粉末冶金材料。
在不同摩擦副正压力条件下,测量了转子在匀加速运动过程中的不平衡响应曲线。图13分别为单独使用1号、2号及同时使用1号和2号干摩擦阻尼器时涡轮盘处垂直方向上的实测不平衡响应曲线。实测不同摩擦副正压力条件下涡轮盘处垂直方向不平衡响应曲线与仿真结果也基本一致。
使用单个阻尼器时,摩擦副正压力从0逐渐增大时,不平衡响应曲线中的一阶临界转速处共振峰逐渐向高转速的方向偏移。使用1号阻尼器时,一阶临界转速从3148 r/min逐渐增加至3710 r/min;使用2号阻尼器时,一阶临界转速从3148 r/min逐渐增加至3620 r/min。
使用单个阻尼器时,一阶临界转速区不平衡响应曲线相交于一点,在该点对应转速以下的区间内,增大阻尼器摩擦副的正压力可以减小转子系统的振动,但在此转速以上的一定转速区间,增大摩擦副的正压力反而会导致转子系统的振动增大。同时二阶临界转速区不平衡响应曲线也相交于一点,在该点对应转速以下的区间内,增大阻尼器摩擦副的正压力可以减小转子系统的振动,但在此转速以上的一定转速区间,增大摩擦副的正压力反而会导致转子系统的振动增大。
图13中使用1号阻尼器时一阶临界转速区间涡轮盘处最佳正压力为150 N,使用2号阻尼器时一阶临界转速区间涡轮盘处最佳正压力为200 N,同时使用1号和2号阻尼器时涡轮盘处最佳正压力为100 N。图14中压气机一级盘处的最佳正压力和涡轮盘处的最佳正压力相同。相比正压力为0时的不平衡响应曲线,最佳正压力时最大减振幅值达到95.82%。试验过程中不同摩擦副正压力作用时减振效果与仿真结果基本一致。
图15分别为3000和4000 r/min转速下转子运行稳定之后,正压力从0变为200 N时压气机一级盘处的实测振动响应和摩擦力时间历程曲线。
在转速为3000 r/min,正压力从0增加到200 时压气机一级盘处振动幅值明显降低,该转速工况下阻尼器起到了良好的减振作用。但在转速为4000 r/min,正压力从0增加到200 时压气机一级盘处振动幅值明显增大。正压力为200 N的不平衡响应曲线上4000 r/min对应的振动幅值大于正压力为0时4000 r/min对应的振动幅值,因此正压力从0增加到200 N时压气机一级盘处振动幅值增大。结合不同摩擦副正压力条件下转子的不平衡响应曲线可以发现,干摩擦阻尼器只能在一定的摩擦副正压力条件下对转子系统进行减振。
本文建立了弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统动力学模型,采用数值积分方法求解得到振动响应信号,搭建了弹支干摩擦阻尼器-单转子系统试验台,对比了理论仿真与试验不平衡响应曲线,最后讨论了不同摩擦副正压力条件下干摩擦阻尼器的减振特性,结论如下:
(1)主控式电磁型弹支干摩擦阻尼器能够通过实时改变线圈中的电流大小来调节摩擦副的正压力,实现对转子振动的主动控制。
(2)转子一、二阶临界转速区均存在最优摩擦副正压力,使得转子系统的振动最小。使用单个阻尼器时,一阶临界转速区间1号阻尼器减振所需最佳正压力较小,二阶临界转速区间2号阻尼器减振所需最佳正压力较小。同时使用两个阻尼器时一阶和二阶共振峰均被抑制。
(3)使用单个阻尼器时,摩擦副正压力从0逐渐增加的过程中,一阶和二阶临界转速区不平衡响应曲线分别相交于一点,在交点对应转速以下的区间内,增大阻尼器摩擦副的正压力可以减小转子系统的振动,但在此转速以上的一定转速区间,增大摩擦副的正压力反而会导致转子系统的振动增大。干摩擦阻尼器只能在一定的摩擦副正压力条件下才能对转子系统进行减振。
(4)固定转速下干摩擦阻尼器在一定正压力条件下会导致转子系统振动增大,因此阻尼器需要根据转子工作转速选择合适的正压力减振。研究结果对转子系统振动主动控制策略的制定具有一定的参考作用。
  • 国家科技重大专项(J2019-IV-0005-0073)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307058
  • 接收时间:2023-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-21
  • 修回日期:2023-11-12
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国家科技重大专项(J2019-IV-0005-0073)
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    浙江大学电气工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027

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祝长生(1963—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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