Article(id=1227591033177965358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693929600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-06, revisedDate=1700150400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610109848, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610109848, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610109848, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610109848, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591023870800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='8', pageStart='1645', pageEnd='1934', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610107611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610373804, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1799, endPage=1808, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591034184598330, articleId=1227591033177965358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Probability density evolution analysis of coupled vibration of vehicle-track system under random excitation of wind and track irregularity, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the train-track coupling dynamics and probability density evolution theory,a random vibration model of train-track system considering both the crosswind and track irregularity is established. The N-dimensional hypercube point set is used to generate the discrete random frequency and phase representative point set. Based on the random harmonic function method and the harmonic superposition method,the random track irregularity excitation samples and the wind speed time-history samples are simulated respectively. The obtained two random excitations are introduced into the train-track coupling system to obtain the representative responses. The probability density evolution equation of representative response is solved using the bilateral difference method to obtain the time-varying probability density evolution distribution of the vibration response. The Monte Carlo method (MCM) is employed to verify the computational efficiency and accuracy of the proposed model. The results indicate that the probability density evolution method (PDEM) is appliable to the random analysis of vehicle-track system under double random excitations including crosswind and track irregularity. When the number of representative sample points is 300 and the screening radius is 17.7,a good calculation results can be obtained by the proposed model in this paper. The random response analysis regarding a single random input cannot express an accurate result of the vehicle-track system’s random dynamic characteristic,which indicates the required consideration of both random excitations of crosswind and track irregularity in the random vibration analysis of vehicle-track system.

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依据车辆-轨道耦合动力学及概率密度演化理论,建立了考虑横风和轨道不平顺双重随机因素作用的车辆-轨道系统耦合振动模型。采用N维超立方体点集生成离散随机频率和相位代表点集,基于随机谐和函数方法和谐波叠加法分别模拟得到随机轨道不平顺激励样本和风速时程样本,并将所获得的双重随机荷载引入车辆-轨道耦合振动系统中求得代表性响应;采用双边差分法求解所建立的代表性响应的概率密度演化方程,获得振动响应的时变概率密度演化分布,并采用蒙特卡罗法(MCM)验证本文模型的计算效率和精度。研究结果表明:概率密度演化方法(PDEM)适用于横风和轨道不平顺双重随机激励作用下的车辆-轨道系统随机分析,且对于本文模型,当代表性样本点数为300,筛选半径取17.7时能够达到良好的计算效果;仅在单重随机荷载作用下进行随机响应分析不能准确反映车辆-轨道系统的随机动力特性,论证了开展双重随机激励作用下车辆-轨道系统随机分析的必要性。

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蔡陈之(1989—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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周智辉(1976—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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The new wheel/rail 3-dimensionally dynamically coupling model[J]. 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The maximum value of mean and standard deviation of dynamic response for different sample sizes

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动力响应样本量(MCM)
500组1000组2000组3000组4000组
车体横向位移/m均值1.845×10-21.744×10-21.708×10-21.694×10-21.697×10-2
标准差2.612×10-22.643×10-22.623×10-22.619×10-22.608×10-2
车体竖向位移/m均值6.390×10-36.299×10-36.174×10-36.113×10-36.081×10-3
标准差1.489×10-21.520×10-21.518×10-21.520×10-21.516×10-2
车体横向加速度/(m·s-2)均值0.1590.1500.1480.1470.146
标准差0.4090.4190.4170.4180.417
车体竖向加速度/(m·s-2)均值0.1200.1150.1120.1090.109
标准差0.2980.3050.3060.3060.306
右轨中间节点处横向位移/m均值1.532×10-51.577×10-51.521×10-51.533×10-51.525×10-5
标准差2.188×10-52.145×10-52.121×10-52.123×10-52.114×10-5
右轨中间节点处横向加速度/(m·s-2)均值0.0760.0650.0690.0670.067
标准差0.9620.9490.9470.9490.942
第一轮对右轮横向力/kN均值5.4455.4055.5155.5125.505
标准差4.0903.9453.9023.9003.883
第一轮对右轮竖向力/kN均值80.30178.32277.01176.87176.391
标准差21.36719.89919.01118.89318.757
), ArticleFig(id=1227653583798203126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591033177965358, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同样本量下动力响应均值、标准差的最大值

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动力响应样本量(MCM)
500组1000组2000组3000组4000组
车体横向位移/m均值1.845×10-21.744×10-21.708×10-21.694×10-21.697×10-2
标准差2.612×10-22.643×10-22.623×10-22.619×10-22.608×10-2
车体竖向位移/m均值6.390×10-36.299×10-36.174×10-36.113×10-36.081×10-3
标准差1.489×10-21.520×10-21.518×10-21.520×10-21.516×10-2
车体横向加速度/(m·s-2)均值0.1590.1500.1480.1470.146
标准差0.4090.4190.4170.4180.417
车体竖向加速度/(m·s-2)均值0.1200.1150.1120.1090.109
标准差0.2980.3050.3060.3060.306
右轨中间节点处横向位移/m均值1.532×10-51.577×10-51.521×10-51.533×10-51.525×10-5
标准差2.188×10-52.145×10-52.121×10-52.123×10-52.114×10-5
右轨中间节点处横向加速度/(m·s-2)均值0.0760.0650.0690.0670.067
标准差0.9620.9490.9470.9490.942
第一轮对右轮横向力/kN均值5.4455.4055.5155.5125.505
标准差4.0903.9453.9023.9003.883
第一轮对右轮竖向力/kN均值80.30178.32277.01176.87176.391
标准差21.36719.89919.01118.89318.757
), ArticleFig(id=1227653585228460796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591033177965358, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Relative error of maximum standard deviation of dynamic response for different screening radius

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动力响应标准差最大值的相对误差筛选半径r0
17.417.517.617.717.817.918.0
车体横向位移/m3.24%4.06%1.29%0.81%1.31%2.45%4.32%
车体竖向位移/m0.50%0.98%2.28%0.66%2.30%2.78%3.47%
车体横向加速度/(m·s-2)3.57%3.80%1.28%0.90%1.42%3.43%3.42%
车体竖向加速度/(m·s-2)2.51%2.63%0.47%0.31%1.19%2.01%4.59%
右轨中间节点处横向位移/m1.10%4.95%2.43%0.73%0.32%1.14%2.23%
右轨中间节点处横向加速度/(m·s-2)2.41%3.57%1.65%0.71%1.14%2.46%2.98%
第一轮对右轮横向力/kN1.09%2.49%0.74%0.19%0.73%1.79%3.21%
第一轮对右轮竖向力/kN2.74%3.45%1.18%0.42%1.41%1.98%3.76%
), ArticleFig(id=1227653585392038662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591033177965358, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同筛选半径下动力响应标准差最大值的相对误差

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动力响应标准差最大值的相对误差筛选半径r0
17.417.517.617.717.817.918.0
车体横向位移/m3.24%4.06%1.29%0.81%1.31%2.45%4.32%
车体竖向位移/m0.50%0.98%2.28%0.66%2.30%2.78%3.47%
车体横向加速度/(m·s-2)3.57%3.80%1.28%0.90%1.42%3.43%3.42%
车体竖向加速度/(m·s-2)2.51%2.63%0.47%0.31%1.19%2.01%4.59%
右轨中间节点处横向位移/m1.10%4.95%2.43%0.73%0.32%1.14%2.23%
右轨中间节点处横向加速度/(m·s-2)2.41%3.57%1.65%0.71%1.14%2.46%2.98%
第一轮对右轮横向力/kN1.09%2.49%0.74%0.19%0.73%1.79%3.21%
第一轮对右轮竖向力/kN2.74%3.45%1.18%0.42%1.41%1.98%3.76%
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The maximum value of dynamic responses for single and double random excitaions

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系统响应最大值u¯max随机风荷载+随机轨道不平顺随机风荷载+确定性轨道不平顺随机轨道不平顺+确定性风荷载
车体横向加速度/(m·s-2)1.0790.9500.374
车体竖向加速度/(m·s-2)0.9930.9070.306
车体横向位移/m9.142×10-28.295×10-23.412×10-2
第一轮对左轮横向力/kN9.1176.6198.153
第一轮对左轮竖向力/kN66.51758.20270.668
), ArticleFig(id=1227653585647891224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591033177965358, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单、双重随机因素下系统响应最大值

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系统响应最大值u¯max随机风荷载+随机轨道不平顺随机风荷载+确定性轨道不平顺随机轨道不平顺+确定性风荷载
车体横向加速度/(m·s-2)1.0790.9500.374
车体竖向加速度/(m·s-2)0.9930.9070.306
车体横向位移/m9.142×10-28.295×10-23.412×10-2
第一轮对左轮横向力/kN9.1176.6198.153
第一轮对左轮竖向力/kN66.51758.20270.668
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风与轨道不平顺随机激励下车辆-轨道系统耦合振动的概率密度演化分析
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周智辉 , 段湘 , 何旭辉 , 蔡陈之 , 唐成龙
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(8): 1799-1808
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(8): 1799-1808
风与轨道不平顺随机激励下车辆-轨道系统耦合振动的概率密度演化分析
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周智辉 , 段湘, 何旭辉, 蔡陈之 , 唐成龙
作者信息
  • 中南大学土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410075
  • 周智辉(1976—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

蔡陈之(1989—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Probability density evolution analysis of coupled vibration of vehicle-track system under random excitation of wind and track irregularity
Zhihui ZHOU , Xiang DUAN, Xuhui HE, Chenzhi CAI , Chenglong TANG
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering,Central South University,Changsha 410075,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309019
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依据车辆-轨道耦合动力学及概率密度演化理论,建立了考虑横风和轨道不平顺双重随机因素作用的车辆-轨道系统耦合振动模型。采用N维超立方体点集生成离散随机频率和相位代表点集,基于随机谐和函数方法和谐波叠加法分别模拟得到随机轨道不平顺激励样本和风速时程样本,并将所获得的双重随机荷载引入车辆-轨道耦合振动系统中求得代表性响应;采用双边差分法求解所建立的代表性响应的概率密度演化方程,获得振动响应的时变概率密度演化分布,并采用蒙特卡罗法(MCM)验证本文模型的计算效率和精度。研究结果表明:概率密度演化方法(PDEM)适用于横风和轨道不平顺双重随机激励作用下的车辆-轨道系统随机分析,且对于本文模型,当代表性样本点数为300,筛选半径取17.7时能够达到良好的计算效果;仅在单重随机荷载作用下进行随机响应分析不能准确反映车辆-轨道系统的随机动力特性,论证了开展双重随机激励作用下车辆-轨道系统随机分析的必要性。

车辆-轨道耦合系统  /  概率密度演化理论  /  筛选半径  /  横风  /  轨道不平顺

Based on the train-track coupling dynamics and probability density evolution theory,a random vibration model of train-track system considering both the crosswind and track irregularity is established. The N-dimensional hypercube point set is used to generate the discrete random frequency and phase representative point set. Based on the random harmonic function method and the harmonic superposition method,the random track irregularity excitation samples and the wind speed time-history samples are simulated respectively. The obtained two random excitations are introduced into the train-track coupling system to obtain the representative responses. The probability density evolution equation of representative response is solved using the bilateral difference method to obtain the time-varying probability density evolution distribution of the vibration response. The Monte Carlo method (MCM) is employed to verify the computational efficiency and accuracy of the proposed model. The results indicate that the probability density evolution method (PDEM) is appliable to the random analysis of vehicle-track system under double random excitations including crosswind and track irregularity. When the number of representative sample points is 300 and the screening radius is 17.7,a good calculation results can be obtained by the proposed model in this paper. The random response analysis regarding a single random input cannot express an accurate result of the vehicle-track system’s random dynamic characteristic,which indicates the required consideration of both random excitations of crosswind and track irregularity in the random vibration analysis of vehicle-track system.

vehicle-track coupling system  /  probability density evolution theory  /  screening radius  /  crosswind  /  track irregularity
周智辉, 段湘, 何旭辉, 蔡陈之, 唐成龙. 风与轨道不平顺随机激励下车辆-轨道系统耦合振动的概率密度演化分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1799 -1808 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309019
Zhihui ZHOU, Xiang DUAN, Xuhui HE, Chenzhi CAI, Chenglong TANG. Probability density evolution analysis of coupled vibration of vehicle-track system under random excitation of wind and track irregularity[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1799 -1808 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309019
列车在运行过程中会受到多种因素的影响,极端运营环境会威胁列车的运行安全性。风荷载是影响列车运行安全的重要因素[1-3],国内外因为风荷载而发生的列车脱轨事故时有发生,由于风荷载具有随机特征,开展风荷载作用下的列车-轨道系统随机振动分析具有重要意义。
目前,风荷载作用下的列车-轨道(桥梁)系统动力学研究成果颇丰。WETZEL等[4]将阵风持续时间和气动力系数作为随机因素探究横风作用对列车动力响应的影响。刘章军等[5]与刘芸等[6]先后改进了模拟脉动风速时程平稳随机过程功率谱密度矩阵的本征正交分解方法和谱表示方法,实现了脉动风随机过程模拟的降维处理,为结合概率密度演化理论进行复杂工程结构的抗风可靠度精细化分析奠定了坚实基础。李永乐等[7]基于ANSYS和MATLAB仿真建立列车-桥梁空间振动耦合模型,采用MCM探究了随机风荷载和车流荷载对大跨度悬索桥加劲梁的影响。然而,具有随机特性的轨道不平顺也是列车-轨道耦合系统的主要激励源[8-9],上述研究鲜有考虑轨道不平顺的随机性对风-车-轨系统的影响,仅考虑了横风作用的随机性,对随机风荷载和随机轨道不平顺联合作用(称为双重随机作用)下的车辆-轨道系统耦合振动的研究相对较少。
针对双重随机问题,一些学者采用虚拟激励法分析双重随机激励作用下的车-桥系统随机振动特性[10],但对轮轨接触关系的处理采用轮轨密贴模型,未考虑列车车轮跳轨现象,对车-桥耦合振动响应的分析仅适用于线性系统,无法对非线性系统进行求解。文献[11-12]提出的概率密度演化方法为非线性结构的随机动力分析提供了一种途径,成功地将广义概率密度演化方法运用于建筑结构、机械零件等非线性结构动力响应随机分析与可靠度分析中[13-15]。余志武等[16-17]在轨道不平顺和结构参数双重随机因素下的列车-桥梁系统响应方面做了很多工作,论证了应用概率密度演化理论分析多重随机因素的可行性。
为考虑横风和轨道不平顺双重随机因素联合作用,本文将概率密度演化理论与车辆-轨道耦合动力学相结合,采用非线性轮轨接触关系,建立车辆-轨道系统非线性随机分析模型。探究计算参数筛选半径与代表性样本点数对概率密度演化方法(PDEM)计算精度与效率的影响,确定合理的筛选半径和代表性样本点数;通过与MCM方法对比,分析本文所建模型的计算精度与效率;对比分析单重与双重随机激励作用下的车辆-轨道系统随机响应,验证进行双重随机因素分析的必要性。
本文开展横风与轨道不平顺联合作用下的车辆-轨道系统随机振动分析,轨道不平顺与横风是车辆-轨道系统振动的随机输入。根据概率密度演化理论,需要先获得模拟随机输入的随机参数的代表性样本点,生成代表性的随机激励样本;然后依次输入代表性随机样本求解车辆-轨道系统确定性动力方程得到代表性响应;根据得到的代表性样本响应建立PDEM方程并求解,最终获得特定响应的概率密度分布值,及其均值和标准差等随机特征,计算流程如图1所示。
采用N维超立方体点集(gp集)选点法[18]选取代表性样本点,主要步骤如下:
(1) 从素数3起,依次获取连续的s个素数序列p1,p2,,ps,其中s为点集维度,由模拟一组轨道随机不平顺与脉动风速时程所需的随机变量个数决定,根据所需随机变量个数,本文s取为3200。
(2) 由下式生成ns维超立方体点:
Xk=({kp1},{kp2},,{kps});k=1,2,,n
式中,{}表示取括号中的小数部分;n为点集总数。
(3) 对ns维超立方体点进行筛选,得到满足下式要求的nsels维超立方体点,记为Xq=(xq,1,xq,2,,xq,s),q=1,2,,nsel,称之为筛选后样本点:
j=1s(xq,j-0.5)2(r02)2;q=1,2,,nsel
式中,xq,j表示Xq中第j个元素;r0为筛选半径[19],一般在[1,s]之间取值。
(4) 对筛选后样本点Xq,q=1,2,,nsel进行各向同性伸缩变换可得到偏差较小的随机参数的代表性样本点X^q=(x^q,1,x^q,2,,x^q,s),q=1,2,,nsel,具体变换关系如下:
x^q,j=g(||Xq||)xq,j;q=1,2,,nsel;j=1,2,,s
式中,g(·)为各向同性伸缩变换函数,g(r)=(1-β)rm/ρm+βρ=r0/2,参考文献[20]取m=6,β=0.6
采用随机谐和函数法[20]模拟轨道不平顺,引入随机谐和函数:
YN(t)=i=1NA(ωi)cos(ωit+θi)
式中,N为谐和分量的个数,采用文献[21]中的建议值取N=150;A(ωi)ωiθi(i=1,2,,N)分别为第i个谐和分量的幅值、圆频率和相位角。轨道不平顺圆频率ωi与空间频率Ωi的关系为ωi=Ωiν=2πv/λi,其中,λi为不平顺波长,其范围为1~120 m,v为车辆运行速度。
Ωi(p)(i=1,2,,N+1)[Ωl,Ωu]内等间距均匀分布的点,Ωi(p)=Ωl+(i-1)ΔΩΔΩ=(Ωu-Ωl)/N,其中,ΩuΩl分别为上、下限截止频率。Ωiθi分别为满足(Ωi(p),Ωi+1(p)](0,2π]内均匀分布的相互独立随机变量,可由数论选点法生成的代表性样本点按下式生成:
{(Ωi)-1=(Ωi(p))-1+[(Ωi+1(p))-1-(Ωi(p))-1]x^iθi=2πx^i+N;
i=1,2,3,,N
式中,x^i为数论选点法生成的代表性样本点。单条轨道不平顺的模拟所需代表性样本点x^数目为2N=300,模拟轨道高低、方向、水平、轨距4条不平顺样本所需代表性样本点数目为1200。
A(ωi)为随机变量ωi的函数,按下式计算:
A(ωi)=2SY(ωi)Δωiπ
式中,SY(ωi)为轨道不平顺功率谱函数;Δωi=ωi+1(p)-ωi(p)
将式(5)与(6)代入式(4)即可得轨道高低、轨向、水平、轨距不平顺激励样本:
{z(t)=i=1N2Sv(Ωiz)ΔΩizπcos(Ωizvt+θiz)y(t)=i=1N2Sa(Ωiy)ΔΩiyπcos(Ωiyvt+θiy)θ(t)=i=1N2Sc(Ωiθ)ΔΩiθπcos(Ωiθvt+θiθ)v(t)=i=1N2Sg(Ωiv)ΔΩivπcos(Ωivvt+θiv)
本文采用德国轨道谱,SvSaScSg分别为轨道高低、轨向、水平和轨距不平顺功率谱密度函数。
脉动风具有时变动态特征和随机性,可以视为各态历经的平稳高斯随机过程。本文仅考虑横向的脉动风速时程,采用谐波叠加法模拟作用于车体中心的随机过程样本,脉动风速功率谱采用Davenport谱,脉动风横向风速时程可表示为:
vh(t)=2Δωi=1N0|H(ωi)|cos(ωit+θi)
式中,Δω为频率间隔,Δω=(ωu-ωl)/N0,其中ωu=6 rad/s和ωl=0.001 rad/s分别为上、下限截止频率;N0为频率分割点数,取N0=1000H(ωi)为脉动风速功率谱函数Su(ωi)的Choleshy分解,即Su(ωi)=H(ωi)H*(ωi)θi为满足(0,2π]上均匀分布的相互独立随机变量,ωi为满足(ωi(p),ωi+1(p)]上均匀分布的相互独立随机变量,可由数论选点法生成的代表性样本点按下式生成:
{ωi=ωi(p)+[ωi+1(p)-ωi(p)]x^iθi=2πx^i+N
式中,ωi(p)(i=1,2,,N0+1)[ωl,ωu]内等间距均匀分布的点,ωi(p)=ωl+(i-1)Δω,其中Δω=(ωu-ωl)/N0。脉动风的模拟所需代表性样本点x^数目为2N0=2000个,结合4条轨道不平顺的模拟,因此在样本点生成时样本维度s为3200。
考虑轮对与钢轨相互脱离的轮轨接触模型,基于Hertz接触理论计算轮轨接触法向力,基于Kalker蠕滑理论计算轮轨接触切向力,后根据Shen-Hedrick-Elkins理论进行非线性修正。
作用在车体中心的横风作用力包括平均风力和抖振风力[22],具体如下:
{Fyst=0.5ρAUR2CyFzst=0.5ρAUR2CzMxst=0.5ρAHUR2Cmx
{Fyd=ρAU¯(z)vh(t)CyFzd=ρAU¯(z)vh(t)CzMxd=ρAHU¯(z)vh(t)Cmx
式中,ρ为空气密度,取为1.225 kg/m3A为车体受风面积;H为车厢高度;U¯(z)为距地面高度z处的平均风速,本文不考虑平均风速随高度的变化,U¯(z)取距地面10 m高度处的平均风速;CyCzCmx为气动力系数,参考文献[23]取Cy=1.0072Cz=-1.2074Cmx=-0.1103
UR为考虑平均风速和车辆运行速度的合成风速,可表示为:
UR=U¯(z)2+v2-2U¯(z)v cos(π-α)
式中,α为风向角,α=90°。
将平均风力和抖振风力转化为作用于车体的横移、沉浮和侧滚自由度上所受的风力,故而车体所受总的风力为:
{Fywind=Fyst+FydFzwind=Fzst+FzdMxwind=Mxst+Mxd
本文采用四轴客车车辆多刚体模型,通过弹簧和阻尼模拟车体-转向架组成的二系悬挂系统和转向架-轮对组成的一系悬挂系统,并且假设车辆运行过程中速度不变,忽略车辆沿前进方向的纵向振动。车体考虑横移、沉浮、侧滚、点头、摇头5个自由度,前、后转向架及轮对考虑横移、沉浮、侧滚、摇头4个自由度,共29个自由度。车辆模型参数参照文献[1],建立的车辆动力学模型如图2所示。图2中,YZθxθyθz分别表示车体、转问架、轮对的横移、沉浮、侧滚、点头、摇头,其下标“t”、“g”和“s”分别表示车体、转向架和轮对;KxKyKzCxCyCz分别表示纵向、横向、垂向刚度和阻尼,其下标“d”和“u”分别表示一系和二系悬挂系统。
建立总计30个自由度的有砟轨道空间模型[24],将钢轨视为伯努利-欧拉空间梁单元,轨枕视为搁置在道床上的弹性变形体且忽略其轴向变形和扭转变形,轨枕长2.5 m,轨枕间距0.5345 m。钢轨和轨枕之间的连接以及轨枕和道床之间的连接通过线性弹簧和阻尼模拟,建立的有砟轨道模型如图3所示。图3中,UVW分别表示钢轨或轨枕沿XYZ轴正方向的线位移,θxθyθz分别表示钢轨绕XYZ轴正方向的转角位移,其上标“T”和“S”分别表示钢轨和轨枕,下标“1”和“2”分别表示钢轨与轨枕组成的轨道单元的左节点和右节点,下标“L”和“R”分别表示左钢轨和右钢轨;VS表示轨枕的横向位移;WLSWRS分别表示轨枕左、右两端与钢轨连接位置的竖向位移;k0k1分别表示两根钢轨之间和轨枕外伸部分道床的竖向刚度。
基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论[25],通过轮轨空间动态耦合模型[26],可以在轮-轨相互作用力中考虑轨道随机不平顺的附加位移和速度,建立横风作用下车辆-轨道系统振动方程为:
[Mvv00Mgg][X¨vX¨g]+[CvvCvgCgvCgg][X˙vX˙g]+[KvvKvgKvgKgg][XvXg]=[Pv(Θ,t)Pg(Θ,t)]
式中,MvvCvvKvv分别为车辆结构的质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵和刚度矩阵;Mgg CggKgg分别为轨道结构的质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵和刚度矩阵;CgvCvg为车辆-轨道耦合部分阻尼矩阵;KgvKvg为车辆-轨道耦合部分刚度矩阵;X¨vX˙vXv分别为车辆结构的加速度、速度和位移向量;X¨gX˙gXg分别为轨道结构的加速度、速度和位移向量;Pv(Θ,t)Pg(Θ,t)分别表示车辆和轨道结构的荷载向量,包含了横风随机激励与轨道不平顺随机激励的直接影响,车辆的荷载向量应包括车体所受的横风作用力、车辆重力以及轮轨相互作用力,轨道的荷载向量仅包括轮轨相互作用力。
采用Newmark-β法依次求解给定随机样本下的车辆-轨道系统振动方程,得到各样本作用下的车辆-轨道系统振动响应Z(t)及其导数项Z˙(t),为概率密度演化方程的数值求解提供必要条件。
LI等[20]基于概率守恒原理的随机事件描述,同时考察系统物理参数和激励随机性的动力系统得到了广义概率密度演化方程。假设车辆-轨道系统只有轨道不平顺和风荷载双重随机激励源,中间没有新的随机源产生,则系统满足概率守恒条件,建立的广义概率密度演化方程为:
pZΘ(z,θ,t)t+i=1mZ˙i(θ,t)pZΘ(z,θ,t)zi=0
当关注的响应量m=1时,概率密度演化方程转化为:
pZΘ(z,θ,t)t+Z˙(θ,t)pZΘ(z,θ,t)z=0
式中,Z˙(θ,t)为求解车辆-轨道振动方程得到的特定响应关于时间的导数项;Θ为随机变量样本空间;θ为随机变量代表性样本点集。
考虑边界条件pZΘ(z,θ,t)|z±=0,每组样本的初始赋得概率[21]Pq=1/nsel,采用TVD格式的双边差分法[20]求解一维偏微分方程得到联合概率密度函数pZΘ(z,θ,t);使用TVD格式的双边差分法求解方程时,定义λ为网格划分时的时间步长和空间步长之比,即λ=Δt/Δz,须满足CFL稳定性条件|λZ˙(kΔt)|1,k=0,1,2,。对样本空间上的pZΘ(z,θ,t)累加求和得到车辆-轨道系统所关注响应Z(t)的概率密度分布值为:
p(z,t)=pZΘ(z,θ,t)dθ
根据式(17)可做出系统响应的概率密度曲线,若车辆运行速度为250 km/h,平均风速为10 m/s,积分时间步长为5.0✕10-5 s,代表性样本组数为300组,可得到车体横向加速度响应的概率密度演化图如图4所示。可见,采用本文所提方法能够获得车辆-轨道系统随机振动响应的概率密度分布信息。
由于本文研究的随机变量为离散型,响应均值和标准差分别为:
u(t)=izip(zi,t)
σ(t)=izi2p(zi,t)-(izip(zi,t))2
选取满足一定精度的MCM随机分析响应结果作为基准值,以论证基于概率密度演化法的车辆-轨道系统随机振动分析模型的准确性。MCM的精度与样本量成正相关,首先需要确定满足精度要求的MCM的计算样本量。4条轨道随机不平顺激励与1条脉动风速时程构成一个样本组,将其作为车辆-轨道系统的输入,分别随机选取500、1000、2000、3000、4000个样本组,计算每组样本下的车辆-轨道系统动力响应。在此模拟中,车辆左侧为迎风侧,车辆运行速度为250 km/h,平均风速为15 m/s,积分时间步长为5.0✕10-5 s。针对不同的样本量,统计出车-轨系统各响应均值和标准差的最大值,如表1所示。
表1可得,随着MCM样本量的增加,车辆和轨道的响应均值和标准差的最大值逐渐趋近于MCM 4000组样本均值和标准差的最大值。样本量依次由500组至1000组、1000组至2000组,2000组至3000组、3000组至4000组递增时,各响应均值的最大变化率分别为14.90%、6.14%、2.52%、0.69%,标准差的最大变化率分别为6.87%、4.46%、0.62%、0.43%。可以看出,随着样本量从500组递增到4000组,车辆与轨道响应均值和标准差的变化逐渐减小,当由3000组增长到4000组时,其变化率已低于1%,故可将MCM 4000个样本组对应的响应均值、标准差定为近似准确值。
对于概率密度演化方法,代表性样本点的数量与质量是影响计算精度和效率的直接因素,而筛选半径r0及点集总数n的大小决定着筛选出代表性样本点的数量和质量。目前,筛选半径的选取主要依靠经验确定,对于样本高维度下筛选半径的选取鲜有研究,为探究本文中样本维度s=3200时筛选半径r0对数论选点法筛点的影响,本节给出不同点集总数n情况下代表性样本点数量nsel随筛选半径r0的变化规律,如图5所示。
图5可知,r0对代表性样本点数量有较大影响,以17.2为分界点,当筛选半径小于17.2时,所筛选出的代表性样本点数接近于0,筛选率接近于0,难以筛选到合适的代表性样本点数;而筛选半径大于17.2时,随着筛选半径增大,代表性样本组数不断增大并呈现指数型增长趋势;由此可以判断出筛选半径r0应在大于17.2的范围内进行取值。
筛选半径与代表性样本点数是影响PDEM法计算精度与效率的重要因素,筛选半径一定的情况下,代表性样本数量越多,所得到的结果精度越高,但随之计算效率也会降低,因此需要兼顾计算精度与效率,选择合适的筛选半径与代表性样本点数。首先为探究代表性样本点数nsel对计算精度的影响,本节设置车辆运行速度为250 km/h,平均风速为15 m/s,筛选半径r0=18.0,分别选取代表性样本点数nsel=50,100,200,300组,运用PDEM法计算车辆-轨道系统响应的均值和标准差,并与MCM均值与标准差的近似准确值进行对比分析,以车体竖向加速度和右轨横向位移的计算结果作为示例,对比结果如图67所示。考虑车辆运行初期为不稳定阶段,本文均截取距车辆初始停放位置20 m以后的响应时程进行分析。
图67中可以看出,随着PDEM法样本组数增大,响应均值与标准差的相对误差逐渐减小,逐渐趋近于MCM法的近似准确值。当代表性样本组数为300组时,PDEM法得到的结果与MCM的计算结果基本吻合,车辆车体竖向加速度的均值和标准差最大值的相对误差分别为1.42%和4.59%(如图6所示),右轨跨中节点横向位移的均值和标准差最大值的相对误差分别为1.98%和2.23%(如图7所示),均小于5%。由此可见,运用概率密度演化方法分析双重随机因素下的车辆-轨道系统耦合振动具有很高的精度,且当r0=18.0,代表性样本组数增长到300组时能够达到误差在5%内的精度要求。
为继续探究筛选半径r0对计算精度的影响,本节在上节分析的基础上选定代表性样本点数量nsel为300组,计算不同r0下的PDEM法响应结果并与MCM法近似准确值进行对比,不同r0下的动力响应标准差最大值与其近似准确值的相对误差如表2所示。
表2中可以看出,在nsel取300的条件下,筛选半径在17.4~18.0范围内得到的响应标准差相对误差均小于5%,且随着筛选半径的增大,各响应标准差的相对误差整体呈现先减小后增大趋势,当r0取17.7时,各响应标准差的相对误差最小,相对误差最大值为0.90%,可认为此时PDEM法计算精度达到要求,计算效果最佳,故本文选定nsel=300,r0=17.7作为概率密度演化方法的计算参数。
表1可知,以MCM法得出的近似准确值为基准,当MCM法计算样本量为3000组时,响应的最大相对误差为0.84%,接近于1%;而当PDEM法计算代表性样本点数为300,筛选半径r0为17.7时,响应的最大相对误差也接近于1%。因此,可以近似认为当代表样本点数为300,筛选半径r0为17.7时,基于PDEM法计算的随机振动响应与3000个样本组的MCM法计算结果的精度基本相同。同时,上述计算在两台主频为2.90 GHz,内存为16 GB的计算机上完成,PDEM与MCM每条样本计算所耗平均时间均约为9.13 min。在相同的精度条件下,PDEM计算需300组样本,而MCM计算需3000组样本,PDEM计算效率显著高于MCM,约为10倍左右,验证了概率密度演化方法应用于横风和轨道不平顺双重随机激励作用下的车辆-轨道系统随机分析的高精度及高效性。
利用建立的车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型,结合概率密度演化理论对单重轨道不平顺随机因素、单重风荷载随机因素以及轨道不平顺和风荷载双重随机因素下的车辆-轨道系统耦合振动响应进行对比分析,考虑轨道不平顺随机因素时,将风荷载视为确定性激励施加于车-轨系统,反之亦然。
为判断双重随机激励作用下的车辆-轨道系统耦合振动响应的分布情况,利用SPSS 25.0对双重随机激励作用下的车辆-轨道系统常见响应的分布情况进行正态性检验,得到车辆-轨道系统耦合振动响应服从正态分布。以PDEM-300组随机样本在距离出发点70 m处的车体横向位移为例对响应的正态性检验过程进行说明,做出车体横向位移分布直方图与正态曲线如图8所示。
图8中可以看出,车体横向位移分布贴合于正态曲线。取标准显著性水平α=0.05,利用SPSS 25.0对车体横向位移响应进行夏皮洛-威尔克(S-W)正态性检验,得到显著性水平P值为0.347,大于标准显著性水平0.05,因而可判定此组响应服从正态分布。限于文章篇幅,其余响应时程的正态分布检验在此不作赘述。
由“三倍标准差”原则得到具有99.75%保证概率的系统最大响应时程为umax(t)=max(u(t)+3σ(t)),取该时程曲线的最大值作为具有99.75%保证概率的系统响应最大值,即u¯max=max(umax(t))。在单、双重激励作用下,具有99.75%保证概率的系统响应最大值如表3所示。
表3可以看出,对于车体横向加速度,单重随机风荷载与双重随机激励的响应结果较为接近,但轨道不平顺单重与双重随机因素的响应结果相差约65%。而对于第一轮对左轮横向力,单重随机轨道不平顺激励与双重随机作用的响应结果较为接近,但单重随机风荷载与双重随机激励的响应结果相差近30%。可见,不同随机因素对于不同响应的影响程度并不相同,轨道不平顺和风荷载作用的随机性都不可忽视,也说明了进行横风和轨道不平顺双重随机激励作用下的车辆-轨道系统随机分析的必要性。
(1) 基于概率密度演化理论,建立了横风与轨道不平顺联合作用下的车辆-轨道系统耦合振动模型,并对影响概率密度演化方法计算精度和效率的相关参数进行分析,得到当代表性样本点数为300,筛选半径为17.7时可在保证计算效率的同时达到较高的计算精度。本文模型为列车脱轨随机分析提供了基础。
(2) 比较MCM与概率密度演化法两种方法的计算结果,论证了应用概率密度演化方法分析横风与轨道不平顺联合作用下的车辆-轨道系统耦合振动具有很高的精度;在同等精度条件下,概率密度演化法的计算效率明显高于MCM。
(3) 对比单重随机激励与双重随机激励作用的系统响应,说明仅考虑单重随机激励难以反映系统响应的随机特征,从而论证了开展横风和轨道不平顺双重随机激励作用下的车辆-轨道系统耦合振动分析是必要的。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378546)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2023JJ30665)
  • 中国中铁股份有限公司科技研究开发计划项目(2022-重点-07)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309019
  • 接收时间:2023-09-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-06
  • 修回日期:2023-11-17
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378546)
湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2023JJ30665)
中国中铁股份有限公司科技研究开发计划项目(2022-重点-07)
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    中南大学土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410075

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蔡陈之(1989—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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