Article(id=1227591032934695725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.08.027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696694400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-08, revisedDate=1701964800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610109788, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610109788, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610109788, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610109788, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591023870800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='8', pageStart='1645', pageEnd='1934', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610107611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610373804, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1912, endPage=1921, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591033375097652, articleId=1227591032934695725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Basic vibration characteristics of mountain rack railway vehicles under pier settlement, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There are a large number of ultra-large slope bridges in the rack railway line,and the settlement of bridge piers is difficult to avoid. It leads to the decrease of the smoothness of the railway line and threaten the safety and smoothness of the train. To solve this problem,based on the theory of vehicle-rack(track)-bridge dynamic interaction and gear dynamics,a coupled dynamic model of mountain vehicle-rack(track) -bridge system is established. The dynamic model considers the nonlinear meshing behavior of gear-rack and nonlinear contact behavior of wheel-rail in detail. The meshing behavior of gear-rack and the dynamic characteristics of vehicles under three different pier settlement modes (single pier settlement,continuous pier settlement and spaced pier settlement) are investigated,and the influence of different pier settlement modes on the vibration of vehicles is compared. The results show that the influence of pier settlement on the rack railway system is mainly reflected in the vertical and longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle,and the main frequency of vibration is 1~2 Hz and 8~9 Hz respectively. The effects of single pier settlement on the basic vibration characteristics of the rack-bridge system are similar to those of double pier settlement. But compared with double pier settlement,the effects of single pier settlement on the longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle are more significant,and the fluctuation of the meshing frequency is also significantly increased. Pier settlement will cause the increase of gear offset,and then lead to the instability of gear-rack meshing. When pier settlement is 6 mm,the problem of meshing apart begins to appear,which seriously threatens the operation safety of vehicles.

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齿轨铁路线路存在大量超大坡度桥梁,而桥墩沉降问题难以避免,这将导致齿轨线路平顺性下降,威胁列车运行安全性和平稳性。针对该问题,本文基于列车-轨道-桥梁动力相互作用理论和齿轮动力学,建立考虑齿轮-齿轨非线性啮合行为和轮轨非线性接触行为的山地齿轨车辆-齿轨(轨道)-桥梁耦合动力学模型,探究3种不同桥墩沉降形式(单桥墩沉降、连续桥墩沉降、间隔桥墩沉降)下齿轮-齿轨啮合行为以及齿轨车辆动态特性,并在此基础上对比了不同形式桥墩沉降对齿轨车辆振动的影响程度。研究结果表明:桥墩沉降对齿轨系统的影响主要体现在车辆垂、纵向加速度方面,其振动主频分别位于1~2 Hz之间和8~9 Hz之间;单墩沉降工况与双墩沉降工况对齿轨-桥梁系统基本振动特性的影响相似,但相比于双墩沉降工况,单墩沉降对齿轨车辆纵向加速度的影响更为显著,同时,其啮合频率波动也明显增大;桥墩沉降会造成齿轮偏移量增大,进而导致齿轮-齿轨啮合不稳定,在桥墩沉降量为6 mm时,开始出现脱啮问题,严重威胁齿轨车辆运行安全性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张梦琪(2000—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=n4OKwn8VT4B2oqGjRg43Qg==, magXml=CZuUdkt6xmgIWcjn8yusog==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=uPW/PU/XyMn0Y9E2c3/fdg==, pdfFileSize=5310655, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=xL1tqPBJ1oWc9E6eFrQubA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ZTqc2iNByGBsZNOJNyfbSg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈兆玮(1988—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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陈兆玮(1988—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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Engineering Structures2023,294:116751., articleTitle=Reliability of super-slope rack railway under bridge pier settlement, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227653589645066798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, awardId=52008067, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52008067), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227653589762507319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, awardId=CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1193, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市自然科学基金资助项目(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1193), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227653589900919358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, awardId=KJZD-M202300701, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市教育委员会科学技术研究项目(KJZD-M202300701), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227653574147113733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227653574155502342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, companyId=1227653574147113733, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechatronics & Vehicle Engineering,Chongqing Jiaotong University,Chongqing 400074,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227653574163890951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, companyId=1227653574147113733, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院,重庆 400074)]), AuthorCompany(id=1227653574281331466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227653574310691595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, companyId=1227653574281331466, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Science and Technology Research Institute of China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610031,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227653574327468813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, companyId=1227653574281331466, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司科学技术研究院,四川 成都 610031)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1227653578878287881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Vehicle-rack (track)-bridge coupling dynamics model, figureFileSmall=89J5k2toy8p8QQkBsS1s+w==, figureFileBig=MxgoKvddrIUHQaMw9yV0pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653579071225883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, language=CN, label=图1, caption=车辆-齿轨(轨道)-桥梁耦合动力学模型

注:ksxksy分别表示二系悬挂系统纵向和垂向刚度;csxcsy分别表示二系悬挂系统纵向和垂向阻尼;kpxkpy分别表示一系悬挂系统纵向和垂向刚度;cpxcpy分别表示一系悬挂系统纵向和垂向阻尼;krvcrv分别表示轨道和轨枕连接刚度和阻尼;kbcb分别表示轨枕和道床连接刚度和阻尼;kfvcfv分别表示道床和桥梁连接刚度和阻尼。

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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, language=CN, label=图25, caption=车体纵向加速度, figureFileSmall=lgsblEerblCnhVmDKZ+Z3A==, figureFileBig=LE14k7yb92C+Dzi1KFFxew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653587807961612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值单位
齿数22
齿轮模数31.384
车体质量22000kg
构架质量2000kg
轨枕质量120kg
道床刚度7.84×104kN/m
齿轨弹性模量2.07×108kN/m2
齿轨剪切模量8.1×107kN/m2
齿轨截面面积4.5×10-3m2
钢轨截面面积7.17×10-3m2
单位齿轨质量50kg/m
单位钢轨质量56kg/m
齿轨质量密度7850kg/m3
梁体质量密度2500kg/m3
齿轨主泊松比0.3
梁体主泊松比0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1227653587929596433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值单位
齿数22
齿轮模数31.384
车体质量22000kg
构架质量2000kg
轨枕质量120kg
道床刚度7.84×104kN/m
齿轨弹性模量2.07×108kN/m2
齿轨剪切模量8.1×107kN/m2
齿轨截面面积4.5×10-3m2
钢轨截面面积7.17×10-3m2
单位齿轨质量50kg/m
单位钢轨质量56kg/m
齿轨质量密度7850kg/m3
梁体质量密度2500kg/m3
齿轨主泊松比0.3
梁体主泊松比0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1227653588017676824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Study conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桥墩沉降类型桥墩沉降位置桥墩沉降量
单墩沉降2 mm,6 mm,10 mm
间隔双墩均匀沉降③,⑤2 mm,6 mm,10 mm
相邻双墩均匀沉降④,⑤2 mm,6 mm,10 mm
间隔双墩不均匀沉降③,⑤桥墩③:6 mm;桥墩⑤:10 mm
相邻双墩不均匀沉降④,⑤桥墩④:6 mm;桥墩⑤:10 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1227653588151894563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591032934695725, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桥墩沉降类型桥墩沉降位置桥墩沉降量
单墩沉降2 mm,6 mm,10 mm
间隔双墩均匀沉降③,⑤2 mm,6 mm,10 mm
相邻双墩均匀沉降④,⑤2 mm,6 mm,10 mm
间隔双墩不均匀沉降③,⑤桥墩③:6 mm;桥墩⑤:10 mm
相邻双墩不均匀沉降④,⑤桥墩④:6 mm;桥墩⑤:10 mm
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桥墩沉降下山地齿轨车辆基本振动特性
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陈兆玮 1 , 张梦琪 1 , 王浪 1 , 陈志辉 2 , 杨吉忠 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(8): 1912-1921
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(8): 1912-1921
桥墩沉降下山地齿轨车辆基本振动特性
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陈兆玮1 , 张梦琪1 , 王浪1, 陈志辉2, 杨吉忠2
作者信息
  • 1.重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院,重庆 400074
  • 2.中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司科学技术研究院,四川 成都 610031
  • 陈兆玮(1988—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张梦琪(2000—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:
Basic vibration characteristics of mountain rack railway vehicles under pier settlement
Zhaowei CHEN1 , Mengqi ZHANG1 , Lang WANG1, Zhihui CHEN2, Jizhong YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechatronics & Vehicle Engineering,Chongqing Jiaotong University,Chongqing 400074,China
  • 2.Science and Technology Research Institute of China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610031,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.08.027
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齿轨铁路线路存在大量超大坡度桥梁,而桥墩沉降问题难以避免,这将导致齿轨线路平顺性下降,威胁列车运行安全性和平稳性。针对该问题,本文基于列车-轨道-桥梁动力相互作用理论和齿轮动力学,建立考虑齿轮-齿轨非线性啮合行为和轮轨非线性接触行为的山地齿轨车辆-齿轨(轨道)-桥梁耦合动力学模型,探究3种不同桥墩沉降形式(单桥墩沉降、连续桥墩沉降、间隔桥墩沉降)下齿轮-齿轨啮合行为以及齿轨车辆动态特性,并在此基础上对比了不同形式桥墩沉降对齿轨车辆振动的影响程度。研究结果表明:桥墩沉降对齿轨系统的影响主要体现在车辆垂、纵向加速度方面,其振动主频分别位于1~2 Hz之间和8~9 Hz之间;单墩沉降工况与双墩沉降工况对齿轨-桥梁系统基本振动特性的影响相似,但相比于双墩沉降工况,单墩沉降对齿轨车辆纵向加速度的影响更为显著,同时,其啮合频率波动也明显增大;桥墩沉降会造成齿轮偏移量增大,进而导致齿轮-齿轨啮合不稳定,在桥墩沉降量为6 mm时,开始出现脱啮问题,严重威胁齿轨车辆运行安全性。

齿轨铁路  /  齿轮-齿轨动力学  /  桥墩沉降  /  列车-轨道-桥梁动力相互作用  /  振动特性

There are a large number of ultra-large slope bridges in the rack railway line,and the settlement of bridge piers is difficult to avoid. It leads to the decrease of the smoothness of the railway line and threaten the safety and smoothness of the train. To solve this problem,based on the theory of vehicle-rack(track)-bridge dynamic interaction and gear dynamics,a coupled dynamic model of mountain vehicle-rack(track) -bridge system is established. The dynamic model considers the nonlinear meshing behavior of gear-rack and nonlinear contact behavior of wheel-rail in detail. The meshing behavior of gear-rack and the dynamic characteristics of vehicles under three different pier settlement modes (single pier settlement,continuous pier settlement and spaced pier settlement) are investigated,and the influence of different pier settlement modes on the vibration of vehicles is compared. The results show that the influence of pier settlement on the rack railway system is mainly reflected in the vertical and longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle,and the main frequency of vibration is 1~2 Hz and 8~9 Hz respectively. The effects of single pier settlement on the basic vibration characteristics of the rack-bridge system are similar to those of double pier settlement. But compared with double pier settlement,the effects of single pier settlement on the longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle are more significant,and the fluctuation of the meshing frequency is also significantly increased. Pier settlement will cause the increase of gear offset,and then lead to the instability of gear-rack meshing. When pier settlement is 6 mm,the problem of meshing apart begins to appear,which seriously threatens the operation safety of vehicles.

rack railway  /  gear-rack dynamics  /  pier settlement  /  vehicle-track-bridge dynamic interaction  /  vibration characteristics
陈兆玮, 张梦琪, 王浪, 陈志辉, 杨吉忠. 桥墩沉降下山地齿轨车辆基本振动特性. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1912 -1921 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.08.027
Zhaowei CHEN, Mengqi ZHANG, Lang WANG, Zhihui CHEN, Jizhong YANG. Basic vibration characteristics of mountain rack railway vehicles under pier settlement[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1912 -1921 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.08.027
齿轨铁路具有卓越的爬坡能力,最大爬升坡度可达480‰。截至目前,世界范围内已建成180多条齿轨线路。近年来,中国将其引入山区旅游景点,都江堰、张家界等地已于2019年规划修建Sturb型齿轨铁路,其中包含多条超大坡度桥上齿轨线路[1-2]。对于桥上齿轨线路而言,桥梁因长期服役所产生的桥墩沉降问题难以避免。而桥墩沉降导致的梁体竖向位移会使齿轨和钢轨发生变形,齿轮-齿轨啮合条件恶化,使二者无法稳定啮合,甚至脱啮,造成齿轨车辆振动及噪声增大。同时,在齿轮-齿条反复啮合、脱离过程中,二者会发生干涉,导致使用寿命降低,严重时可致传动失效,影响列车牵引,威胁列车运行安全性。因此,有必要开展桥墩沉降下齿轮-齿轨啮合动态特性研究,从而保证山区齿轨车辆运行的平稳性和安全性。
目前,各国学者已经开展了桥墩沉降对轨道交通系统的影响、齿轨车辆动力学和齿轮动力学方面的研究。余翠英等[3]分析了横桥向桥墩不均匀沉降对轨道结构层间受力及其轨面变形规律的影响;陈兆玮等[4]分析了影响桥墩沉降控制阈值的关键因素,并提出了桥墩沉降的控制阈值;ABDU等[5]通过列车通过桥梁时的垂向加速度对桥墩沉降值进行估计;勾红叶等[6]针对桥梁-轨道系统变形,提出了基于不同指标体系的行车安全评价准则;RODRIGUEZ等[7]对整体桥梁的结构性进行了分析,结果表明该类桥梁适用于高速铁路系统;冯玉林等[8]分析了连续桥梁变形对列车运行平稳性和安全性的影响。
相比于上述研究,国内外对齿轨车辆动力学的研究仍处在基础阶段。赵冠闯等[9]研究了齿轨车辆车体重心高度和转动惯量对其运行平稳性和安全性的影响;陈兆玮等[10]分析了轨道不平顺对齿轨车辆动态特性的影响;陈再刚等[11]研究了齿轨铁路导入装置的动态响应规律,最终提出了合理的列车通过速度;温炎丰等[12]对山地齿轨轨道交通系统进行了动力学仿真,计算得出了车辆特殊限界。
同时,就齿轮动力学研究而言,李波等[13]利用啮合线趋近量与法向力之间的非线性关系优化应力求解;孙晓霞等[14]分析了齿轮时变啮合刚度的激励作用对齿轮振动时油膜动态特性的影响;郭栋等[15]建立了双离合变速器的齿轮敲击动力学模型,求解了齿轮副的动力学响应;常乐浩等[16]提出了齿轮副瞬态接触特性与动力学耦合分析方法,并用该方法探究齿轮副非线性动力学现象成因;易园园等[17]建立直齿轮传动非线性动力学模型,探究线外啮合对齿轮传动动态服役行为的影响规律;宁志远等[18]以行星齿轮为研究对象,分析其齿面磨损与齿轮动力学耦合特性之间的关系;陈再刚等[19]分析了齿轮传动系统啮合激励对轨道车辆及其部件动态响应的影响;BENATAR等[20]验证了斜齿轮副动态荷载分布和动态模型,填补了该方面研究的空白;徐江海等[21]分析了船舶推进系统中人字齿轮的动力学特性;那日苏等[22]对环模制粒机齿轮减速器进行模态分析和动力学求解,为提高该装置性能提供了理论依据;BÖRÖCZ[23]研究了卡车运输时不同车速和路况对轨道和齿条振动的影响。
综上所述,虽然桥墩沉降对轨道交通车辆的影响和齿轮动力学的相关研究已较为完善,但下述问题仍有待进一步研究:(1) 目前对于齿轨车辆动力学的研究仍处于基础阶段,齿轨车辆在不同工况下的基本振动特性尚未被明确揭示;(2) 现阶段研究多聚焦于桥墩沉降对轮轨和胎轨制式轨道车辆的影响,而其对齿轨车辆的影响尚不明确;(3) 齿轨车辆依靠齿轮-齿条啮合力实现超大坡度爬升,但桥墩沉降导致的齿条变形对其啮合行为的影响仍是未知的。
本文基于列车-轨道-桥梁动力相互作用理论,考虑齿轮-齿轨非线性啮合行为和轮轨非线性接触行为,建立车辆-齿轨(轨道)-桥梁耦合动力学模型,分析桥墩沉降对Strub型齿轨车辆-齿轨(轨道)-桥梁系统的影响,研究列车通过时桥墩沉降对车辆啮合力、加速度、啮合误差和啮合频率的影响,为山区桥上齿轨线路修建和运维提供理论支撑。
本节建立了考虑桥墩沉降的车辆-齿轨(轨道)桥梁耦合动力学模型,如图1所示。齿轨车辆、齿轨(轨道)、桥梁3个子系统分别通过齿轮-齿条(轮对-钢轨)和桥梁-轨道相互作用耦合成一个大系统。
具体建模方法如下:
(1) 车辆模型:车辆模型主要由车体、转向架、轮对和齿轮等子结构组成,上述部件均被视为刚体,考虑5个方向的自由度,车体受到二系悬挂力的作用;转向架受到一系悬挂力、二系悬挂力、齿轮-齿轨啮合力以及摩擦力的作用;轮对主要受到一系悬挂、齿轮-齿轨啮合以及轮轨接触力的作用,车辆模型具体动力学方程参考文献[10]。
(2) 轨道(齿轨)模型:有砟轨道模型包括齿轨(钢轨)、连接件(含扣件)、轨枕、道床等结构,将轨枕视为刚体,齿轨和钢轨视为连续弹性离散点支承上的无限长梁,建立Timoshenko 梁模型[24],考虑其扭转和剪切应力。
(3) 桥梁结构模型:采用有限元法建立桥梁结构振动方程,每个节点考虑6个自由度,桥梁的支座单元选用线性弹簧和黏性阻尼模拟。
(4)桥墩沉降模型:在桥墩沉降作用下,相邻两跨梁体会发生竖向位移,进而导致轨枕发生位移,扣件在其作用力下也随之移动,最终齿轨和钢轨在扣件力的作用下发生竖向位移。基于上述分析,根据桥梁挠度公式,可求解出桥墩沉降与齿轨(钢轨)变形的映射公式,具体见文献[25]。后续将其变形量以位移载荷形式施加于齿轨线路,即可对桥墩沉降下齿轨-桥梁系统振动特性进行求解。
(5)轮轨关系模型:轮轨关系模型包括轮轨接触几何关系、轮轨法向力和轮轨蠕滑力模型。轮轨接触几何关系常用线迹法计算;轮轨之间的法向力采用Hertz非线性弹性接触理论计算;轮轨之间的蠕滑力按照Kalker线性理论计算,并采用Johnson-Vermeulen理论进行非线性修正,详见文献[26]。
(6)齿轮-齿轨啮合模型:齿轮-齿轨啮合模型是整个车辆-齿轨(轨道)-桥梁耦合动力学模型中的关键部分,此处考虑齿轮时变啮合刚度的影响,建立齿轮-齿轨啮合动力学模型。齿轮在传动过程中存在传递误差,静态传递误差这里不多做讨论;动态传递误差主要由刚度、荷载、温度等因素导致,齿轮动态传递误差为[14]
δ(t)=rgiθgi-xt(t); i=1,2,3,4
式中,rgi表示第i个齿轮半径;θgi表示第i个齿轮的角位移;xt表示车辆行驶距离。
齿轮-齿轨动态啮合力为:
Fgi=kmδ+cmδ˙
Ft=Fgi
式中,kmcm分别表示啮合刚度和啮合阻尼。
故其动力学微分方程为:
{Igθ¨gi+rgcmδ˙+rgkmδ=Tgimtx¨t+cmδ˙+kmδ=Ft;i=1,2,3,4
式中,Ig表示齿轮的转动惯量;Tgi表示第i个齿轮的转矩;mt表示齿轨质量;rg表示齿轮半径。
采用Weber能量法[27]计算可求解齿轮的时变啮合刚度,利用四阶Runge-Kutta法可求解上述动力学微分方程。
(7) 车辆-齿轨(轨道)-桥梁耦合动力学模型:由于桥梁结构参振,桥梁和车辆的相互作用可具体到轮轨关系,而桥梁与轨道的相互作用可以通过轨枕与道床的支承刚度和阻尼求解,从而得到桥梁与齿轨(轨道)之间的关系[28]
(8)模型求解:为避免求解高阶线性代数方程组,提高计算效率,此处采用ZHAI方法求解该系统方程。其原理为利用前两步的位移、速度和加速度预测下一步的位移和速度,再根据系统方程求解该时刻的加速度值,详细求解过程参考文献[29]。
上述理论模型已在线路上开展工程测试,测试结果与仿真结果基本一致,详细验证过程参考文献[10]。相比与常规线路,齿轨车辆振动较为明显,故开展工程测试时,应着重关注齿轨加速度、齿轨变形量等关键参数,但由于国内未开通桥上齿轨线路,故暂时无法进行桥上验证。
本文针对超大坡度下齿轨-桥梁系统,探究不同坡度、不同沉降量下齿轨-桥梁系统的基本振动特性,选用Sturb型齿轨铁路系统,最大爬升坡度为250‰(爬升阶段)。本文仅讨论桥墩沉降对列车运行特性的影响,其对齿轨系统结构产生的影响及沉降量限值参考文献[30]。本文参考现有齿轨线路,建立了六跨简支桥梁下车辆-齿轨动力学模型,该系统具体参数如表1所示。为保证桥墩沉降对齿轨车辆运行特性的规律结果的准确性,本文暂未考虑轨道不平顺的影响。就桥墩沉降而言,本文将其分为两种类型,单墩沉降与双墩沉降,双墩沉降又考虑连续桥墩沉降和间隔桥墩沉降两种类型。桥梁示意图如图2所示,图中V表示车速,具体研究工况如表2所示。
桥墩沉降会影响齿轮和齿轨的接触区域,导致齿轮-齿轨啮合条件恶化,因此需要开展桥墩沉降对齿轨车辆动态特性影响的研究,而单墩沉降较为简单,可用于探究桥墩沉降对系统的影响规律。本节通过分析在250‰坡度下齿轮车辆在时、频域下的变化规律,探究齿轨系统对桥墩沉降的敏感性。
图3为不同沉降量下齿轮-齿轨啮合力及齿轮偏移量,图4为齿轮-齿轨啮合力振动频谱。由图可知,齿轮-齿轨啮合力的振动主频位于8~9 Hz,啮合力约为15~20 kN。当桥墩沉降量为2、6 mm时,齿轮最大偏移量分别为5.22、9.88 mm。当桥墩沉降量为10 mm时,其对齿轮-齿轨啮合力影响显著,在车辆行驶至沉降位置时,齿轮-齿条啮合稳定性变差,出现脱啮现象。由图3可知,当桥墩沉降量为10 mm时,齿轮偏移量最大值为11 mm,齿轮-齿轨出现啮合不稳定的问题。
图5为不同沉降量下齿轮-齿轨动态传递误差及啮合频率。由图5可知,桥墩沉降量由2 mm增至10 mm时,动态传递误差由0.18 mm增至1.48 mm,增幅可达370%,进而导致齿轮和齿轨啮合关系恶化,系统啮合不稳定,因此,在桥墩沉降的影响下,啮合频率也发生较大波动。此外,动态传递误差相较于齿轮-齿轨啮合频率而言具有滞后性。
图67分别为不同沉降量下齿轨车辆的纵、垂向加速度。由图67可知,在车辆未行驶至沉降路段时,纵向加速度位于-0.051~0.028 m/s2之间,垂向加速度位于-0.00054 ~0.00074 m/s2之间,行驶至沉降路段时,垂、纵向加速度均明显增大,由于齿轨车辆运行由齿轮-齿条啮合纵向力提供牵引力,故车体纵向加速度对桥墩沉降量较为敏感,随着沉降量的增加,沉降值对纵向加速度的影响加剧;对于车体垂向加速度而言,该值与桥墩沉降量呈正相关,且涨幅较小。由此得出,桥墩沉降对车体加速度的影响主要集中在纵向。
图8为双墩均匀沉降下齿轮偏移量及齿轮-齿轨啮合力变化图,图9为齿轮-齿轨啮合力振动频谱。由于在沉降桥墩的前、后跨桥梁处会出现轻微上翘现象,故车辆行驶至第一跨桥梁末端时齿轮偏移量开始增大,随着桥梁及钢轨(齿轨)变形的增加,齿轮偏移量增大,齿轮-齿轨啮合情况恶化。由图可知,当沉降量增至6 mm时,啮合情况明显恶化;同时,齿轮-齿轨啮合力振动主频位于8~9 Hz之间。
图10为双墩不均匀沉降下齿轮偏移量及齿轮-齿轨啮合力变化图。由图10可知,齿轮在桥墩沉降位置附近发生较大偏移量;同时,出现脱啮问题,这与上文桥墩均匀沉降工况下得到的结论相同。
图11为双墩均匀沉降下齿轮-齿轨动态传递误差及啮合频率。由图11可知,当沉降量由6 mm增至10 mm时,动态传递误差涨幅可达162%。
图1213分别为车辆纵、垂向加速度及其振动频谱。由图1213可知,车体纵向加速度和垂向加速度振动主频分别位于8 Hz和0~1 Hz之间,纵向加速度明显大于垂向加速度,且相比于垂向加速度,纵向加速度受桥墩沉降量变化的影响更为显著。
图1415分别为双墩不均匀沉降下车辆垂、纵向加速度及其振动频谱。由图1415可知,车体垂、纵向加速度及其振动主频与桥墩均匀沉降工况下的计算结果基本相同。
图16为双墩均匀沉降下齿轮偏移量及齿轮-齿轨啮合力,图17为齿轮-齿轨啮合力振动频谱。由图可知,啮合力振动主频位于8~9 Hz之间,随着沉降量增加,齿轮偏移量最大值为13 mm,导致齿轮-齿轨啮合关系恶化,在一定程度上影响列车牵引。
图18为桥墩不均匀沉降下齿轮偏移量及齿轮-齿轨啮合力。由图18可知,桥墩沉降位置处齿轮-齿轨啮合条件变差。
图19为桥墩均匀沉降下齿轮-齿轨动态传递误差及啮合频率。由图19可知,随着沉降量的增大,桥墩沉降对齿轮-齿轨动态传递误差的影响加剧,且具有滞后性。
图2021分别为齿轨车辆垂、纵向加速度及其振动频谱。由图2021可知,车辆驶过无沉降部分时,垂向加速度位于-5.14×10-4~4.11×10-4 m/s2之间,纵向加速度位于-0.024~0.028 m/s2之间,当行驶至桥墩沉降位置时,垂、纵向加速度均明显增大,由此,桥墩沉降对车辆垂、纵向加速度的影响更为显著。
图2223分别为双墩不均匀沉降下齿轨车辆垂、纵向加速度及其振动频谱。由图2223可知,该工况与桥墩均匀沉降下车体垂、纵向加速度最大值基本相同,出现在桥墩沉降量最大的桥墩附近,垂、纵向加速度振动主频分别位于1~2 Hz之间和8~9 Hz之间,与上文研究结论基本一致。
为比较不同类型桥墩沉降对齿轨车辆基本振动特性的影响规律,本节对比了不同沉降类型、相同沉降工况下(坡度为250‰,沉降量为10 mm)的齿轨车辆振动特性变化。
图2425分别为不同沉降工况下齿轨车辆垂、纵向加速度。对于车体垂向加速度而言,均在桥墩沉降位置处发生较大波动,其幅值相差较小,双墩沉降工况略高于单墩沉降工况;但在单墩沉降工况下,车体纵向加速度波动范围较大,幅值也明显高于双墩沉降工况,最大纵向加速度达双墩沉降的155%。
本文基于列车-轨道-桥梁动力相互作用理论,建立车辆-齿轨(轨道)-桥梁耦合动力学模型,并通过该模型探究桥墩沉降下齿轨-桥梁系统的基本振动特性,讨论桥墩沉降给齿轨铁路系统带来的影响,根据研究得出以下结论:
(1) 桥墩沉降对齿轨车辆、轮对和齿轮-齿轨啮合系统的振动特性有很大影响,在较大沉降量下,车体垂、纵向加速度明显增大,最大增幅可达320%。由于齿轨车辆垂、纵向振动主要来源于齿轮与齿轨啮合系统,因此建议通过提高齿轮-齿轨啮合稳定性来减小齿轨车辆振动。
(2) 当桥墩沉降量较大时,齿轮-齿轨啮合情况明显恶化,上述3种桥墩沉降形式下,当沉降量达6 mm时,由于齿轮偏移量较大,齿轮-齿轨开始出现脱啮问题,动态传递误差迅速增大,啮合频率增大,进而导致噪声和振动加剧。
(3) 单墩沉降工况与双墩沉降工况对齿轨-桥梁系统基本振动特性的影响基本一致,但需注意在沉降量均较大时,相比双墩沉降工况,单墩沉降工况对齿轨车辆系统振动的影响更为显著,其纵向加速度峰值为双墩沉降工况下的155%,同时啮合频率明显增大。
(4) 双墩均匀沉降与双墩不均匀沉降下齿轨车辆基本振动特性变化规律基本一致,后续研究可以使用双墩均匀沉降进行规律性分析。
本文研究仅针对六跨简支梁250‰坡度下齿轨车辆动态特性,为后续相关齿轨线路建设提供理论依据。由于现阶段齿轨线路存在的主要问题为运行速度较慢,车辆振动剧烈,故后续齿轨线路运行时应着重关注车辆运行加速度、齿轨应力、应变等关键参数,以保证车辆运行的平稳性和安全性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52008067)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金资助项目(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1193)
  • 重庆市教育委员会科学技术研究项目(KJZD-M202300701)
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2025年第38卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.08.027
  • 接收时间:2023-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08
  • 修回日期:2023-12-08
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52008067)
重庆市自然科学基金资助项目(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1193)
重庆市教育委员会科学技术研究项目(KJZD-M202300701)
作者信息
    1.重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院,重庆 400074
    2.中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司科学技术研究院,四川 成都 610031

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张梦琪(2000—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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