Article(id=1227591031999362046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309066, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695398400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-23, revisedDate=1700668800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610109567, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610109567, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610109567, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610109567, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591023870800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='8', pageStart='1645', pageEnd='1934', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610107611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610373804, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1922, endPage=1934, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591032355876874, articleId=1227591031999362046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Parametric sensitivity study of seismic response for deep-water rigid frame bridge in near-fault canyon sites, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A large number of high-pier rigid frame bridges in the canyon areas are located in near-fault regions (hereinafter referred to as near-fault),and the seismic analyses should comprehensively consider the near-fault effect,site effect,and fluid-structure interaction when they are located in the water environment such as rivers,reservoirs,etc. Currently,most near-fault seismic records are used as consistent inputs,which may underestimate the seismic response of the bridges. At the same time,the discussion on the correlation between the seismic sources,site parameters,and seismic response of the bridges is unexplored. In this paper,the stochastic finite fault method and the boundary element method are combined to generate the multi-dimensional and multi-point ground motions of the overlying water-layer canyon sites near faults,and the analysis of the seismic response of the deep-water,large-span,high-pier rigid frame bridge in the near-fault canyon site is developed. The sensitivity of the response of piers and bearings to the seismic source and site parameters is investigated from the perspective of the whole physical process between the seismic source and the structure. The results indicate that the bridge response is most sensitive to the rupture surface size. On the whole,the influence of source parameters on the bridge response is more significant than that of site parameters. The site effect leads to the difference of the mean values of curvature ductility ratios of two main piers in longitudinal and transverse directions to be 85% and 88%. There are differences in the sensitivities of the main piers and bearings to each parameter. When the dip angle of the fault is between 33°~60°,the seismic response of the bridge shows a trend of increasing first and then decreasing,and the curvature ductility ratio of the main pier can differ by 35%. The water layer has an inhibitory effect on ground motions; however,the amplification effect of hydrodynamic pressures on the seismic response of the bridge is more prominent.

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峡谷地区大量高墩刚构桥位于近地震活动断层(以下简称近断层)区域,若跨河流或位于库区等有水环境,其抗震分析应综合考虑近断层效应、场地效应和流固耦合作用,目前多采用近断层地震记录作为一致输入,可能低估桥梁地震响应,且对震源、场地参数与桥梁地震响应相关性缺乏探讨。本文结合随机有限断层法和边界元法生成近断层上覆水层峡谷场地多维多点地震动加速度,开展近断层峡谷场地深水大跨高墩刚构桥地震响应分析。以从震源到结构全物理过程的视角,研究桥墩、支座响应对震源、场地参数的敏感性。结果表明:桥梁地震响应对断层破裂面尺寸最为敏感,整体上,震源参数对桥梁地震响应的影响较场地参数更为显著;场地效应导致主墩纵、横桥向曲率延性比均值相差85%、88%;桥梁主墩和支座对各参数敏感性存在差异;断层倾角处于33°~60°之间时,桥梁地震响应呈现先增大后减小的趋势,主墩曲率延性比可相差35%;水层对地震动具有抑制效应,但动水压力对其地震响应的放大作用更突出。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘中宪(1982—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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孟思博(1990—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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孟思博(1990—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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孟思博(1990—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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注:F为力;D为位移;ε为应变;fy为屈服应力;E为弹性模量;fc,核心为核心混凝土极限应力;fc,保护层为保护层混凝土极限应力;fcu,核心为核心混凝土残余应力;fcu,保护层为保护层混凝土残余应力;εc,核心为核心混凝土极限应力对应应变;εc,保护层为保护层混凝土极限应力对应应变;εcu,核心为核心混凝土残余应力对应应变;εcu,保护层为保护层混凝土残余应力对应应变;Disp表示平动;Rot表示转动。

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Information of uncertain parameters of the source and site[32]

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参数类型参数单位分布类型均值标准差下界上界
震源参数断层倾角°正态分布60203386
震源深度km正态分布13.46.417522
应力降bar对数正态2502.04247253
断层长度因子正态分布0.60.20.340.86
断层宽度因子正态分布0.60.20.340.86
场地/路径参数kappa因子s均匀分布0.05670.03930.0741
震中距km均匀分布10515
剪切波速m/s均匀分布225015003000
水深m均匀分布7520130
), ArticleFig(id=1227653578085560731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591031999362046, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

震源参数和场地不确定参数信息[32]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数类型参数单位分布类型均值标准差下界上界
震源参数断层倾角°正态分布60203386
震源深度km正态分布13.46.417522
应力降bar对数正态2502.04247253
断层长度因子正态分布0.60.20.340.86
断层宽度因子正态分布0.60.20.340.86
场地/路径参数kappa因子s均匀分布0.05670.03930.0741
震中距km均匀分布10515
剪切波速m/s均匀分布225015003000
水深m均匀分布7520130
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Material properties of reinforcing steel and concrete

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材料密度/(kg⋅m-3)弹性模量/GPa屈服应力/MPa硬化刚度系数轴向抗压强度/MPa峰值压缩应变极限压缩应变
钢筋78502004000.001
核心混凝土250034.538.40.00240.020
保护层混凝土250034.532.40.00200.004
), ArticleFig(id=1227653578299470255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591031999362046, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

钢筋和混凝土的材料特性

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材料密度/(kg⋅m-3)弹性模量/GPa屈服应力/MPa硬化刚度系数轴向抗压强度/MPa峰值压缩应变极限压缩应变
钢筋78502004000.001
核心混凝土250034.538.40.00240.020
保护层混凝土250034.532.40.00200.004
), ArticleFig(id=1227653578366579128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591031999362046, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Limit values of damage indicators for piers and bearings[35]

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损伤状态损伤状态描述桥墩曲率延性比μφ支座剪切应变εb/%支座相对位移δ/mm
无损伤无钢筋屈服,混凝土仅产生细小裂缝μφ<1εb<100δ<150
轻微损伤第一根钢筋理论屈服,混凝土出现明显裂缝1<μφ<1.7100<εb<150150<δ<225
中等损伤局部塑性铰开始形成,出现非线性变形,凝土开始剥落,可见裂缝展开1.7<μφ<3.67150<εb<200225<δ<300
严重损伤塑性铰完全形成,形成较大宽度的裂缝,铰区混凝土剥落3.67<μφ<14.19200<εb<250300<δ<375
完全损伤强度退化,主筋屈服,箍筋断裂,核心混凝土压碎μφ>14.19εb>250δ>375
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桥墩与支座损伤指标界限值[35]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤状态损伤状态描述桥墩曲率延性比μφ支座剪切应变εb/%支座相对位移δ/mm
无损伤无钢筋屈服,混凝土仅产生细小裂缝μφ<1εb<100δ<150
轻微损伤第一根钢筋理论屈服,混凝土出现明显裂缝1<μφ<1.7100<εb<150150<δ<225
中等损伤局部塑性铰开始形成,出现非线性变形,凝土开始剥落,可见裂缝展开1.7<μφ<3.67150<εb<200225<δ<300
严重损伤塑性铰完全形成,形成较大宽度的裂缝,铰区混凝土剥落3.67<μφ<14.19200<εb<250300<δ<375
完全损伤强度退化,主筋屈服,箍筋断裂,核心混凝土压碎μφ>14.19εb>250δ>375
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近断层峡谷场地深水刚构桥地震响应参数敏感性研究
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孟思博 1 , 魏石涛 2 , 刘中宪 1, 2 , 程喜 3 , 李文轩 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(8): 1922-1934
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(8): 1922-1934
近断层峡谷场地深水刚构桥地震响应参数敏感性研究
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孟思博1 , 魏石涛2, 刘中宪1, 2 , 程喜3, 李文轩2
作者信息
  • 1.天津城建大学天津市土木建筑结构防护与加固重点实验室,天津 300384
  • 2.天津城建大学土木工程学院,天津 300384
  • 3.中铁十九局集团广州工程有限公司,广东 广州 511455
  • 孟思博(1990—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘中宪(1982—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Parametric sensitivity study of seismic response for deep-water rigid frame bridge in near-fault canyon sites
Sibo MENG1 , Shitao WEI2, Zhongxian LIU1, 2 , Xi CHENG3, Wenxuan LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structural Protection and Reinforcement for Civil Engineering and Architecture,Tianjin Chengjian University,Tianjin 300384,China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering,Tianjin Chengjian University,Tianjin 300384,China
  • 3.China Railway 19th Bureau Group Guangzhou Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511455,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309066
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峡谷地区大量高墩刚构桥位于近地震活动断层(以下简称近断层)区域,若跨河流或位于库区等有水环境,其抗震分析应综合考虑近断层效应、场地效应和流固耦合作用,目前多采用近断层地震记录作为一致输入,可能低估桥梁地震响应,且对震源、场地参数与桥梁地震响应相关性缺乏探讨。本文结合随机有限断层法和边界元法生成近断层上覆水层峡谷场地多维多点地震动加速度,开展近断层峡谷场地深水大跨高墩刚构桥地震响应分析。以从震源到结构全物理过程的视角,研究桥墩、支座响应对震源、场地参数的敏感性。结果表明:桥梁地震响应对断层破裂面尺寸最为敏感,整体上,震源参数对桥梁地震响应的影响较场地参数更为显著;场地效应导致主墩纵、横桥向曲率延性比均值相差85%、88%;桥梁主墩和支座对各参数敏感性存在差异;断层倾角处于33°~60°之间时,桥梁地震响应呈现先增大后减小的趋势,主墩曲率延性比可相差35%;水层对地震动具有抑制效应,但动水压力对其地震响应的放大作用更突出。

近断层地震动  /  局部场地效应  /  深水刚构桥  /  敏感性

A large number of high-pier rigid frame bridges in the canyon areas are located in near-fault regions (hereinafter referred to as near-fault),and the seismic analyses should comprehensively consider the near-fault effect,site effect,and fluid-structure interaction when they are located in the water environment such as rivers,reservoirs,etc. Currently,most near-fault seismic records are used as consistent inputs,which may underestimate the seismic response of the bridges. At the same time,the discussion on the correlation between the seismic sources,site parameters,and seismic response of the bridges is unexplored. In this paper,the stochastic finite fault method and the boundary element method are combined to generate the multi-dimensional and multi-point ground motions of the overlying water-layer canyon sites near faults,and the analysis of the seismic response of the deep-water,large-span,high-pier rigid frame bridge in the near-fault canyon site is developed. The sensitivity of the response of piers and bearings to the seismic source and site parameters is investigated from the perspective of the whole physical process between the seismic source and the structure. The results indicate that the bridge response is most sensitive to the rupture surface size. On the whole,the influence of source parameters on the bridge response is more significant than that of site parameters. The site effect leads to the difference of the mean values of curvature ductility ratios of two main piers in longitudinal and transverse directions to be 85% and 88%. There are differences in the sensitivities of the main piers and bearings to each parameter. When the dip angle of the fault is between 33°~60°,the seismic response of the bridge shows a trend of increasing first and then decreasing,and the curvature ductility ratio of the main pier can differ by 35%. The water layer has an inhibitory effect on ground motions; however,the amplification effect of hydrodynamic pressures on the seismic response of the bridge is more prominent.

near-fault ground motions  /  local site effect  /  deep-water rigid frame bridge  /  sensitivity
孟思博, 魏石涛, 刘中宪, 程喜, 李文轩. 近断层峡谷场地深水刚构桥地震响应参数敏感性研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1922 -1934 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309066
Sibo MENG, Shitao WEI, Zhongxian LIU, Xi CHENG, Wenxuan LI. Parametric sensitivity study of seismic response for deep-water rigid frame bridge in near-fault canyon sites[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1922 -1934 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309066
中国西部地区地形地貌复杂,随着高速公路/铁路的持续建设,出现了诸多穿越峡谷场地桥梁,其中刚构桥是常用、典型的结构形式,通常具有高墩、大跨的特点。当存在河流、库区蓄水等因素时,桥梁还将处于深水环境,需考虑地震动水压力。同时,西部大部分地区为高烈度地震区,活断层密集,若桥梁位于近断层区域,将面临近震威胁,近断层地震动具有大速度脉冲、强竖向震动等特点[1],可能加剧震害,如2008年汶川地震出现严重破坏的庙子坪大桥即为断层距小于1 km、位于深水峡谷场地的大跨高墩刚构桥[2]。综上,此类桥梁抗震分析需综合考虑近断层效应、局部场地效应和流固耦合效应。
国内外学者针对近断层区域刚构桥已开展大量分析,着重考察了近断层地震动速度脉冲特性[3]、竖向强地震动[4]、长周期特性[5]、旋转特性[6]等对高墩刚构桥地震响应的影响。针对处于近断层区域的深水桥梁,江辉等[7]对比了远近场地震动作用下动水压力对深水桥墩的影响差异,结果表明,近场地震的桥墩位移、内力增幅均显著大于远场地震;ZHANG等[8]开展了近断层地震动作用下库区刚构桥易损性分析和韧性评估,得出有水环境将导致桥梁易损性增大、韧性下降;吴堃等[9]研究了有局部场地效应的深水多跨连续梁桥的地震响应分析。上述研究所用近断层地震动均为实测地震记录。此外,由于目前近断层地震记录,尤其是强震记录相对较少,部分学者提出了近断层地震动合成方法[10-11],并应用于近断层桥梁地震响应分析中[12]
值得指出的是,此类高墩刚构桥多处于复杂场地条件中,且跨度较大,场地效应将导致地震动出现显著的空间变化,在台湾翡翠峡谷、自贡西山公园测得的起伏地形场地地震动显示,不同地表点地震动峰值加速度可相差2.5倍[13]、1.7倍[14];理论分析同样表明峡谷地形对地震波的散射将引起地震动局部放大[15]。由此可见,近断层峡谷场地桥梁地震分析亦应考虑场地效应。但由于缺乏近断层复杂场地相关地震记录,目前基于实测近断层地震记录或合成方法的相关研究均为一致激励输入。因此,一些学者将地震学与工程学结合,采用解析法[16]、随机有限断层法[17]、谱元法[18-19]模拟地震动,对近断层桥梁地震响应开展分析,为近断层复杂场地桥梁抗震分析提供了一个可借鉴的途径。其中,LI等[16]、ZHANG等[8]同时考虑近断层效应和场地效应,分别研究了刚构桥地震响应对峡谷地形条件和震源距等的敏感性、近断层多点效应对刚构桥地震易损性的影响。但上述研究中震源均采用点源模型,对于近断层情况,有待进一步基于有限断层模型对断层整体和局部参数、场地参数等进行深入探讨。
鉴于此,本文开展近断层峡谷场地深水大跨高墩刚构桥地震响应分析,将随机有限断层法和边界元法结合求解近断层多维多点地震动;所得地震动作为刚构桥地震输入,求解刚构桥地震响应,基于变形破坏准则选取支座剪切应变、主墩曲率延性比为响应指标,主要考察桥墩、支座水平变形产生的损伤。基于龙卷风图法[20]开展刚构桥地震响应的局部敏感性分析,研究断层倾角、震源深度、应力降、断层几何尺寸等震源参数,kappa因子、震中距、介质剪切波速、水深等局部场地参数对刚构桥各构件的影响,为保障近断层复杂场地桥梁抗震安全性提供理论基础。
按照随机有限断层法的基本原理[21],有限断层模型可分为N个子断层,每个子断层可视为点源[22]。参照随机点源法,第i个子断层在第j个观测点产生的P波径向、P波纵向、SV波径向、SV波纵向和SH波切向(分别用上标Pr、Pz、SVr、SVz、SHt表示,下同)的傅里叶幅值谱可表示为[23]
Sf,ijPr(f,Rij)=HiPKiP(f)[Sa,ijPr(f)P(f,Rij)     Acrust(f)Asite(f)exp(-πfκ)]
Sf,ijPz(f,Rij)=HiPKiP(f)[Sa,ijPz(f)P(f,Rij)     Acrust(f)exp(-πfκ)]
Sf,ijSVr(f,Rij)=HiSVKiSV(f)[Sa,ijSVz(f)P(f,Rij)     Acrust(f)Asite(f)exp(-πfκ)]
Sf,ijSVz(f,Rij)=HiSVKiSV(f)[Sa,ijSVz(f)P(f,Rij)     Acrust(f)exp(-πfκ)]
Sf,ijSHt(f,Rij)=HiSHKiSH(f)[Sa,ijSHt(f)P(f,Rij)     Acrust(f)Asite(f)exp(-πfκ)]
式中,Sf,ij为第i个子断层在第j个观测点位置的傅里叶幅值谱(i=1,2,…,N);Sa,ij为加速度震源谱,其表达式可参考文献[24];PfRij)为传播路径衰减经验模型,其中,f为频率,Rij为观测点j与子断层i之间的距离;Hi、Ki为标度因子,具体表达式可参考文献[23-24];AcrustAsite分别为地壳和场地介质放大效应经验模型;exp(-π)为独立于路径的高频衰减项;κ为kappa因子。
将断层傅里叶幅值谱转换至时域,可获得观测点P波径向、P波纵向、SV波径向、SV波纵向和SH波切向加速度时程(分别用aijPraijPzaijSVraijSVzaijSHt表示)。采用窗函数[25]对地震动加速度时程波形进行约束。通过震源和路径持续时间的叠加来确定地震动加速度时程持续时间,其中震源持续时间为第i个子断层动拐角频率的倒数[23],动拐角频率的具体表达式可参考文献[26]。
通过统计观测确定的经验模型估计S波路径持续时间,并假定P波路径持续时间为P波和S波到达的时间差。根据观测点j相对于子断层i的方位角,可得第i个子断层在第j个观测点的东西向(EW)、南北向(NS)和垂直向(UD)加速度时程。最后将N个子断层引起的地震动加速度时程叠加即为模拟地震动,地表观测点j的EW、NS和UD方向地震动加速度时程ajEW(t)ajNS(t)ajUD(t)可分别表示为:
ajEW(t)=i=1N[aijPrsinφij(t+ΔtijP)+aijSVrsinφij(t+ΔtijSV)-aijSHtcosφij(t+ΔtijSH)]
ajNS(t)=i=1N[aijPrcosφij(t+ΔtijP)+aijSVrcosφij(t+ΔtijSV)+aijSHtsinφij(t+ΔtijSH)]
ajUD(t)=i=1N[aijPz(t+ΔtijP)+aijSVz(t+ΔtijSV)]
式中,Δtij=ri0/vr+(Rij-R0j)/β,其中,vr为破裂速度,β为介质剪切波速,ri0R0j分别表示第i个子断层与初始破裂点的距离、观测点j与初始破裂点之间的距离;φij为第i个子断层相对第j个观测点的方位角;t为时间。
值得指出的是,式(1)~(5)中场地效应项Asite为随机有限断层法中场地介质放大效应经验模型,其将近地表场地看作水平成层,未考虑峡谷场地中不规则地形和场地介质横纵向非均匀性。为了获得考虑局部复杂场地效应的空间变化地震动,通过随机有限断层法模拟断层、路径过程后,需对式(1)~(5)中场地效应项进行修正,本文以SV波、SH波和P波作用下局部复杂场地地震动传递函数修正[27]。因此,式(1)~(5)可改写为:
Sf,ijPr(f,Rij)=HiPKiP(f)[Sa,ijPr(f)P(f,Rij)Acrust(f)HP(f)Asite(f)exp(-πfκ)]
Sf,ijPz(f,Rij)=HiPKiP(f)[Sa,ijPz(f)P(f,Rij)Acrust(f)HP(f)exp(-πfκ)]
Sf,ijSVr(f,Rij)=HiSVKiSV(f)[Sa,ijSVz(f)P(f,Rij)Acrust(f)HSV(f)Asite(f)exp(-πfκ)]
Sf,ijSVz(f,Rij)=HiSVKiSV(f)[Sa,ijSVz(f)P(f,Rij)Acrust(f)HSV(f)exp(-πfκ)]
Sf,ijSHt(f,Rij)=HiSHKiSH(f)[Sa,ijSHt(f)P(f,Rij)Acrust(f)HSH(f)Asite(f)exp(-πfκ)]
式中,HPf、HSVf)、HSHf)分别为P波、SV波、SH波入射下峡谷场地地震动传递函数。若局部复杂场地位于基岩上覆土层,应保留Asite作为场地放大系数;若局部复杂场地位于基岩半空间,Asite可取为1,相当于采用地震动传递函数考虑场地效应。
本文采用边界元法求解峡谷场地地震动传递函数,以考虑起伏地形、上覆水层、固液耦合效应对地震波的二维散射效应。图1为具有上覆水层的峡谷场地,包括具有不规则地形的半空间域Ω0和水域Ω1。边界包括地表L1、水层和峡谷之间的交界面L2、水层表面L3
由于SH波不在流体介质传播,含上覆水层饱和峡谷场地对地震波的散射与不含水层弹性峡谷场地一致,求解方法可参考文献[28]。P波和SV波作用下,水层、饱和特性对场地散射场具有显著影响,本文采用基于Biot理论的傅里叶-贝塞尔级数展开技术处理含上覆水层的两相介质地震波散射问题[29],其中P波、SV波入射时求解方法差异主要体现在自由场和散射场格林函数,而局部场地地震动模拟思路、边界条件均相同,故本节仅对SV波作用下含上覆水层饱和峡谷场地地震波场和边界条件进行阐述。
在入射角为θ的SV波作用下(如图1所示),峡谷场地总位移场和应力场均由自由场和散射场的叠加组成(入射角由震源和局部场地相对位置关系确定)。总应力、固相位移、液相相对位移、孔隙水压力自由场可由波势函数得到[30],任意位置应力和位移散射场均可通过虚拟波源密度乘以相应的应力和位移格林函数确定,其中土壤骨架的位移、孔隙水相对于土壤骨架的位移、孔隙水压力、牵引力具体表达式参考文献[31]。计算模型边界条件包括:多孔弹性半空间表面应力和孔隙水压力为零、边界面流体位移和孔隙水压力连续、饱和场地和水层交界面法向应力和孔隙水压力相等、饱和场地和水层交界面总切向应力为零,具体表达式参考文献[31]。
求解后,SV波作用下峡谷场地地表位移幅值可表示为:
u(x,z,2πf,t)=|u(x,z,2πf)|eiθ(x,z,2πf)e-i2πft
式中,|u(x,z,2πf)|为地表位移幅值模数,反映了局部场地效应;i为虚数单位;θ·)表示波散射的相位特性。
地震动传递函数可写为:
H()(2πf)=uj(i2πf)uf(i2πf)
式中,uj为观测点j的地表位移幅值;uf为不含局部地形时地表位移幅值;上标“(·)”表示SV波、SH波或P波入射。
为考察高墩刚构桥地震响应指标对震源、场地参数的敏感性,首先确定拟研究的震源和场地不确定参数(参数个数为M)及其概率分布类型、统计矩以及相同置信度对应的上、下界;然后,当求解参数ii=1,2,…,M)的敏感性时,假定其他参数取为中值(50%置信度,一般为均值),基于拉丁超立方采样确定参数i的取值个数,分别采用第2节所述近断层峡谷场地地震动模拟方法生成每组参数下桥梁各支承点处多维多点地震动加速度时程,施加至桥梁结构进行非线性动力时程分析,确定桥梁地震响应指标上、下界;将M个参数遍历后,基于龙卷风图对各参数敏感性进行对比。
以2021年云南漾濞MS6.4地震为例,对随机有限断层法模拟三向近断层地震动准确性进行验证。将模拟结果与台站实测记录、已有文献模拟结果[23]进行了对比,图2给出了部分台站EW、NS和UD向地震动峰值加速度(PGA)、地震动峰值速度(PGV)情况。由图2可知,本文模拟结果与文献[23]中的模拟结果、实测记录吻合良好,表明了采用随机有限断层法模拟三维地震动的可行性。
分别对SH波、SV波和P波作用下峡谷场地地震动传递函数边界元模拟方法进行了正确性验证,验证结果与文献[31]一致;此外,对修正随机有限断层法的合理性进行验证,验证结果与文献[27]一致。限于篇幅,验证模型、相关参数及验证情况在此不再赘述。
本文考虑有限断层震源参数和局部场地参数对近断层峡谷场地大跨高墩刚构桥地震响应的影响,设定震级MS=6.1,表1给出了参数概率分布、均值、标准差和上、下界,其中各参数上、下界对应置信度均为90%和10%。断层倾角、震源深度、应力降、断层长度因子和宽度因子、kappa因子概率分布和统计矩与文献[32]一致。其中,断层倾角、震源深度、kappa因子主要参考了四川地区调查资料和历史地震数据;应力参数控制合成震源谱幅值,主要参考了川滇地区应力降统计数据;断层长度因子和宽度因子影响断层破裂面尺寸,破裂面长度、宽度一般由矩震级和断层长宽比经验关系式确定,此处断层长度因子、宽度因子为经验关系求解所得破裂长度、宽度均值后的修正因子。
此外,震中距取为5~15 km,研究桥址属于近断层区域,以剪切波速考虑不同场地介质,同时考虑不同蓄水情况导致的不同水深;三者与实际场地条件有关,认为满足均匀分布。其他参数取为定值,包括:矩震级Mw=6.1,震源介质密度为2800 kg/m3、动破裂面比例为50%,根据经验关系[33],修正前破裂面长度和宽度分别为16.5和7.7 km;破裂速度、持时模型、品质因子和几何扩散模型等关键参数参考文献[23]。
以某近断层峡谷场地大跨高墩刚构桥(图3)为例开展分析,考虑多维多点地震动输入,其中SV波、P波入射分别产生纵桥向、竖向地震动(x轴、z轴),SH波入射主要引起横桥向地震动(图3的平面外方向)。该桥跨度为90 m+180 m+90 m,主跨和边跨主梁高度为4.5~14.5 m。墩高分别为68、120、120和68 m,墩1#、2#、3#、4#底图部支承点分别记为A、B、C、D,均位于峡谷侧壁,桥墩及主梁截面尺寸及配筋情况如图3所示。
基于OpenSees建立桥梁有限元模型(图4),参考已有研究[816],采用弹性梁柱单元模拟主梁,未考虑主梁材料塑性。由于高墩可能进入塑性且以弯曲破坏为主[34],采用基于位移的非线性纤维梁柱单元[31]模拟桥墩,主梁与桥墩有限单元尺寸均取为2 m。主梁弹性模量、密度分别取为36.0 GPa和2600 kg/m3,桥墩钢筋和混凝土材料分别采用Steel02和Concrete01本构模型,具体材料参数如表2所示。主梁和主墩采用刚性链杆连接,主梁和边墩间支座采用零长度单元模拟[31],支座材料采用双线性本构模型,初始刚度为105 kN/m,屈服力为300 kN[8]。由于半空间剪切波速较高,忽略了桩土相互作用,从墩底(承台顶)截断,且在墩底处固结。
当桥墩处于有水环境时,水层对地震波传播产生影响,已在地震动传递函数中考虑;同时,地震动作用下桥梁存在墩-水流固耦合作用,需考虑地震动水压力影响,由于桥墩弹性变形引起的附加质量对桥墩响应影响较小,因此仅考虑其刚性位移引起的附加质量[30],空心矩形截面桥墩外、内附加质量简化方程可表示为[30]
mout(z)=ρwDoutWouta1·     {1.08-zhexp[a2(zh-1)]}·K1
min(z)=ρwDinWinb1·     {c-zhexp[b2K2(zh-1)]}
式中,ρw为水层密度;h为水深;z为附加质量作用点与水底的距离;DoutWout分别为桥墩横截面的外部长度和宽度;DinWin分别为桥墩横截面的内部长度和宽度;a1a2K1b1b2cK2均为水深和断面尺寸相关参数,具体取值参考文献[30]。
本文基于变形破坏准则,以桥墩最大截面曲率延性比作为桥墩地震响应指标,以剪切应变作为支座响应指标。采用Xtract软件求解出钢筋混凝土深水高墩轴压比为0.15,且对其最不利截面进行弯矩-曲率分析[35],进而得到控制截面曲率延性比,其值对应的损伤状态如表3所示。
图56分别给出了考虑局部场地效应和无局部场地效应时墩底地震动加速度时程和反应谱曲线。结果表明,局部场地对地震波的散射效应显著放大了支承点A~D的三向PGA,且增幅与位置和方向有关。当考虑场地效应时,支承点A~D的EW方向的PGA分别增大了55%、71%、40%和10%,而NS方向的PGA分别增加了79%、97%、64%和27%,UD方向结论类似;整体上表现出靠近断层一侧PGA增幅较另一侧更显著的现象,与翡翠河谷实测地震记录趋势一致[13]。此外,由反应谱结果可知,场地效应主要对基本周期在0~1 s的结构加速度影响显著,如当基本周期为0.2 s时,墩2#支承点B的EW方向谱加速度增大了130%;考虑场地效应时墩4#支承点D的EW方向谱加速度与不考虑场地效应结果近似。由此可见,此类场地大跨桥梁所受地震动存在显著的空间差动效应,且局部场地条件对各向地震动影响不同。
表3中场地参数与震源参数取为均值,通过随机有限断层法分别模拟考虑场地效应(多点激励)、不考虑场地效应(一致激励)对应的地震动,分别将其作为输入求解桥梁地震响应,如图7所示。由图7可知,考虑场地效应后,墩2#、3#截面纵(横)桥向曲率延性比可增大85%(77%),53%(88%),墩1#、4#支座纵(横)桥向剪切应变增幅分别为90%(78%)、79%(89%)。按照表3给出的损伤指标临界值,不考虑场地效应时,墩2#、3#和边墩支座均可认为无损伤状态;但考虑场地效应后,墩2#和两个边墩支座均处于轻微损伤状态,而墩3#仍处于无损伤状态。结果表明,忽略场地效应将低估桥梁结构地震响应和损伤程度,此结论与已有研究一致[36-37]
本节以图4所示大跨高墩刚构桥为例开展敏感性分析,分析参数如表1所示。主要考察桥梁水平向变形对应的损伤指标,包括纵、横桥向主墩曲率延性比和边墩支座剪切应变。假设断层走滑错动,桥梁位于断层上盘峡谷场地中,采用第2节所述方法生成EW、NS和UD向地震动,分别作用至桥梁纵向、横向和竖向。当表1所示参数均取均值时,墩1#、墩2#、墩3#、墩4#底部纵向、横向和竖向PGA分别为0.35g、0.32g、0.21g(墩1#),0.42g、0.39g、0.24g(墩2#),0.34g、0.35g、0.2g(墩3#),0.3g、0.31g、0.18g(墩4#)。当考虑震源和场地参数不确定性时,各桥墩墩底纵向、横向和竖向PGA范围如下:墩1#:0.41g~0.58g,0.45g~0.62g,0.23g~0.32g;墩2#:0.52g~0.73g,0.49g~0.71g,0.29g~0.39g;墩3#:0.38g~0.60g,0.31g~0.55g,0.19g~0.30g;墩4#:0.22g~0.51g,0.19g~0.48g,0.1g~0.23g图8给出了墩2#、墩3#曲率延性比对震源和场地参数的敏感性。
图8可知,墩2#纵桥向曲率延性比均值与墩3#可相差85%,这是因为桥址处于近断层区域,地震波传播至峡谷场地时通常为斜向入射,且峡谷场地对地震波的散射效应导致各地表点地震动传递函数存在明显差异,从而引起各墩支承点地震动加速度显著不同,影响两主墩地震响应均值;虽然曲率延性比均值存在明显差异,但墩2#、3#纵桥向曲率延性比对参数的敏感程度基本一致,断层长度因子、断层宽度因子、震中距、断层倾角、震源深度、水深均对其影响显著;墩2#、3#横桥向曲率延性比亦有类似结论,不同之处在于,断层宽度因子对墩2#、3#横桥向响应影响略大于断层长度因子,且断层倾角对墩2#、3#横桥向响应影响大于震源深度,此结果可能与桥梁和断层相对走向有关。
有水环境下,水深对桥梁地震响应的影响来源于上覆水层吸波作用导致的地震动强度降低和墩-水流固耦合作用引起的动水压力,导致墩2#、3#纵桥向曲率延性比对水深敏感,且敏感性较场地剪切波速更显著;横桥向方面,水深和剪切波速对墩2#横桥向曲率延性比的影响近似,剪切波速对墩3#横桥向响应指标影响则更强烈。由于两主墩具有相同的横截面,且横截面两向迎水面宽度十分接近,纵桥向和横桥向动水压力附加质量应基本一致,故分析可得墩2#、3#两向曲率延性比对水深和剪切波速的不同敏感性程度由场地效应导致。由于本文忽略桩土相互作用,剪切波速对桥梁地震响应的影响来源于其对地震动强度的影响,根据已有研究[31],峡谷对地震波的散射效应一般随剪切波速单调变化,故图8中主墩响应随剪切波速变化呈现“均匀”特征。
此外,主墩两向曲率延性比对kappa因子最不敏感,且敏感程度相似;其对应力降敏感程度与场地介质剪切波速近似,但应注意设定地震矩下,应力降取值一般由经验关系确定,故应力降与剪切波速敏感性近似这一结论是以应力降取值范围较小为前提;整体上看,震源参数对主墩地震响应的影响较场地参数更显著;墩2#地震响应上、下界范围明显大于墩3#,表明场地效应可导致相同构件对各参数敏感程度的差异。
图9给出了两边墩支座剪切应变的参数敏感性。与主墩地震响应类似,峡谷场地效应导致墩1#、4#支座剪切应变存在差异,墩4#支座纵桥向、横桥向应变均值较墩1#结果分别减小9%、20%;断层长度因子、断层宽度因子、震中距、断层倾角、震源深度仍然为前5个敏感参数,支座纵桥向剪切应变受断层倾角影响大于震中距,而横桥向结果相反。对于墩1#、4#支座两向剪切应变,场地参数敏感性顺序均为剪切波速、水深和kappa因子,此结果与主墩曲率延性比不一致,说明桥梁不同构件受场地参数的影响同样存在一定差异。
需指出的是,不同断层倾角或水深条件下,主墩纵桥向、横桥向曲率延性比和边墩支座剪切应变均表现出明显右偏,表明桥梁地震响应随断层倾角、水深呈现非线性复杂变化。因此,下面将针对断层倾角和水深进一步开展参数分析。
图10给出了基于拉丁超立方采样求解的主墩曲率延性比和边墩支座剪切应变随断层倾角变化情况(倾角均值为60°)。由图10可知,整体上看,断层倾角对桥墩、支座地震响应的影响较为复杂。峡谷地形引起的地震动空间差动效应导致相同构件(墩2#和3#、墩1#和4#支座)响应数值差异显著(尤其是两主墩),但变化趋势基本一致。同时,当断层倾角处于33°~60°之间时,主墩和支座地震响应振荡较为剧烈,随着断层倾角增大,呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,可能是断层走向与桥梁走向间相对关系导致。桥墩和支座纵/横桥向最大响应均出现在断层倾角为45°的条件下,且在此倾角附近敏感性较高,例如,当倾角为48°时,墩3#纵向曲率延性比较45°时的结果下降了22%。当断层倾角大于60°时,主墩与支座对其敏感性有所降低,例如,当断层倾角为86°时,墩1#纵桥向支座剪切应变、墩2#横桥向曲率延性比与倾角为60°时的结果仅相差14%、13%;断层倾角在33°~86°范围内,墩2#纵向、横向曲率延性比可相差62%、59%。图10所示结果可对图89中桥梁地震响应受断层倾角影响呈现右偏分布进行进一步解释。
图11给出了主墩曲率延性比、边墩支座剪切应变随水深变化情况,水深取值范围为20~130 m,根据峡谷和桥梁几何尺寸可知,主墩、边墩处于有水环境的临界水深分别为52、104 m。
图11可知,当水深低于52 m时,上覆水层对桥梁地震响应的影响仅来源于其对地震动的影响,主墩曲率延性比和支座剪切应变均随水深增大而略有降低,表明上覆水层在地震波传播过程中的吸能作用有利于桥梁抗震,例如,墩2#纵桥向曲率延性比、墩1#纵桥向支座剪切应变分别降低11%、5%;当水深大于52 m、小于104 m时,墩2#、3#纵桥向和横桥向曲率延性比随水深增加而逐渐增大,而支座地震响应仍持续降低,说明与上覆水层对地震动的有利作用相比,动水压力附加质量对主墩的不利影响更为显著,且场地效应导致主墩曲率延性比增幅有所不同,水深104 m和52 m相比,墩2#、3#纵桥向曲率延性比增大10%(60%);当水深大于104 m时,主墩和支座地震响应均随水深增加而呈非线性单调递增趋势。整体上看,主墩和支座最大地震响应均出现在水深为130 m的条件下,但最小地震响应对应的水深与该墩(支座所在桥墩)是否处于水下有关,此结论与远场地震作用下上覆水层峡谷场地高墩刚构桥结果一致[31]
(1)场地效应导致不同主墩和支座地震响应存在显著差异;所分析算例中,主墩曲率延性比均值、边墩支座剪切应变可相差85%和21%,当桥址为近断层区域复杂场地时,有必要考虑近断层地震动空间差动效应,考虑到桥梁尺度近断层实测记录匮乏,基于模拟地震动进行大跨桥梁地震响应求解为可行的途径。
(2)整体上看,所分析模型主墩和支座地震响应对震源参数的敏感性高于场地参数,敏感性顺序为断层破裂面长度和宽度、断层倾角(震源深度)、震源深度(断层倾角);桥梁不同构件地震响应参数敏感性不同,边墩支座剪切应变对剪切波速这一场地参数最敏感,但主墩纵向地震响应可能受水深影响更大;此外,场地效应导致相同构件对各参数敏感性不同。
(3)断层倾角小幅变化可能导致所分析桥梁地震响应剧烈振荡,当断层倾角处于33°~60°之间时,主墩和支座地震响应振荡较为剧烈,最大响应均出现在断层倾角为45°的条件下,且在此倾角附近敏感性较高,倾角取值范围内主墩地震响应可相差62%和59%;地震作用下上覆水层对地震波的吸能作用降低地震动强度,但其引起的动水压力作用放大地震响应,当桥墩处于有水环境中,主墩、支座地震响应呈现非线性单调递增趋势。
(4)对近断层峡谷场地大跨刚构桥开展抗震设计时,有必要考虑场地条件引起的地震动空间差动效应,尤其是对于重大工程,基于地震动经验衰减关系的场地安全性评价获得一致地震动作为输入,可能低估桥梁结构地震响应和损伤程度;同时确定潜在发震断层及信息具有重要意义。
需指出的是,本文敏感性分析采用龙卷风图法,为局部敏感性分析方法,后续将采用全局敏感性分析方法对此类问题开展进一步研究;算例结果是针对设定震级MS=6.1,河谷、覆水、桥梁均沿主梁跨中对称情况下获得,主要考察了桥墩、支座水平向变形对应的损伤指标,对于其他震级地震作用或者非对称场地情况的参数敏感性需进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52238012)
  • 天津市自然科学基金资助项目(22JCQNJC00030)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309066
  • 接收时间:2023-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-23
  • 修回日期:2023-11-23
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52238012)
天津市自然科学基金资助项目(22JCQNJC00030)
作者信息
    1.天津城建大学天津市土木建筑结构防护与加固重点实验室,天津 300384
    2.天津城建大学土木工程学院,天津 300384
    3.中铁十九局集团广州工程有限公司,广东 广州 511455

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刘中宪(1982—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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