Article(id=1227591029973513165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694448000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-12, revisedDate=1703606400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610109083, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610109083, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610109083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610109083, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591023870800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='8', pageStart='1645', pageEnd='1934', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610107611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610373804, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1819, endPage=1826, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591031588320227, articleId=1227591029973513165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Time-delay explicit optimal control method for structures, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Time-delay has significant influence on the performance of control systems and the stability of controlled structures,which,to a certain degree,limits the application of active control techniques in practical engineering. Although the time-delay classical optimal control method can consider the influence of time-delay,the time-delay problem needs to be transformed into a delay-free problem through introducing an augmented state vector associated with the control forces within the time-delay interval. Therefore,the augmented Riccati equation needs to be solved,leading to a large amount of computational cost for the design of control law. This paper is devoted to developing a time-delay explicit optimal control method of structures. The explicit time-domain expressions of dynamic responses are first established for the system with time-delay control. On this basis,the time-delay explicit optimal control law can be analytically derived from an unconstrained linear quadratic optimization problem. As the effect of time-delay control force on structural dynamic responses can be readily considered with the aid of the explicit time-domain formulation,the time-delay explicit optimal control law can be derived without augmented treatment of the state vector and solving of the Riccati equation. A numerical example involving a three-storey shear-type structure with an active controller subjected to seismic excitation is presented to investigate the effect of time-delay and validate the feasibility of the proposed method.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaoxiang LIN, Cheng SU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1227591036906696901, articleId=1227591029973513165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=CN, title=一种考虑时滞的结构显式最优控制方法, columnId=0, journalTitle=振动工程学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

时滞严重影响控制系统的性能和受控结构的稳定性,一定程度上限制了主动控制技术的工程应用。时滞经典最优控制方法虽然能够考虑时滞问题带来的影响,但该方法在控制律设计中将时滞问题转化为无时滞问题,需要引入考虑时滞段内控制力的扩维状态向量,因此需要求解扩阶Riccati方程,增加了控制律设计的计算量。本文致力于发展一种考虑时滞的结构显式最优控制方法。建立时滞系统动力响应的时域显式表达式,进而建立关于时滞最优控制力的无约束线性二次型优化问题,推导得到时滞显式最优控制律。由于在显式表达式中可以方便地考虑时滞控制力对结构动力响应的影响,所以时滞显式最优控制律的推导过程无需进行状态向量的扩维处理,且无需求解Riccati方程。以地震激励下设置主动控制装置的三层剪切型结构为数值算例,研究了时滞对主动控制效果的影响,并验证了所提方法的有效性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
苏成(1968—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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林晓祥(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

, authorsList=林晓祥, 苏成)}, authors=[Author(id=1227653581151597097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591029973513165, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=823185048@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1227653581256454704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591029973513165, authorId=1227653581151597097, language=EN, stringName=Xiaoxiang LIN, firstName=Xiaoxiang, middleName=null, lastName=LIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Civil Engineering and Transportation,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510640,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1227653581365506615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591029973513165, authorId=1227653581151597097, language=CN, stringName=林晓祥, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.华南理工大学土木与交通学院,广东 广州 510640, bio={"content":"

林晓祥(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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林晓祥(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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2.State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science,Guangzhou 510640,China
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2.亚热带建筑与城市科学全国重点实验室,广东 广州 510640
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一种考虑时滞的结构显式最优控制方法
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林晓祥 1 , 苏成 1, 2, 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(8): 1819-1826
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(8): 1819-1826
一种考虑时滞的结构显式最优控制方法
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林晓祥1 , 苏成1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.华南理工大学土木与交通学院,广东 广州 510640
  • 2.亚热带建筑与城市科学全国重点实验室,广东 广州 510640
  • 3.广州城市理工学院,广东 广州 510800
  • 林晓祥(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

苏成(1968—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Time-delay explicit optimal control method for structures
Xiaoxiang LIN1 , Cheng SU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Transportation,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510640,China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science,Guangzhou 510640,China
  • 3.Guangzhou City University of Technology,Guangzhou 510800,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309033
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时滞严重影响控制系统的性能和受控结构的稳定性,一定程度上限制了主动控制技术的工程应用。时滞经典最优控制方法虽然能够考虑时滞问题带来的影响,但该方法在控制律设计中将时滞问题转化为无时滞问题,需要引入考虑时滞段内控制力的扩维状态向量,因此需要求解扩阶Riccati方程,增加了控制律设计的计算量。本文致力于发展一种考虑时滞的结构显式最优控制方法。建立时滞系统动力响应的时域显式表达式,进而建立关于时滞最优控制力的无约束线性二次型优化问题,推导得到时滞显式最优控制律。由于在显式表达式中可以方便地考虑时滞控制力对结构动力响应的影响,所以时滞显式最优控制律的推导过程无需进行状态向量的扩维处理,且无需求解Riccati方程。以地震激励下设置主动控制装置的三层剪切型结构为数值算例,研究了时滞对主动控制效果的影响,并验证了所提方法的有效性。

时滞  /  主动控制  /  经典最优控制  /  显式最优控制

Time-delay has significant influence on the performance of control systems and the stability of controlled structures,which,to a certain degree,limits the application of active control techniques in practical engineering. Although the time-delay classical optimal control method can consider the influence of time-delay,the time-delay problem needs to be transformed into a delay-free problem through introducing an augmented state vector associated with the control forces within the time-delay interval. Therefore,the augmented Riccati equation needs to be solved,leading to a large amount of computational cost for the design of control law. This paper is devoted to developing a time-delay explicit optimal control method of structures. The explicit time-domain expressions of dynamic responses are first established for the system with time-delay control. On this basis,the time-delay explicit optimal control law can be analytically derived from an unconstrained linear quadratic optimization problem. As the effect of time-delay control force on structural dynamic responses can be readily considered with the aid of the explicit time-domain formulation,the time-delay explicit optimal control law can be derived without augmented treatment of the state vector and solving of the Riccati equation. A numerical example involving a three-storey shear-type structure with an active controller subjected to seismic excitation is presented to investigate the effect of time-delay and validate the feasibility of the proposed method.

time-delay  /  active control  /  classical optimal control  /  explicit optimal control
林晓祥, 苏成. 一种考虑时滞的结构显式最优控制方法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1819 -1826 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309033
Xiaoxiang LIN, Cheng SU. Time-delay explicit optimal control method for structures[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1819 -1826 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309033
自1972年YAO[1]提出结构控制概念以来,理论和试验研究表明,主动控制是提升结构抗震和抗风等性能的理想方法[2]。然而,由于荷载或响应测量、控制力计算和作动器执行等客观因素的存在,主动控制系统不可避免地存在控制力时滞问题[3]。时滞将导致控制系统无法及时有效地为结构提供最优控制力,从而无法达到预定的控制效果,甚至严重降低或破坏结构控制的稳定性[4-5]
结构主动控制的时滞问题已引起诸多学者的关注。目前已提出的时滞补偿方法包括泰勒级数展开方法[6]、移相方法[7]、Padé近似方法[8]、递推响应方法[9]等。然而,以上方法是在无时滞控制律的基础上通过某种技术进行时滞补偿,随着时滞的增加,控制系统的性能和受控结构的稳定性将难以保证,因此这些补偿方法通常仅适用于短时滞的情况[10]
为了处理长时滞的情况,不少学者在控制律的设计阶段就考虑了时滞问题。基本思路是,首先将时滞系统转化为等效无时滞系统,然后按无时滞系统进行控制律的设计,最后推导得到时滞控制律。在该思路下,一类是基于状态变换技术[11-12]所发展起来的方法。蔡国平等[13]利用这种变换技术发展了适用于时滞线性系统的经典最优控制方法。在此基础上,安方等[14]提出了时滞加速度反馈控制器设计方法。然而,这类方法所建立的控制律含有积分项,较难得到实际应用[15]。另一类是基于扩维格式所发展起来的方法。李卫等[16]以及CAI等[17]引入考虑时滞段内控制力的扩维状态向量,将时滞系统的状态方程转化为无时滞系统的状态方程形式,进而基于扩维状态向量建立经典线性二次型性能指标,最终通过求解扩阶Riccati方程获得时滞最优控制力。基于扩维格式的时滞控制方法还可以参考文献[18-20]。然而,这类方法虽然能够有效处理长时滞的控制问题,但是扩维后状态方程的维数将大于原状态方程的维数,特别是对于控制装置较多且时滞较长的情况,这将大大增加时滞控制律设计的计算量[21]
最近提出的一类结构显式最优控制方法[22-23]通过引入结构动力响应的时域显式表达式,将传统的以运动微分方程为约束条件的线性二次型优化问题转化为无约束优化问题,从而直接获得显式最优控制律,并且能够实现大规模结构的降维控制。在此基础上,本文进一步提出考虑时滞的结构显式最优控制方法,在时滞显式最优控制律设计中无需引入扩维状态向量,且无需求解Riccati方程。以地震激励下设置主动控制装置的三层剪切型结构为例,研究时滞对主动控制效果的影响,并验证所提方法的有效性。
含主动控制装置结构的运动方程可以表示为:
MX¨(t)+CX˙(t)+KX(t)=LFF(t)+   LUU(t),0tT
式中,MCK分别为结构的质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵和刚度矩阵;X(t)X˙(t)X¨(t)分别为结构的位移向量、速度向量和加速度向量;F(t)为外部激励向量;U(t)为时滞控制力向量,由于时滞tD=λΔt的影响,该控制力向量需要提前在时刻t-tD确定,其中Δt为时间步长,λ1为给定的时滞步数;LFLU分别为F(t)U(t)的定位矩阵;T为外部激励的持时。值得注意的是,本文假设所有主动控制装置的时滞相同,且为时间步长的整数倍。
定义结构状态向量V(t)=[XT(t) X˙T(t)]T,式(1)可以改写为如下状态方程形式:
V˙(t)=HV(t)+WFF(t)+WUU(t),0tT
其中,HWFWU可以表示为:
H=[0I-M-1K-M-1C],WF=[0M-1LF], WU=[0M-1LU]
式中,0I分别为零矩阵和单位矩阵。
根据式(2),可以推导得到结构状态向量的递推表达式为:
Vi=TVi-1+Q1WFFi-1+Q2WFFi+  Q1WUUi-1+Q2WUUi,1in
式中,n=T/Δt为时间步数;Vi=V(ti)Vi-1=V(ti-1)Fi=F(ti)Fi-1=F(ti-1)Ui=U(ti)Ui-1=U(ti-1),其中ti=iΔtti-1=(i-1)ΔtTQ1Q2根据Newmark-β积分格式确定,可以表示为[24]
T=-(H-R1)-1(R1+R2H),Q1=-(H-R1)-1R2, Q2=-(H-R1)-1,R1=[a3I0a0I0], R2=[a4Ia5Ia1Ia2I],a0=1βΔt2, a1=1βΔt, a2=12β-1,a3=γβΔt, a4=γβ-1, a5=Δt2(γβ-2)
式中,γ=0.5β=0.25,此时数值积分具有无条件稳定性[25]
不失一般性,假定V0=0F0=0U0=0,基于式(4)能够推导得到结构状态向量的时域显式表达式为:
Vi=j=1iAi,jFFj+j=1iAi,jUUj,1in
式中,Ai,jFAi,jU (1jin)分别为FjUj的系数矩阵,仅取决于式(1)中的MCKLFLU,采用如下闭合公式进行计算[22-23]
{A1,1F=Q2WF, A2,1F=(TQ2+Q1)WFAi,1F=TAi-1,1F,3inAi,jF=Ai-1,j-1F,2jin
{A1,1U=Q2WU, A2,1U=(TQ2+Q1)WUAi,1U=TAi-1,1U,3inAi,jU=Ai-1,j-1U,2jin
由式(7)和(8)可见,仅系数矩阵Ai,1FAi,1U(1in)需要计算和储存,其余系数矩阵均可由Ai,1FAi,1U (1in)直接确定。
应当指出,由于存在时滞tD=λΔt,时刻t1tλ内主动控制装置的控制力仍未作用至结构上,因此式(6)中存在U1=U2==Uλ=0,此时式(6)可以理解为时滞系统动力响应的时域显式表达式。
本节将基于式(6)所示的动力响应显式表达式,开展时滞最优控制律的设计。由于存在时滞tD=λΔt,时刻tk (1kλ)的最优控制力无法考虑,仅需考虑时刻tk (λ+1kn)的最优控制力。此外,通常没有必要针对整个结构状态向量V(t)实施控制,仅需要针对部分关键响应向量v(t)实施控制。因此,针对时刻tk (λ+1kn),定义如下考虑时滞的时变线性二次型性能指标:
Jk(Uk)=12i=kk+qviTQviΔt+12UkTRUk,λ+1kn
式中,Uk为时刻tk的时滞控制力向量;Jk(Uk)为时刻tk的性能指标;QR分别为给定的对称半正定和对称正定的权矩阵;q为响应最大控制步数,表示时滞控制力向量Uk的优化仅考虑时刻tk及后续q步响应的控制效果;vi=v(ti) (kik+q)为时刻tk及后续q步的控制响应。
为了考虑时滞的影响,时刻tk的时滞控制力向量Uk需要提前在时刻tk-λ优化确定,此时仅能获得外部激励向量Fj (1jk-λ)的测量结果。此外,如前所述,由于时滞的影响,Uj=0(1jλ),仅需考虑Uj (λ+1jk)的影响。因此,式(9)中的控制响应可根据式(6)显式地表示为:
vi=ϕVi=j=1k-λai,jFFj+j=λ+1kai,jUUj;     λ+1kn,kik+q
其中,系数矩阵ai,jFai,jU可采用下式进行计算:
{ai,jF=ϕAi,jF;kik+q,1jk-λai,jU=ϕAi,jU;kik+q,λ+1jk
式中,ϕ为反映关键响应向量v(t)和状态向量V(t)之间关系的转换矩阵。
将式(10)代入式(9),可以得到考虑时滞的线性二次型最优控制问题的无约束优化模型如下:
find Uk=U(tk),min Jk(Uk)=  12i=kk+q[(j=1k-λai,jFFj+j=λ+1kai,jUUj)TQ(j=1k-λai,jFFj+j=λ+1kai,jUUj)]Δt+  12UkTRUk,λ+1kn
Jk/Uk=0 (λ+1kn),可以推导得到时滞最优控制力向量为(推导过程见附录):
Uk={Gλ+1,1FF1,k=λ+1j=1k-λGk,jFFj+j=λ+1k-1Gk,jUUj,λ+2kn
式中,Gk,jFGk,jU为时滞最优控制律的增益矩阵,可以表示为:
{Gk,jF=-(φk,k+R)-1ψk,j,1jk-λn-λGk,jU=-(φk,k+R)-1φk,j,λ+1j<knψk,j=i=kk+q(ai,kU)TQ(ai,jF)Δt,1jk-λn-λφk,j=i=kk+q(ai,kU)TQ(ai,jU)Δt,λ+1jkn
为了便于分析以及实际应用,最大控制步数q通常取为定值[22]。进一步,利用式(7)和(8)所示系数矩阵Ai,jFAi,jU的递推关系,以及式(11)所示关于ai,jFai,jU的变换关系,式(14)中的增益矩阵Gk,jFGk,jU也可以用递推公式表示为:
{Gk,1F=-(φλ+1,λ+1+R)-1ψk,1,λ+1knGk,jF=Gk-1,j-1F,2jk-λn-λGk,λ+1U=-(φλ+1,λ+1+R)-1φk,λ+1,λ+2knGk,jU=Gk-1,j-1U,λ+2j<knψk,1=i=kk+q(ai,kU)TQ(ai,1F)Δt,λ+1knφk,λ+1=i=kk+q(ai,kU)TQ(ai,λ+1U)Δt,λ+1kn
式(13)代表了一种时滞显式最优控制律。显然,当λ=0即不存在控制力时滞问题时,式(13)所反映的控制律与文献[22]所得到的无时滞显式最优控制律是完全一致的。此外,由于式(15)中的增益矩阵Gk,1FGk,λ+1U与外部激励无关,因此它们可以提前离线计算和储存。
从式(13)中可以看出,时刻tk (λ+1kn)的时滞最优控制力向量Uk取决于时刻t1tk-λ的已测量外部激励向量Fj (1jk-λ),以及时刻tλ+1tk-1的时滞最优控制力向量Uj (λ+1jk-1)。为了方便应用,由式(13)可以进一步推导得到仅用外部激励向量表达的时滞最优控制力向量为:
Uk=Gk,1F1+Gk,2F2++Gk,k-λFk-λ=   GkF[k-λ],λ+1kn
式中,F[k-λ]=[F1T F2T  Fk-λT]TGk=[Gk,1Gk,2 Gk,k-λ],其中Gk,j (1jk-λ)为对应于Uk的系数矩阵,可以表示为:
{Gλ+1,1=Gλ+1,1FGk,1=Gk,1F+j=λ+1k-1Gk,jUGj,1,λ+2knGk,j=Gk-1,j-1,2jk-λn-λ
将式(16)代入式(6),可以得到仅用外部激励向量表达的结构状态向量为:
Vk=Ak,1F1+Ak,2F2++Ak,kFk=   AkF[k],1kn
式中,F[k]=[F1T F2T  FkT]TAk=[Ak,1Ak,2Ak,k],其中Ak,j (1jk)为对应于Vk的系数矩阵,可以表示为:
{Ak,1=Ak,1F,1kλAk,1=Ak,1F+j=λ+1kAk,jUGj,1,λ+1knAk,j=Ak-1,j-1,2jkn
类似于式(7)和(8),由式(17)和(19)可见,仅系数矩阵Gk,1 (λ+1kn)Ak,1 (1kn)需要计算和储存,其余系数矩阵均可由Gk,1 (λ+1kn)Ak,1 (1kn)直接确定。
如前所述,由于式(15)中的增益矩阵与外部激励无关,因此式(19)所示的系数矩阵也与外部激励无关,即式(18)既适用于确定性激励也适用于随机激励下时滞系统的动力响应分析。当外部激励向量F(t)为零均值非平稳随机过程向量时,利用统计矩运算规则由式(18)可以直接得到结构状态向量Vk的协方差矩阵为[26]
Cov(Vk,Vk)=AkCov(F[k],F[k])AkT,1kn
式中,Cov(F[k],F[k])F[k]的协方差矩阵,它可以表示为:
Cov(F[k],F[k])=E(F[k]F[k]T)=[RF(t1,t1)RF(t1,t2)RF(t1,tk)RF(t2,t1)RF(t2,t2)RF(t2,tk)RF(tk,t1)RF(tk,t2)RF(tk,tk)],1kn
式中,E(⋅)为数学期望;RF(t,τ)为非平稳随机激励向量F(t)的互相关函数矩阵。
图1所示含主动控制装置的三层剪切型结构为数值算例,验证本文所提出的时滞显式最优控制方法的有效性,其中agt)表示地震激励。结构各层的质量和刚度分别取为mi=4.0×105 kgki=2.5×108 N/m (i=1,2,3),结构的基本周期为0.4 s。采用瑞利阻尼模型,取结构第1和3阶振型的阻尼比为ζ=2%。考虑结构分别受到El-Centro波、Northridge波和天津波三条地震波的作用,峰值加速度均调幅为2 m/s2,持时均取T=10 s,分别如图2~4所示。
采用本文提出的时滞显式最优控制(time-delay explicit optimal control,TD-EOC)方法进行结构最优控制律设计。在式(9)所示性能指标中,控制响应向量v(t)考虑为结构状态向量V(t),最大控制步数取为q=20,权矩阵取为:
Q=100[K00M], R=10-θ
式中,θ为控制律权参数,用于调节控制力水平,本文考虑θ=7.0θ=7.5两种情况,分别对应低控制力水平和高控制力水平。
为了进行对比,同时考虑无时滞补偿的显式最优控制(non-compensatory explicit optimal control,NC-EOC)方法,即按无时滞显式最优控制方法[22]确定最优控制力后,将其延后tD时间并作用至结构上,而未做任何补偿。NC-EOC所取的控制参数同TD-EOC的控制参数。
取时间步长Δt=0.02 s。分别考虑控制力时滞tD0.020.042.00 s,相应的时滞步数分别为λ=1,2,,100。对于图2所示El-Centro波,采用TD-EOC和NC-EOC两种控制方法所得到的结构顶层位移峰值随时滞tD变化的曲线如图5所示。为方便比较,在图5中还给出了无控情况下顶层位移峰值的计算结果。对于图34所示Northridge波和天津波,相应的计算结果分别如图67所示。
图5~7中可以看出,NC-EOC所得顶层位移峰值随着时滞的增大而呈振荡变化,在大部分时滞范围内NC-EOC所得顶层位移峰值大幅超过了无控情况下的顶层位移峰值,这表明在结构主动控制中考虑控制力时滞影响是非常有必要的。事实上,NC-EOC是将无时滞条件下得到的最优控制力延后tD时间并直接作用至结构上,这意味着作用至结构上各时刻的控制力均不是最优的,因此NC-EOC方法的控制效果是无法得到保证的,甚至劣于无控情况下的效果。相比而言,TD-EOC所得顶层位移峰值仅随着时滞的增大而缓慢增大。以图5所示El-Centro波作用下的顶层位移峰值为例,在tD0.48 s (λ=24)时,TD-EOC的控制效果仍然可以达到无时滞控制效果的30%以上,这充分说明了本文提出的TD-EOC方法的有效性。
此外,从图5~7中还可以看出,NC-EOC会出现高控制力水平(θ=7.5)的顶层位移峰值超过低控制力水平(θ=7.0)的现象,而TD-EOC在高控制力水平下所得顶层位移峰值始终小于在低控制力水平下所得顶层位移峰值,验证了本文提出的TD-EOC方法在不同控制力水平下的合理性。
由于TD-EOC方法也适用于随机激励情况,因此进一步考虑图1所示结构受到随机地震激励的作用,并假定地震激励为零均值均匀调制非平稳随机过程,它可以表示为:
ag(t)=g(t)ag0(t)
式中,g(t)=e-0.2t-e-0.4t为均匀调制函数;ag0(t)为零均值平稳随机过程,其功率谱密度函数取为Kanai-Tajimi谱[27],即
Sag0(ω)=ωg4+4ζg2ωg2ω2(ωg2-ω2)2+4ζg2ωg2ω2S0
式中,ωg=15.708 rad/sζg=0.6S0=0.1 m2/s3ag0(t)的相关函数可以表示为[28]
Rag0(τ)=πS02e-ζgωg|τ|[μ1cos(ωdτ)+μ2sin(ωd|τ|)]
其中:
ωd=ωg1-ζg2,μ1=ωg(1+4ζg2)ζg,μ2=ωg(1-4ζg2)1-ζg2
相应地,ag(t)的相关函数可以表示为:
Rag(t,τ)=g(t)g(t+τ)Rag0(τ)
采用TD-EOC和NC-EOC两种控制方法对结构进行控制,控制参数如前所述,其中权参数取为θ=7.5。在时滞步数λ=4λ=8两种情况下,结构顶层位移标准差时程分别如图89所示。为了方便比较,在上述两图中,还同时给出无时滞情况(tD=0)下显式最优控制(explicit optimal control,EOC)方法得到的顶层位移标准差时程,以及无控情况下的顶层位移标准差时程。
图89中可以看出,无论λ=4还是λ=8,TD-EOC的控制效果均仅次于无时滞理想情况下EOC的控制效果,验证了TD-EOC在随机激励情况下的有效性。相比之下,NC-EOC的控制效果则远不如无时滞情况下EOC的控制效果,尤其是λ=8时,NC-EOC得到的顶层位移标准差甚至比无控情况下的结果还大,这说明NC-EOC在较长时滞下已完全失去控制效果。这与4.1节得到的结论相一致。
在上述控制过程中,控制响应向量v(t)考虑为结构状态向量V(t),为6维控制向量。为了考察TD-EOC的降维控制能力,控制响应仅取为结构顶层位移。在保证控制力水平相一致的情况下,分别考察各层位移的控制效果。以λ=8为例,TD-EOC全维控制和降维控制得到的各层位移标准差时程如图10所示。从图10中可见,降维控制也能得到良好的控制效果,其中顶层位移和二层位移控制效果更好。这说明对于剪切型结构,无需对整个结构状态向量V(t)进行控制,仅针对顶层位移进行降维控制即能获得理想的控制效果。
本文在时滞系统动力响应时域显式表达式的基础上,建立了关于时滞最优控制力向量的无约束线性二次型优化问题,从而解析地推导了时滞显式最优控制律,提出了一种考虑时滞的结构显式最优控制方法。由于在显式表达式中可以方便地考虑时滞控制力对任意受控响应的影响,因此时滞显式最优控制律的推导过程无需引入扩维状态向量,且无需求解Riccati方程,还可以实现针对任意受控响应的降维控制。数值算例结果表明,采用不考虑时滞的显式最优控制方法时,在大部分时滞范围内,结构响应均大幅增加,甚至超过无控时的结构响应,表明时滞对于主动控制效果具有显著的影响;而采用考虑时滞的显式最优控制方法时,结构响应随着时滞的增加而缓慢增大,在较大的时滞范围内仍然可以获得理想的控制效果,验证了本文所提时滞显式最优控制方法的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178479)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51678252)
  • 广东省自然科学基金资助项目(2023A1515012822)
  • 广东省现代土木工程技术重点实验室项目(2021B1212040003)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309033
  • 接收时间:2023-09-12
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-12
  • 修回日期:2023-12-27
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178479)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51678252)
广东省自然科学基金资助项目(2023A1515012822)
广东省现代土木工程技术重点实验室项目(2021B1212040003)
作者信息
    1.华南理工大学土木与交通学院,广东 广州 510640
    2.亚热带建筑与城市科学全国重点实验室,广东 广州 510640
    3.广州城市理工学院,广东 广州 510800

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苏成(1968—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
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种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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