Article(id=1227591026014090113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1659369600000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-02, revisedDate=1697558400000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610108139, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610108139, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610108139, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610108139, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591023870800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='8', pageStart='1645', pageEnd='1934', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610107611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610373804, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1699, endPage=1710, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591027263992710, articleId=1227591026014090113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Design and experimental study of a magnetorheological elastomer vibration absorber for chatter suppression in robotic milling, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) vibration absorber is designed to suppress the vibration of industrial robotic milling in order to solve the low frequency chatter problem. The magnetorheological effect of MRE with different mass ratio is studied by using the unique rheological characteristics of MRE. The number of turns of coil and the current in the absorber are determined by theoretical calculation and numerical simulation. It is found that the designed MRE absorber has frequency shift characteristics in the range of 17.35~45.21 Hz through modal simulation and shaking table sweeping excitation experiment. The mapping relationship between natural frequency of absorber and current is established,which is verified by experiments in the milling process of KUKA KR500 robot. The results show that the robot is prone to chatter at its low order natural frequency under low rotational speed machining conditions,and the chatter suppression of the robot is realized by MRE absorber. Compared with the condition without vibration absorber,the peak-to-peak value of the vibration acceleration in the X direction of the robot spindle is reduced by 70.7%,and the root-mean-square value is reduced by 64.7% after being electrified. The peak-to-peak value in the Y direction is decreased by 54.7%,and the root-mean-square value is decreased by 49.9%. In addition,the machining surface quality of workpieces after milling has also been significantly improved.

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为了解决工业机器人铣削加工过程中的低频颤振问题,设计了一种用于抑制振动的磁流变弹性体(magnetorheological elastomer,MRE)吸振器。利用MRE特有的流变特性,研究了不同质量配比的MRE磁流变效应,通过理论计算和数值仿真确定了吸振器内部的线圈匝数及所通电流大小。通过模态仿真和振动台扫频激励试验发现,设计的MRE吸振器具有17.35~45.21 Hz范围内的移频特性。建立了吸振器固有频率-电流映射关系,在KUKA KR500机器人铣削加工过程中进行了试验验证。结果表明,在低转速加工条件下机器人容易在其低阶固有频率处发生颤振,通过MRE吸振器实现了颤振抑制。相对于不加吸振器的工况,通电调频后机器人主轴X方向上的振动加速度峰峰值降低了70.7%,均方根值降低了64.7%;Y方向峰峰值降低了54.7%,均方根值降低了49.9%。此外,铣削工件的表面加工质量也有明显改善。

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李波(1988—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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刘鹏(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail: liu-

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刘鹏(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail: liu-

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figureFileBig=+FKiHrW0Y1ddNxIWz5EKrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653588030256034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591026014090113, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Internal magnetic circuit composition of absorber

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构部件磁阻
振子铁芯Rm1
骨架连接梁Rm2
上层MRERm3
钢垫片Rm4
下层MRERm5
底座Rm6
), ArticleFig(id=1227653588147696557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591026014090113, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

吸振器内部磁路组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构部件磁阻
振子铁芯Rm1
骨架连接梁Rm2
上层MRERm3
钢垫片Rm4
下层MRERm5
底座Rm6
), ArticleFig(id=1227653588311274417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591026014090113, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Magnetic saturation analysis results for each region of closed magnetic circuit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构部件饱和磁感应强度Bs/T磁通面积S/(10-6 m2)饱和磁通量/(10-6 Wb)磁饱和顺序
振子铁芯270714144
骨架连接梁2130026006
上层MRE17077071
钢垫片270714144
下层MRE17077071
底座24559103
), ArticleFig(id=1227653589695394743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591026014090113, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

闭合磁路各区域磁饱和分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构部件饱和磁感应强度Bs/T磁通面积S/(10-6 m2)饱和磁通量/(10-6 Wb)磁饱和顺序
振子铁芯270714144
骨架连接梁2130026006
上层MRE17077071
钢垫片270714144
下层MRE17077071
底座24559103
), ArticleFig(id=1227653589791863740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591026014090113, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Frequency shift results of MRE absorber

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电流/A频率/Hz电流/A频率/Hz
017.351.638.16
0.219.561.840.02
0.422.142.041.14
0.624.372.242.25
0.827.732.443.37
1.030.332.643.75
1.233.312.844.49
1.436.293.045.21
), ArticleFig(id=1227653589913498562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591026014090113, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

MRE吸振器移频结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电流/A频率/Hz电流/A频率/Hz
017.351.638.16
0.219.561.840.02
0.422.142.041.14
0.624.372.242.25
0.827.732.443.37
1.030.332.643.75
1.233.312.844.49
1.436.293.045.21
), ArticleFig(id=1227653590039327688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591026014090113, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Numerical analysis results of acceleration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况X方向峰峰值/(m·s-2X方向均方根值/(m·s-2Y方向峰峰值/(m·s-2Y方向均方根值/(m·s-2
不加吸振器7.931801.3270076.926091.169242
加吸振器不通电6.501491.1092935.253340.963899
加吸振器通电2.323650.4683333.132620.585667
), ArticleFig(id=1227653590169351119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591026014090113, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

加速度数值分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况X方向峰峰值/(m·s-2X方向均方根值/(m·s-2Y方向峰峰值/(m·s-2Y方向均方根值/(m·s-2
不加吸振器7.931801.3270076.926091.169242
加吸振器不通电6.501491.1092935.253340.963899
加吸振器通电2.323650.4683333.132620.585667
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一种机器人铣削颤振抑制用磁流变弹性体吸振器的设计与试验研究
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刘鹏 1 , 李波 1 , 赵威 1 , 崔光裕 2 , 田威 1 , 廖文和 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(8): 1699-1710
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(8): 1699-1710
一种机器人铣削颤振抑制用磁流变弹性体吸振器的设计与试验研究
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刘鹏1 , 李波1 , 赵威1, 崔光裕2, 田威1, 廖文和1
作者信息
  • 1.南京航空航天大学机电学院,江苏 南京 210016
  • 2.上海宇航系统工程研究所,上海 201109
  • 刘鹏(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail: liu-

通讯作者:

李波(1988—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Design and experimental study of a magnetorheological elastomer vibration absorber for chatter suppression in robotic milling
Peng LIU1 , Bo LI1 , Wei ZHAO1, Guangyu CUI2, Wei TIAN1, Wenhe LIAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing 210016,China
  • 2.Aerospace System Engineering Shanghai,Shanghai 201109,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308003
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为了解决工业机器人铣削加工过程中的低频颤振问题,设计了一种用于抑制振动的磁流变弹性体(magnetorheological elastomer,MRE)吸振器。利用MRE特有的流变特性,研究了不同质量配比的MRE磁流变效应,通过理论计算和数值仿真确定了吸振器内部的线圈匝数及所通电流大小。通过模态仿真和振动台扫频激励试验发现,设计的MRE吸振器具有17.35~45.21 Hz范围内的移频特性。建立了吸振器固有频率-电流映射关系,在KUKA KR500机器人铣削加工过程中进行了试验验证。结果表明,在低转速加工条件下机器人容易在其低阶固有频率处发生颤振,通过MRE吸振器实现了颤振抑制。相对于不加吸振器的工况,通电调频后机器人主轴X方向上的振动加速度峰峰值降低了70.7%,均方根值降低了64.7%;Y方向峰峰值降低了54.7%,均方根值降低了49.9%。此外,铣削工件的表面加工质量也有明显改善。

工业机器人  /  MRE吸振器  /  机器人铣削加工  /  颤振抑制

A magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) vibration absorber is designed to suppress the vibration of industrial robotic milling in order to solve the low frequency chatter problem. The magnetorheological effect of MRE with different mass ratio is studied by using the unique rheological characteristics of MRE. The number of turns of coil and the current in the absorber are determined by theoretical calculation and numerical simulation. It is found that the designed MRE absorber has frequency shift characteristics in the range of 17.35~45.21 Hz through modal simulation and shaking table sweeping excitation experiment. The mapping relationship between natural frequency of absorber and current is established,which is verified by experiments in the milling process of KUKA KR500 robot. The results show that the robot is prone to chatter at its low order natural frequency under low rotational speed machining conditions,and the chatter suppression of the robot is realized by MRE absorber. Compared with the condition without vibration absorber,the peak-to-peak value of the vibration acceleration in the X direction of the robot spindle is reduced by 70.7%,and the root-mean-square value is reduced by 64.7% after being electrified. The peak-to-peak value in the Y direction is decreased by 54.7%,and the root-mean-square value is decreased by 49.9%. In addition,the machining surface quality of workpieces after milling has also been significantly improved.

industrial robot  /  MRE vibration absorber  /  robotic milling  /  chatter suppression
刘鹏, 李波, 赵威, 崔光裕, 田威, 廖文和. 一种机器人铣削颤振抑制用磁流变弹性体吸振器的设计与试验研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1699 -1710 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308003
Peng LIU, Bo LI, Wei ZHAO, Guangyu CUI, Wei TIAN, Wenhe LIAO. Design and experimental study of a magnetorheological elastomer vibration absorber for chatter suppression in robotic milling[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1699 -1710 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308003
近年来,工业机器人因其柔性化程度高、工作范围广、易于实现自动化与智能化加工,且较机床有更好的加工适应性,越来越多地被应用于汽车、船舶、航空航天等高端制造领域[1-3]。然而,在机器人机械加工过程中,由于本身结构的弱刚性导致的颤振以及不平滑的加工轨迹引发的振动会很大程度上影响工件的加工质量和加工精度[4-6]
为减小机器人作业过程中的振动,人们对振动机理不断研究,并发展出多种振动抑制方法,通常可以分为被动、主动和半主动三种。被动抑振方法主要包括通过机器人姿态优化、工艺参数优化、结构刚度强化等方式来优化加工系统的刚度和阻尼,以实现振动抑制。在姿态优化方面,国内外学者分别以静态刚度[7-9]和加工过程中的振动响应[10-11]为优化目标,借助冗余自由度对加工姿态进行优化,提高了加工稳定性。在工艺参数优化方面,通过建立加工动力学模型,研究加工过程中切削深度、主轴转速和进给速度对加工振动的影响机理[12-13],通过优化工艺参数减小加工振动,提高加工质量[14-15]。在结构刚度强化方面,通过在末端执行器中安装压力脚装置来增强末端的局部刚度[16-18],一定程度上抑制了加工振动。虽然被动抑振方法具有结构简单、操作方便等优点,但是也存在灵活性差、控制效果有限等问题,缺少对突发环境变化的应变能力,无法主动适应机器人位姿和激励的变化。为使系统参数可动态调控,出现了主动抑制方法。研究者们通过在控制对象上安装的传感器实时感知加工过程中系统振动状态的变化,并通过致动器对系统施加抵消振动的激励,从而实现加工过程中的振动抑制。其中,采用压电驱动装置[19-20]控制机械臂的残余振动是当前研究的热点,研究者通过数值模拟和试验测试验证了控制器的可行性,有效实现了机械臂的振动抑制。此外,控制电机对机器人加工姿态的实时调整也是实现主动振动抑制的一种方法。NGUYEN等[21]提出了一种依赖于姿态的最优控制方法,以主动抑制机器人铣削中由周期性铣削力产生的刀尖振动,并通过偏置质量试验和铣削试验证明了控制方法的有效性。娄军强等[22]针对伺服电动机、谐波齿轮减速器、柔性机械臂以及压电致动器组成的智能机械臂系统,提出对压电致动器采用模糊控制、对伺服电动机采用PD控制的复合控制策略,降低了机械臂的振动。虽然主动抑振方法具有极强的适应性和调节性,但由于其依赖于特定数学模型,在实际中误差不可避免,且存在能源需求量大、工艺复杂等问题,在实际工程应用中存在一定的限制。
随着新材料的不断涌现,出现了综合被动与主动抑振优点的半主动抑振方法,它可以通过改变系统刚度和阻尼来提高系统稳定性[23-25]。磁流变弹性体(magnetorheological elastomer,MRE)是一种新型复合材料,具有刚度连续可控、响应迅速的优点[26-27],基于MRE在半主动振动抑制领域的独特优势,MRE减振器的研究对于机械加工过程中的振动抑制有重要意义。
将MRE减振器应用于振动抑制领域,需要解决与MRE特性密切相关的两个重要问题,一是MRE的磁流变效应,二是MRE减振器的结构和磁路设计。MRE减振器的减振性能很大程度上受MRE磁流变效应的影响,关于这方面的研究层出不穷。周陈程[28]从原材料方面出发,制备出两种不同基体的磁流变弹性体:硅橡胶基磁流变弹性体和天然橡胶基磁流变弹性体,并对其进行动态性能测试。结果表明,硅橡胶基磁流变弹性体的磁流变效应高于天然橡胶基磁流变弹性体,能够更好地满足现代建筑对结构防风抗震的要求。针对精密加工抑振领域,龙浩天等[29]探究了磁性颗粒的尺寸对MRE磁流变效应的影响。结果表明,在一定的粒径范围内,磁流变效应随磁性颗粒粒径的增大而增大。另外,MRE制备过程中的原料配比对磁流变效应也具有一定影响,但是目前针对该方面的研究较少。此外,MRE减振器的结构和磁路设计也会对减振性能产生较大影响。为了抑制机床镗孔过程中的刀具振动,提高切削性能,LAWRANCE等[30]设计并开发了一种MRE减振装置,并考虑了活塞位置、电流强度和线圈缠绕方向等参数,分别开展了有/无MRE减振装置的刀架切削对比试验。结果表明,将MRE安装在刀架上时,可抑制86.6%的振动。为了提高工件抛光质量,XU等[31]提出了一种基于磁流变弹性体抛光复合材料(MREPCs)的新型智能材料研磨工具及其柔性抛光方法。通过抛光试验验证了MREPCs的抛光性能,结果表明,所开发的MREPCs可以有效减小加工振幅,显著降低工件表面粗糙度。目前MRE在机床上已经实现了较好的减振效果,但是在机器人铣削加工振动抑制方面的研究较少。文献[32]针对ABB IRB6660机器人设计并研制了一种用于抑制颤振的MRE吸收器,在机器人铣削中具有良好的颤振抑制效果。但是,文献[32]并未考虑MRE吸振器内部的磁路设计分析,无法保证MRE充分发挥磁流变效应,致使吸振器的移频带宽仅有13 Hz,难以适应机器人铣削加工过程中振动频率复杂多变的工况。另外,文献[32]所设计的MRE吸振器是一种非对称结构,其偏置质量可能会对机器人加工稳定性产生一定影响。
受文献[32]的启发,本文设计了一种用于抑制KUKA KR500机器人铣削加工颤振的MRE吸振器,并开展了相关试验研究。本文研究的创新点在于:(1)所设计的吸振器结构为圆环型,其对称特点可以确保吸振器自身对机器人主轴无偏置影响;(2)对吸振器内部进行磁路分析和设计,保证吸振器内部MRE最先达到磁饱和,比文献[32]中MRE吸振器所实现的13 Hz的工作带宽更高,达到了27.86 Hz。
MRE作为一种新兴的智能材料,目前还没有统一的制备方法,而使用不同工艺制成的MRE在磁流变效应上的差距很大,按其固化方式可简单分为有场制备与无场制备,与无场制备下的MRE相比,有场制备下得到的各向异性MRE一般具有更高的磁致模量变化和磁流变效应[33]。本文采用各向异性硅橡胶基MRE,制备流程如图1所示。具体流程如下:首先将羰基铁粉与二甲基硅油充分混合,按比例加入硅橡胶后再次搅拌均匀,将盛有混合物的容器放入真空干燥箱中抽除内部气泡,然后将混合物倒入模具后放在强磁场环境下预结构化处理,待内部铁磁性颗粒完成链状排列再放置在无磁场环境下固化一段时间即可得到各向异性MRE。
在MRE制备过程中原料组成及比例、工艺模式以及其参数的选取对其性能均起着决定性作用。本文主要研究制备原料的不同质量配比对MRE的力学性能影响。本文选用内部铁颗粒含量≥96.8%、平均粒径为3.016 μm的德国巴斯夫公司EW型羰基铁粉,该型号具有磁导率大、饱和磁感应强度高和剩磁小的优点[34]。另外选用704室温固化硅橡胶作为基体,道康宁500 CS二甲基硅油作为添加剂[35]。在预结构化处理过程中,始终保证MRE处于磁感应强度大小为1 T、方向垂直于MRE圆形截面的磁场环境中[3436]。固定MRE样品的厚度为3 mm,分别制备不同质量配比(羰基铁粉、硅油、硅橡胶比重分别为5∶2.5∶2.5,6∶2∶2,7∶1.5∶1.5)的三组MRE,制备完成的样品如图2所示。
通过电子扫描显微镜观察制备完成的各向异性MRE的微观结构,如图3所示,可以看到其内部铁磁颗粒呈链状排列于橡胶基体中。随着外界磁场的增加,颗粒之间的相互作用力不断增强,被包覆的基体被周边的颗粒包裹得更加紧密,受到更大力的作用,导致模量会随颗粒相互作用力增强而增大,从而宏观表现为随着外界磁场的增加,MRE储能模量不断增大。
评价MRE性能的重要指标是其磁控性能,因此针对MRE的磁控力学性能研究是一个不可忽略的问题。本文通过MRE储能模量随磁场的变化来表征MRE的磁流变效应。利用安东帕旋转流变仪MCR 302e对制备完成的MRE进行动态力学性能测试,设置外部磁感应强度变化步长为100 mT,检测0~1000 mT共11组磁场环境下的MRE储能和耗能模量。图4为测试结果,可以看出三种配比的MRE储能模量和耗能模量均随磁场发生连续性变化,在0~200 mT弱磁场环境下模量增加幅度较小,在200~800 mT区间MRE模量增加幅度明显,而在800 mT之后随着磁感应强度的增加MRE模量增幅很小,基本趋近于饱和的状态。另外可以发现,相同磁场环境下,原料中羰基铁粉的占比越多,MRE的储能和耗能模量则越大,当外界磁感应强度达到1000 mT时MRE的储能和耗能模量最高分别可以达到0.6 MPa和0.1 MPa左右。
图4(a)可以看出,MRE磁流变效应与原料的质量配比有关,当羰基铁粉、硅油、硅橡胶的质量配比为7∶1.5∶1.5时磁流变效应最高,储能模量相对变化量可达到2576%。如果继续增大羰基铁粉的质量占比会导致MRE制备过程中原料混合物过于黏稠,容易产生混合不均匀等情况。因此本文选择羰基铁粉、硅油、硅橡胶质量配比为7∶1.5∶1.5的MRE用于吸振器结构中。
损耗因子也是表征MRE流变特性的一个重要参数,它体现了MRE在测试过程中的阻尼特性。根据上述试验结果可以计算得到不同质量配比的MRE损耗因子随磁感应强度的变化情况,结果如图5所示。
图5可以看出,三种不同原料配比的MRE损耗因子在测试磁场范围内都呈现了先上升后下降的趋势。CHEN等[37]通过试验表明磁流变弹性体的阻尼特性主要来自基体与颗粒之间的相对滑移。在0~400 mT过程中,随着磁感应强度不断增加,颗粒受到的磁场力作用不断增强,造成颗粒与基体之间的相对滑移增大,界面摩擦增强,阻尼上升。在磁场继续增强的过程中,颗粒之间由于较强的相互作用力逐渐形成比较稳定的结构形式,阻碍了滑移与界面摩擦,从而导致损耗因子出现下降的趋势。但不同质量配比的MRE损耗因子在磁场作用下的最大变化量分别为0.016、0.018、0.017,表明磁场对MRE损耗因子的影响有限。所以,本文将不同磁场作用下的MRE当作单一的变刚度元件加以控制。
动力吸振器通常是一个“质量-弹簧-阻尼”系统,由振子、弹性元件和阻尼元件组成[38]。如图6所示,m1为主系统质量,k1c1分别为主系统的刚度和阻尼,F为主系统受到的激振力,x1为主系统的振动位移。m2为吸振器振子的质量,k2c2分别为吸振器弹簧元件的刚度和阻尼,x2为吸振器振子的振动位移。
图6可以看出,动力吸振器安装在主系统上,MRE作为吸振器的弹簧元件发挥其变刚度特性,进而改变吸振器的固有频率,当吸振器固有频率与外界激振力的频率相等时,主系统的振动能量很大一部分将被吸振器所吸收,从而实现对主系统的振动抑制,这就是MRE吸振器的工作原理。
本文研究的减振对象为KUKA KR500机器人,由于实际加工过程中机器人振源为刀具末端的切削力,因此在机器人末端主轴处安装圆环状MRE吸振器,吸振器通过底座中心处预留的螺栓孔与机器人的主轴相连接,示意图如图7所示。
机器人铣削加工中主轴径向振动力远大于轴向振动力[5],因此本文所设计的是MRE工作在剪切模式下的吸振器。图8为吸振器结构爆炸图,吸振器主要由振子、底座、线圈骨架、励磁线圈、MRE以及圆形钢垫片组成。漆包线缠绕在骨架上,作为磁场发生装置插入振子中的骨架安装槽,6个线圈绕好指定匝数的漆包线后均通过振子上的引线孔与外部可调电流源相连,通过调节线圈中所通的电流大小实时改变装置中MRE的剪切模量,进而改变整个吸振器的固有频率,使其与外界振动频率相匹配达到同频吸振的效果,以减少机器人主轴的振动能量,提升机器人铣削的加工精度和工件表面的加工质量。
吸振器内部包含6组用于剪切工作模式的MRE,每组MRE层均由直径为30 mm的上层MRE、钢垫片和下层MRE交替排列粘合形成。这种叠层结构的使用一方面可以提高垂直方向上的承载能力;另一方面,较小的横向刚度增加了振子的冲程,这意味着叠层MRE吸振器可以吸收更多的能量,尤其适用于颤振等振幅较大的抑振领域。
振子在整个吸振器中起到核心作用,负责吸收机器人铣削加工时的振动能量,一般情况下振子的质量越大,越有利于提高振动吸收效率,但考虑到吸振器的简便性,将其质量控制在20 kg以内。缠绕有励磁线圈的环形线圈骨架与安装槽内部空间相匹配,使骨架、线圈与振子三者形成封闭结构,相邻两个励磁线圈之间磁感应线依次通过振子、上层MRE、圆形钢垫片、下层MRE、底座。两两相邻的铁芯之间设有深度为30 mm且与振子弧度相同的凹槽,一方面可以降低吸振器质量,另一方面可以优化磁路,引导磁感应线沿着现有结构方向形成闭合,有效减少磁损耗,充分利用MRE的可控特性,有利于进一步提高吸振器的减振频率带宽。本装置中底座、振子和钢垫片均采用具有高磁导率、高磁饱和强度及低矫顽力的Q235钢,环形线圈骨架采用不导磁材料聚四氟乙烯。
吸振器内部相邻两个线圈骨架之间的闭合磁路示意图如图9所示,相邻励磁线圈通入相反方向的电流,在两个铁芯内部磁感应线从S极指向N极,在外部磁感应线通过骨架连接梁和底座从N极指向S极。通电后线圈产生的磁场在吸振器内部经由MRE形成闭合导磁回路,使MRE的刚度能够随外加电流I的大小变化得到有效控制。
相邻两个励磁线圈之间形成的闭合磁路基本组成如表1所示,各部件于图9中已标出,本设计中忽略吸振器内部的漏磁效应。
在本次设计的MRE吸振器内部闭合磁路中磁通量Φ处处相等,计算磁路各部件的磁通面积和饱和磁感应强度的乘积,乘积最小者将最先达到磁饱和状态。MRE作为一种新型智能材料,其剩磁与矫顽力非常小,可当作软磁材料;其磁化特性与原料中铁颗粒的质量占比有关,其中羰基铁粉占比70%的各向异性MRE的饱和磁感应强度在1 T左右[39-40]。整个闭合磁路各区域磁饱和分析结果如表2所示。可以看出上下两层MRE的饱和磁通量最小,即MRE区域最先达到磁饱和状态,保证了MRE的剪切模量的变化范围最大。
在确保MRE区域最先达到磁饱和状态后,结合吸振器内部磁路走向计算满足MRE磁场要求的励磁线圈参数。
在一条完整的闭合磁路中磁通量Φ处处相等,此处用MRE处的磁感应强度B3和有效面积S3代入计算。由磁动势的计算公式可得:
F=NI=ΦRm=B3S3Rm
式中,N为线圈匝数;I为线圈所通电流大小。
表1可知,闭合磁路的总磁阻Rm满足:
Rm=i=16Rmi
而各部分的磁阻计算公式为:
Rmi=liμ0μrSi
式中,li为磁路的长度;Si为磁路穿过的横截面积;μ0为真空状态下的磁导率;μr为材料的相对磁导率。
相关试验研究表明,磁性颗粒是决定MRE相对磁导率大小的关键因素,随磁性颗粒含量的增多,MRE相对磁导率具有明显增大的趋势。羰基铁粉占比70%的各向异性MRE相对磁导率近似为2.3[3440-42]。而振子、底座和钢垫片采用的Q235钢相对磁导率μr在3000以上[43],与MRE材料相比,Q235钢的磁阻可以忽略不计,因此整条闭合磁路的总磁阻近似等于4片MRE处的磁阻,即
RmRm3+Rm5=l3+l5μ0μrS3
由式(1)和(4)联立可以得到MRE处的磁感应强度B3的计算公式为:
B3=μ0μrNIl3+l5
根据图4的测试结果,MRE在1000 mT时基本达到磁饱和,所以MRE处的目标磁感应强度B3=1000 mT,其中磁路长度l3=l5=6 mm,真空绝对磁导率μ0=4π×10-7 N/A2,MRE的相对磁导率为2.3,代入式(4)中可得出NI≈4152,由于每条闭合磁路中包含两组励磁线圈,所以结合骨架安装槽的实际安装空间,设置每组励磁线圈漆包线匝数为700,相邻线圈通入方向相反、大小均为3 A的电流即可满足MRE处的磁感应强度需求。
应用ANSYS Workbench中的静磁场分析模块对上文理论计算确定的线圈参数进行吸振器电磁仿真验证。参照上文已确定的线圈参数设置仿真模型,得到的吸振器内部线圈电流走向情况如图10所示,从图10中可以看出相邻的励磁线圈电流方向相反,使得吸振器内部形成完整闭合磁路。图11为吸振器内部的磁场分布结果图。从图11(a)中可以看出,线圈通入3 A电流时,在吸振器内部产生了均匀分布的磁感应强度,最大值为988 mT左右,磁感应线基本分布在振子的铁芯处。图11(b)为MRE处的磁场分布结果图,可以看出上层MRE处可以达到988 mT左右的磁感应强度,下层MRE最高可达870 mT。整个吸振器结构中MRE处磁场最强,且整个磁路最高磁感应强度小于Q235钢的饱和磁感应强度,证实了磁路设计方法与结构尺寸的合理性。
由上文可知,调节吸振器中线圈电流大小可以实现MRE处的磁感应强度0~1000 mT的变化范围,磁场变化过程中MRE刚度的改变会使整个吸振器的固有频率发生偏移。应用ANSYS Workbench平台对吸振器进行模态仿真分析。仿真中,设置边界条件为吸振器的底座螺栓孔固定约束。对比分析MRE剪切模量分别为零磁场状态和磁饱和状态两种工况下吸振器的前6阶固有频率。图12为MRE吸振器的模态仿真结果。从图12中可以看出,当MRE剪切模量设置为零磁场模量(0.02249 MPa)时,吸振器1阶固有频率为16.77 Hz,最大变形量为9.0565 mm;将剪切模量改为1000 mT磁场环境下的测试值(0.60189 MPa)时,吸振器1阶固有频率提升至45.78 Hz,最大变形量为8.6163 mm。可以看出MRE吸振器的移频带宽达到29.01 Hz,相对移频达到173%。此外,通过仿真结果可以看出吸振器的变形基本集中在振子上,可以判断吸振器实际工作过程中由于底座通过螺栓固定,减振系统的主要振动能量将被吸振器振子吸收,验证了吸振器的工作原理。
对吸振器结构和磁路完成相关设计并对其进行仿真验证后,按照设计模型进行加工制造,加工完成的吸振器样件如图13所示。
按照吸振器的实际工作模式将其通过压板固定在振动台水平台面上,图14为振动台试验场景。采用的是苏试电动振动台DC-3200-36/SV-0606,振动台完成一次5~100 Hz的线性扫频循环耗时10 min,通过两个PCB加速度传感器122A50和122A100检测控制振动台的振动加速度保持在0.1g左右,通过222A200传感器检测吸振器振子上的加速度信号。通过独立的可调电流源为吸振器内部线圈供电,相邻线圈通入大小相等、方向相反的电流,电流大小从0逐渐增大至3.0 A,变化步长为0.2 A,分别测量对应的激励和响应加速度信号,根据峰值检测法可知曲线峰值即为吸振器固有频率。表3为MRE吸振器固有频率-电流实测结果,并对其对应关系进行5阶多项式拟合,结果如图15所示。可以看出,不通电流时MRE吸振器的基频为17.35 Hz,随着吸振器内部励磁线圈所通电流的增加,吸振器固有频率持续增大,通3.0 A电流时固有频率最高可达到45.21 Hz。吸振器移频带宽为27.86 Hz,相对移频达到160.58%,与模态仿真结果相符。拟合出的吸振器固有频率-电流公式对应关系为:
y=0.1422x5-0.1522x4-3.4125x3+  8.0191x2+8.5236x+17.4420
式中,y表示吸振器的固有频率;x表示吸振器内部每个励磁线圈所通的电流大小。
通过搭建图16所示的激振器试验平台验证式(6)的准确性,将MRE吸振器安装在KUKA KR500机器人的末端,并与独立的可调电流源连接。东华动态信号控制系统经功率放大器连接DH 40100激振器,可以实时控制激振器向机器人主轴输出指定频率的激励。在吸振器振子和机器人铣削主轴处分别布置加速度传感器095#和171#,并经信号采集仪在信号分析软件中实时获取加速度信号。
通过东华软件控制激振器输出指定频率的正弦信号激励力,并采集吸振器振子和机器人主轴上的加速度实时信号,先后调节电流源输出电流为0和激励频率所对应的电流,通过对比加速度信号变化情况判断吸振器的移频效果。在MRE吸振器的工作带宽内选择20、25和40 Hz三个频率值,令吸振器固有频率分别为y =20,25,40 Hz,并代入式(6)计算得出对应的吸振器输入电流为0.25、0.62和1.81 A。激振器试验一共分三组进行,每组试验过程中保证激振器输出力的大小和频率不变。振子和主轴上的加速度信号测量结果如图17~19所示。可以看出,吸振器振子和机器人主轴的加速度变化趋势在三种不同激励频率下基本相同。根据式(6)计算结果向吸振器通入与外界振动频率相对应的电流后,振子和主轴的振动加速度信号幅值同时变化,振子处加速度明显增加,机器人主轴处显著降低,主轴上的振动被振子有效吸收,符合吸振器的工作原理。由此可以确定拟合出的吸振器固有频率-电流对应公式准确。
采用KUKA KR500机器人在7075-T6铝合金上进行铣削试验,搭建如图20所示的试验平台。吸振器通过螺栓连接在机器人主轴下方,加速度传感器分别安装在吸振器的振子和机器人末端主轴,根据主轴的振动加速度信号频率实时调节吸振器线圈所通电流大小,使吸振器固有频率与机器人铣削振动频率相同,实现同频吸振的效果。为了评估本文所设计的MRE吸振器对抑制机器人铣削加工振动的效果,分别进行了不加吸振器、加吸振器不通电、加吸振器通电三组工况试验。值得一提的是,不通电时吸振器相当于一个被动减振装置,通电调频后作为半主动减振器。三组工况下的铣削试验采用相同的加工参数:顺铣加工方式、切深1 mm、径向切宽10 mm、主轴转速1200 r/min、进给90 mm/min。
由于吸振器中MRE工作在剪切模式,所以此研究中仅关注机器人铣削时的XY方向减振。不加吸振器和加吸振器不通电的工况下对应机器人主轴加速度时域和频域测量结果,如图21所示。可以看出,在不加吸振器和加吸振器不通电两种工况下,机器人在18.9 Hz左右处出现最大峰值,根据以前的研究,18.9 Hz为KUKA KR500机器人的2阶固有频率[4],因此判断机器人在此发生低频颤振。时域上吸振器作为被动减振装置时可以小幅度地减小机器人主轴的振动加速度,但不够明显。将颤振频率18.9 Hz代入吸振器固有频率-电流关系式(6)得出对应励磁线圈电流为0.15 A。然后,将此大小电流通过外部电流源输入MRE吸振器,在加吸振器通电的工况下进一步开展机器人铣削试验,对应加速度传感器的测量结果也在图21中给出。通过分析功率谱密度结果可以看出,对吸振器通电调频后机器人主轴的颤振频率18.9 Hz左右的主频峰值完全消失,实现了机器人铣削加工的低频颤振抑制。时域上吸振器作为半主动减振器大幅度降低了机器人主轴XY方向上的振动,表4为三种工况时域上的加速度数值分析结果。可以看出,在不加吸振器、加吸振器不通电和加吸振器通电工况下,X方向的主轴振动加速度峰峰值分别为7.93180、6.50149和2.32365 m/s2,均方根值分别为1.327007、1.109293和0.468333 m/s2Y方向的主轴振动加速度峰峰值分别为6.92609、5.25334和3.13262 m/s2,均方根值分别为1.169242、0.963899和0.585667 m/s2。加吸振器通电后X方向的振动加速度峰峰值相对于不加吸振器和加吸振器不通电工况分别降低了70.7%和64.3%,均方根值相对于不加吸振器和加吸振器不通电工况分别降低了64.7%和57.8%。Y方向峰峰值相对于不加吸振器和加吸振器不通电工况分别降低了54.7%和40.4%,均方根值相对于不加吸振器和加吸振器不通电工况分别降低了49.9%和39.2%。以上结果表明,吸振器作为被动减振装置时有一定减振效果但并不明显;对吸振器通电后,其作为半主动减振装置可以大幅度减小振动。
此外,使用Mitutoyo SJ-210粗糙度计测量了工件铣削表面的粗糙度值,如图22所示。不加吸振器、加吸振器不通电和加吸振器通电三种工况下铣削工件的加工表面粗糙度值分别为Ra 8.469、Ra 6.773和Ra 2.967,其中Ra为轮廓算数平均偏差,用于量化物体表面的微观不平整程度。可以看出,在吸振器通电后表面粗糙度值相对于不加吸振器和加吸振器不通电工况分别降低了65.0%和56.2%,显著提升了工件的表面加工质量。
本文针对机器人铣削的低频颤振问题,利用磁流变弹性体(MRE)特有的流变特性,研究了不同质量配比的MRE磁流变效应,并基于此设计了一款MRE吸振器,通过振动台扫频试验、激振器试验和机器人铣削试验对MRE吸振器的移频特性和吸振性能进行了相关研究,主要结论如下:
(1)MRE的磁流变效应与原料的质量配比有关,当羰基铁粉、硅油、硅橡胶的配比为7∶1.5∶1.5时磁流变效应最高,可以达到2576%。
(2)通过设计加工完成的各向异性MRE吸振器可以实现17.35~45.21 Hz的移频范围,带宽达到27.86 Hz,相对移频160.58%。
(3)在低转速加工条件下KUKA KR500机器人容易在其2阶固有频率18.9 Hz左右发生颤振,对吸振器通电调频后可以将主轴的颤振频率完全抑制。相对于不加吸振器的工况,加吸振器通电调频后主轴上X方向的振动加速度峰峰值降低了70.7%,均方根值降低了64.7%;Y方向峰峰值降低了54.7%,均方根值降低了49.9%。此外工件的表面加工质量也有明显改善。
值得注意的是,未来仍有许多工作需要考虑。机器人主轴X方向在18.9 Hz处发生颤振的同时,在78和96 Hz处也有较大的加速度峰值,目前吸振器移频范围尚未达到要求,因此后续需要进一步研究MRE的磁流变效应影响因素、优化吸振器结构,继续扩大吸振器的工作带宽。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52005254)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075256)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U22A20204)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(NT2022016)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308003
  • 接收时间:2022-08-02
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-08-02
  • 修回日期:2023-10-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52005254)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075256)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U22A20204)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(NT2022016)
作者信息
    1.南京航空航天大学机电学院,江苏 南京 210016
    2.上海宇航系统工程研究所,上海 201109

通讯作者:

李波(1988—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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