Article(id=1227591025716294527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692028800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-15, revisedDate=1697040000000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610108059, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610108059, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610108059, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610108059, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591023870800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='8', pageStart='1645', pageEnd='1934', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610107611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610373804, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1711, endPage=1721, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591027280769927, articleId=1227591025716294527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Dynamic characteristics of tri-stable piezoelectric energy harvester with tunable potential energy well, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the dynamic output performance and environmental adaptability of the tri-stable piezoelectric energy harvester (TPEH),a new flexible tri-stable piezoelectric energy harvester (FTPEH) with double flexible auxiliary beams for real-time adjusting the potential well depth and barrier height is proposed. Based on the traditional magnetic coupling tri-stable piezoelectric energy harvester,two auxiliary flexible beams with the same structure and size are introduced,and the two external magnets are fixed at the tip ends of the two auxiliary flexible beams. When the harvester is excited by the external excitation,the two auxiliary beams oscillate with slight amplitude in the horizontal direction,thus the horizontal distance between the external magnets and the tip magnet of the piezoelectric cantilever beam can be adjusted in real-time,so as to tune the potential energy well depth and barrier height,resulting in improving the dynamic output performance and environmental adaptability. The electromechanical coupling dynamic model describing the dynamic responses of the new tri-stable piezoelectric energy harvester is established based on Euler Bernoulli theory and Hamilton principle,and the influences of system parameters on the nonlinear magnetic force and dynamic performance are simulated and analyzed. Compared to the traditional tri-stable harvester,the new tri-stable harvester has a wider bandwidth of inter-well motion and lower excitation for jumping from intra-well motion to inter-well motion.

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为了提高三稳态压电能量采集器的动态输出性能和环境适应能力,提出一种势阱深度和势垒高度可实时调节的柔性三稳态压电能量采集器。在传统磁耦合三稳态压电能量采集器的基础上,引入两个结构和尺寸相同的辅助柔性梁,两个外部磁铁分别固定在上述两个辅助柔性梁末端,当采集器受到外部环境激励时,两个辅助梁在水平方向产生微幅振动,从而实时调节外部磁铁与压电悬臂梁末端磁铁之间的水平间距,达到调节势能阱深度和势垒高度的目的,由此改善三稳态压电能量采集器的动态输出性能和环境适应能力。相较于其他势阱可调型能量采集器,所提柔性结构更加简单、直观。基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论和广义哈密顿原理建立准确描述该三稳态压电能量采集器动态响应特性的机电耦合动力学模型,利用龙格-库塔算法仿真分析了柔性梁特性、磁铁间距等参数对采集器非线性磁力和动力学特性的影响,并与经典的三稳态磁耦合压电能量采集器模型进行仿真和试验比较。结果表明:柔性梁微幅振动是产生变势能阱的主要因素;柔性梁刚度使势能阱的深度变浅,使采集器更易进入大幅阱间振动状态;引入柔性梁后该三稳态采集器具有更低的跳转激励加速度和更宽的工作频带。

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王光庆(1975—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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侯露刚(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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侯露刚(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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侯露刚(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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可调势阱型三稳态压电能量采集器的动力学特性研究
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侯露刚 , 李广博 , 周宇洋 , 江一帆 , 王光庆
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(8): 1711-1721
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(8): 1711-1721
可调势阱型三稳态压电能量采集器的动力学特性研究
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侯露刚 , 李广博, 周宇洋, 江一帆, 王光庆
作者信息
  • 浙江工商大学信息与电子工程学院(萨塞克斯人工智能学院),浙江 杭州 310018
  • 侯露刚(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王光庆(1975—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Dynamic characteristics of tri-stable piezoelectric energy harvester with tunable potential energy well
Lugang HOU , Guangbo LI, Yuyang ZHOU, Yifan JIANG, Guangqing WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Information and Electronic Engineering (Sussex Artificial Intelligence Institute),Zhejiang Gongshang University,Hangzhou 310018,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308032
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为了提高三稳态压电能量采集器的动态输出性能和环境适应能力,提出一种势阱深度和势垒高度可实时调节的柔性三稳态压电能量采集器。在传统磁耦合三稳态压电能量采集器的基础上,引入两个结构和尺寸相同的辅助柔性梁,两个外部磁铁分别固定在上述两个辅助柔性梁末端,当采集器受到外部环境激励时,两个辅助梁在水平方向产生微幅振动,从而实时调节外部磁铁与压电悬臂梁末端磁铁之间的水平间距,达到调节势能阱深度和势垒高度的目的,由此改善三稳态压电能量采集器的动态输出性能和环境适应能力。相较于其他势阱可调型能量采集器,所提柔性结构更加简单、直观。基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论和广义哈密顿原理建立准确描述该三稳态压电能量采集器动态响应特性的机电耦合动力学模型,利用龙格-库塔算法仿真分析了柔性梁特性、磁铁间距等参数对采集器非线性磁力和动力学特性的影响,并与经典的三稳态磁耦合压电能量采集器模型进行仿真和试验比较。结果表明:柔性梁微幅振动是产生变势能阱的主要因素;柔性梁刚度使势能阱的深度变浅,使采集器更易进入大幅阱间振动状态;引入柔性梁后该三稳态采集器具有更低的跳转激励加速度和更宽的工作频带。

三稳态压电能量采集器  /  非线性动力学特性  /  可调势能阱  /  辅助柔性梁

In order to improve the dynamic output performance and environmental adaptability of the tri-stable piezoelectric energy harvester (TPEH),a new flexible tri-stable piezoelectric energy harvester (FTPEH) with double flexible auxiliary beams for real-time adjusting the potential well depth and barrier height is proposed. Based on the traditional magnetic coupling tri-stable piezoelectric energy harvester,two auxiliary flexible beams with the same structure and size are introduced,and the two external magnets are fixed at the tip ends of the two auxiliary flexible beams. When the harvester is excited by the external excitation,the two auxiliary beams oscillate with slight amplitude in the horizontal direction,thus the horizontal distance between the external magnets and the tip magnet of the piezoelectric cantilever beam can be adjusted in real-time,so as to tune the potential energy well depth and barrier height,resulting in improving the dynamic output performance and environmental adaptability. The electromechanical coupling dynamic model describing the dynamic responses of the new tri-stable piezoelectric energy harvester is established based on Euler Bernoulli theory and Hamilton principle,and the influences of system parameters on the nonlinear magnetic force and dynamic performance are simulated and analyzed. Compared to the traditional tri-stable harvester,the new tri-stable harvester has a wider bandwidth of inter-well motion and lower excitation for jumping from intra-well motion to inter-well motion.

tri-stable piezoelectric energy harvester  /  nonlinear dynamic characteristics  /  variable potential energy well  /  auxiliary flexible beam
侯露刚, 李广博, 周宇洋, 江一帆, 王光庆. 可调势阱型三稳态压电能量采集器的动力学特性研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1711 -1721 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308032
Lugang HOU, Guangbo LI, Yuyang ZHOU, Yifan JIANG, Guangqing WANG. Dynamic characteristics of tri-stable piezoelectric energy harvester with tunable potential energy well[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1711 -1721 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308032
随着微电子技术和微机电一体化技术的高速发展,无线电子器件和设备越发小型化、轻量化和低功耗化,且广泛应用于通信、医疗、军事、航空航天、汽车和工业工程等领域。然而,海量低功耗无线电子器件和设备的广泛应用带来的挑战之一就是如何对其持续地自供电。传统电池由于其体积大、寿命有限、定期更换难度大及成本高等问题,已无法满足低功耗电子器件的供电需求,寻找可替代的供电设备迫在眉睫。压电能量采集器是一种将能量环境中的振动能量转换成电能的机电耦合器件,具有能量密度高、结构简单、易于与宿主结构集成等优点,非常适用于低功耗电子设备的自供电系统[1-2]
传统压电振动能量采集器由末端带质量块的线性压电悬臂梁构成,其工作频带较窄,通常只有在谐振区时才能产生较大的功率输出,当远离谐振频率时采集效率会急剧降低。为了提高能量采集器的工作频带和转换效率,文献[3-6]提出引入非线性磁力使采集器具有双稳态、三稳态甚至多稳态的特性。ZHOU等[7]提出了一种非线性双磁铁耦合能量收集系统(DMEHS),并且考虑了末端磁铁的倾角和垂直于振动方向的偏移量对动态响应和输出电压的影响。为了提高环境振动能量采集的适应性,WANG等[8]提出了一种双自由度磁场耦合型压电能量采集器,分析了激励水平、质量块质量和轴向载荷对固支梁动态特性和俘能性能的影响,仿真并试验验证了所提能量采集器在低频带宽时可以增强能量采集性能。李魁等[9]利用弹性支撑的外部磁铁的运动实现了变势能阱技术,并实现了能量收集工作风速范围和输出电功率的同步提升。文献[10-11]提出了一种柔性双稳态能量采集器,结果表明,柔性双稳态能量采集器更容易突破势能阱产生跳变。文献[12-13]采用弹簧-磁振子对悬臂梁进行双向整流,使系统在低频或超低频环境振动中能够高效和广泛地收集能量。赵泽翔等[14]采用等效集总参数模型、文献[15-17]建立三稳态能量采集器(TEH)分布参数机电耦合动力学模型对动态特性进行仿真并试验,分析了磁铁距离、加速度幅值对三稳态系统动态响应的影响。文献[18-19]采用多尺度法研究了负载阻抗以及梁端磁铁偏心距等因素对能量采集性能的影响,结果表明:调节磁铁间距可以改变系统最优负载阻抗的大小,梁端磁铁偏心距的大小对系统最优负载阻抗的影响显著。文献[20-21]通过考虑几何非线性和重力效应对系统的影响建立非线性动力学模型,并阐明了非对称势能阱的产生机理。
为了实现三稳态振动能量的采集功能,通常三稳态采集器由一个末端带磁铁的压电梁和两个对称固定于基座上的外部磁铁构成,这种结构的主要特点就是采集器的势能阱是对称分布的,且其深度和宽度不具可调性,这会导致在低水平激励作用下,采集器难以克服势垒的阻碍进入大幅值的高能轨道运行,从而大大降低采集器的动态输出性能。为了可实时调节势能阱的深度,提高能量采集器的环境适应性和动态输出性能,有学者提出势能阱可调型压电能量采集器。QIAN等[22]通过在屈曲梁的左端引入预压弹簧和引导导轨实现势阱可调的双稳态采集器。ZOU等[23]设计了一种可由用户编程定制势能阱函数的可调多稳态压电能量采集器。不难发现,上述能量采集器的势能阱调节结构复杂,采集器结构尺寸增大。本文提出一种通过柔性辅助梁调节能量采集器势能阱的深度和宽度的方法,在经典三稳态压电能量采集器结构的基础上,引入两个结构和尺寸相同的辅助柔性梁,将两块外部磁铁分别固定于辅助柔性梁的末端。当采集器受到外部环境激励时,辅助磁铁受到排斥力使辅助柔性梁产生水平方向的往复微幅振动,从而实时调节末端磁铁与外部磁铁之间的水平间距,达到调节势能阱深度的目的,降低了势垒高度,进而使能量采集器更容易进入高能轨道,有效提高三稳态压电能量采集器的动态输出性能,该调节方法具有简单直观的特点,且对势能阱的调节便捷高效。
经典三稳态压电能量采集器结构如图1(a)所示,悬臂梁根部上、下表面粘结两压电片,悬臂梁的末端安装末端磁铁A,固定在基座上的磁铁B、C与磁铁A同性相斥,通过改变磁铁A与磁铁B、C的水平距离d和磁铁B、C之间的垂直距离dg可以改变势能函数的形状,使之呈现出双稳态、三稳态的特性。但是从图1(a)中可以看出,当d的位置固定之后,磁铁B、C在能量采集过程中并不会改变d的位置,从而不能很好地适应环境的随机响应。所提三稳态压电能量采集器结构如图1(b)所示,引入两个辅助柔性梁,把两个外部磁铁B、C分别固定于两辅助柔性梁末端,由此引入可调势能函数。当磁铁A靠近磁铁B或C时,由于磁铁间相互的排斥力,磁铁B或C带动辅助悬臂梁运动,从而改变势能函数的形状,使之更容易突破势垒进入高能轨道运动。
为了预测系统的动力学响应,本文通过基于能量法的拉格朗日方程推导了控制方程,拉格朗日方程表达式为:
L=T-U-Ue+Wp
式中,U为系统的弹性势能;Ue为磁力势能;Wp为系统的电势能;T为系统的总动能,表示为:
T=12ρs1hs1bs10ls1(w˙(x,t)+z˙(t))2dx+12ρs2hs2bs20ls2(s˙(y,t)2+z˙(t)2)dy+12ρs3hs3bs30ls3(u˙(y,t)2+z˙(t)2)dy+212ρphpbp0lp(w˙(x,t)+z˙(t))2dx+12Mt(w˙(ls1,t)+z˙(t))2+12ρthtbtls2-ltls2(s˙2(y,t)+z˙2(t))dy+12ρthtbtls3-ltls3(u˙2(y,t)+z˙2(t))dy+12It[2w˙(x,t)xt|x=ls1]2+12It[2s(y,t)yt|y=ls2]2+12It[2u(y,t)yt|y=ls3]2
式中,ρs1hs1bs1ls1分别为悬臂梁A的密度、厚度、宽度和长度;ρs2hs2bs2ls2分别为辅助柔性梁B的密度、厚度、宽度和长度;ρs3hs3bs3ls3分别为辅助柔性梁C的密度、厚度、宽度和长度;ρphpbplp分别为压电片的密度、厚度、宽度和长度;ρthtbtlt分别为磁铁的密度、厚度、宽度和长度;wxt)为悬臂梁A在距离x和时刻t的位移;syt)为辅助柔性梁B在距离y和时刻t的位移;uyt)为辅助柔性梁C在距离y和时刻t的位移;Mt为磁铁的质量;It为磁铁的转动惯量;zt)为激励振动位移。
系统的弹性势能为:
U=120ls1Es1Is1w¨2(x,t)dx+120ls2Es2Is2s¨2(y,t)dy+120ls3Es3Is3u¨2(y,t)dy+12EtItls2-ltls2s¨2(y,t)dy+12EtItls3-ltls3u¨2(y,t)dy+520lpEpIpw¨2(x,t)dx
式中,Es1Is1Es2Is2Es3Is3EpIpEtIt分别为悬臂梁A、辅助柔性梁B、辅助柔性梁C、压电片和磁铁的弯曲刚度(通常可以忽略)。
系统的电势能为:
Wp=12e31v(t)(hs1+hp)bpw˙(lp,t)+14Cpv2(t)
式中,Cp33bplp/hp,其中ε33为PZT元件的介电常数;e31为PZT元件的压电常数;vt)为压电片产生的电压。
磁力势能通过点磁荷偶极子理论计算得到,把磁铁建模成磁偶极子,磁铁之间的几何位置关系如图2所示。磁力势能可表示为[24]
Ue=μ04π(mBrBA||rBA||23+mCrCA||rCA||23)mA
式中,为向量梯度算子。
图2中:
rBA=[dx1,dy1]
rCA=[dx2,dy2]
mA=[MAVAcosα,MAVAsinα]
mB=[-MBVB,0]
mC=[-MCVC,0]
其中:
dx1=-a(1-cosα)-d-s(ls2,t)
dy1=w(ls1,t)+asinα-dg2
dx2=-a(1-cosα)-d-u(ls3,t)
dy2=w(ls1,t)+asinα+dg2
式中,μ0为真空磁导率;MAMBMC分别为磁铁A、B和C的磁化强度;VAVBVC分别为磁铁A、B和C的表面积;α=∂wls1t)/∂x为磁铁A的旋转角度;a=lt/2。
将式(10)代入式(5),可得到磁力势能:
Ue=μ0MAVAMBVB(2dx12-dy12)4π1+w˙2(ls1,t)(dx12+dy12)52+μ0MAVAMBVB(3dx1dy1w˙(ls1,t))4π1+w˙2(ls1,t)(dx12+dy12)52+μ0MAVAMBVB(2dx22-dy22)4π1+w˙2(ls1,t)(dx22+dy22)52+μ0MAVAMBVB(3dx2dy2w˙(ls1,t))4π1+w˙2(ls1,t)(dx22+dy22)52
利用分离系数法可将悬臂梁的位移分解为一阶模态振型函数和时间坐标的乘积,即
w(x,t)=ϕ(x)q(t)
s(y,t)=φ(y)p(t)
u(y,t)=φ(y)r(t)
ϕ(x)={ϕ1(x), 0x<lpϕ2(x), lpx<ls1
φ(y)={φ1(y), 0y<ls2-ltφ2(y), lpy<ls2
式中,ϕx)和qt)分别为悬臂梁A的一阶弯曲振型和模态坐标;φy)为辅助柔性梁B和辅助柔性梁C的一阶弯曲振型;pt)和rt)分别为辅助柔性梁B和辅助柔性梁C的模态坐标;ϕ1x)和ϕ2x)分别为含压电片和不含压电片悬臂梁A的一阶弯曲振型;φ1y)和φ2y)分别为含磁铁和不含磁铁辅助柔性梁B和辅助柔性梁C的一阶弯曲振型。
将梁的位移分解后,再将式(2)~(4)代入式(1),得到拉格朗日函数:
L=M0q˙2(t)+Γq˙(t)z˙(t)+M1p˙2(t)+M2r˙2(t)+Mz˙2(t)+θv(t)q(t)+14Cpv2(t)-mqq2(t)-mpp2(t)-mrr2(t)-Um
其中:
M0=12ρs1hs1bs1(0lpϕ12(x)dx+0ls1-lpϕ22(x)dx)+ρphpbp0lpϕ12(x)dx+12Mtϕ2(ls1-lp)2,
Γ=12ρs1hs1bs1(0lpϕ1(x)dx+0ls1-lpϕ2(x)dx)+ρphpbp0lpϕ1(x)dx+12ρthtbtltϕ2(ls1-lp),
M1=12ρs2hs2bs2(0ls2-ltφ12(y)dy+0ltφ22(y)dy)+12ρthtbt0ltφ22(y)dy,
M2=12ρs3hs3bs3(0ls3-ltφ12(y)dy+0ltφ22(y)dy)+12ρthtbt0ltφ22(y)dy,
M=12ρs1hs1bs1ls1+12ρs2hs2bs2ls2+12ρs3hs3bs3ls3+ρphpbplp+32ρthtbtlt,
θ=12e31(hs1+hp)bpϕ˙1(lp),
mq=12Es1Is1(0lpϕ¨12(x)dx+0ls1-lpϕ¨22(x)dx)+EpIp0lpϕ¨12(x)dx,
mp=12Es2Is2(0ls2-ltφ¨12(y)dy+0ltφ¨22(y)dy)+12EtIt0ltφ¨22(y)dy,
mr=12Es3Is3(0ls3-ltφ¨12(y)dy+0ltφ¨22(y)dy)+12EtIt0ltφ¨22(y)dy
将式(17)代入拉格朗日方程,得到最终的动力学方程:
{2M0q¨(t)+2ξωqq˙(t)-θv(t)+2mqq(t)+Ueq(t)=-Γz¨(t)2M1p¨(t)+2ξωpp˙(t)+2mpp(t)+Uep(t)=02M2r¨(t)+2ξωrr˙(t)+2mrr(t)+Uer(t)=0θq˙(t)+12Cpv˙(t)+v(t)R=0
式中,ξ为模态阻尼比;ωq为悬臂梁A的模态频率;ωpωr分别为辅助柔性梁B和C的模态频率。
由式(18)可知,辅助柔性梁位移rt)、pt)通过∂Ue/∂pt)、∂Ue/∂rt)即磁力影响采集器。为了揭示辅助柔性梁的动态响应特性,选取参数d=20 mm、dg=20 mm、A=30 m/s2f=5 Hz,仿真绘制了辅助柔性梁B、C随悬臂梁A运动的位移轨迹变化,如图3所示。当悬臂梁A位置改变时,磁铁间作用力发生改变使得辅助柔性梁发生形变,由于两辅助悬臂梁所受磁铁间作用力不同,导致其形变程度不同,磁铁间作用力越大,形变程度越大。如图3(b)所示,当w=-9 mm时,磁铁A、C间的作用力大于磁铁B、C间的作用力,导致辅助柔性梁C的弯曲形变大于辅助柔性梁B;随着悬臂梁A尖端位移逐渐靠近w=0,磁铁间的作用力趋于相等,当w=0时,磁铁A、C间的作用力和磁铁B、C间的作用力相等,因此辅助柔性梁C和辅助柔性梁B的弯曲形变相等;当w=9 mm时,磁铁A、C间的作用力小于磁铁B、C间的作用力,导致辅助柔性梁C的弯曲形变小于辅助柔性梁B。
由式(19)可知,rt)、pt)影响采集器的势能函数,即辅助柔性梁尖端位移sls2t)、uls3t)对势能函数存在影响。在上述条件下绘制半个周期中总势能Um的实时变化如图4(a)所示(标记线表示半个周期中实际势能轨迹),由于两辅助悬臂梁在运动过程中形变程度不同,从而产生不对称的势能阱。当w=-9 mm时,辅助柔性梁C的弯曲形变大于辅助柔性梁B,因此,两个外部磁铁不相等的作用力产生不对称的势能阱;由图5可知,此时势阱A深度为0.243 mJ、宽度为8.2 mm,势阱D深度为0.176 mJ、宽度为7.59 mm。随着两辅助悬臂梁的弯曲形变趋于相等,当w=0时,辅助柔性梁C和辅助柔性梁B的弯曲形变相等;由图5可知,此时势阱A深度为0.218 mJ、宽度为8 mm,势阱D深度为0.218 mJ、宽度为8 mm,此时势能阱是关于w=0对称的。当w=9 mm时,辅助柔性梁C的弯曲形变小于辅助柔性梁B;由图5可知,此时势阱A深度为0.176 mJ、宽度为7.59 mm,势阱D深度为0.243 mJ、宽度为8.2 mm,与w=-9 mm相反。
图4(b)所示实线表示三个稳定平衡解,虚线表示两个不稳定平衡解。图5所示为运动过程中4个势阱的深度和宽度变化趋势图。从图5中可以看出,势阱的深度和宽度变化趋势相同,势阱的深度越高,势阱的宽度也越宽。势阱A深度的变化趋势与辅助柔性梁B位移变化趋势相反,可以看出,势阱A的变化主要受辅助柔性梁B位移影响,势阱D的变化主要受辅助柔性梁C位移影响,势阱A和D的变化趋势关于w=0对称;势阱B在w=-30~0 mm范围内主要受辅助柔性梁C位移影响,在w=0~30 mm范围内主要受辅助柔性梁B位移影响,势阱B和C的变化趋势关于w=0对称。
柔性采集器的势能函数可由式(17)得到:
U=mqq2(t)+mpp2(t)+mrr2(t)+Um
其中,rt)、pt)主要是由辅助柔性梁的弯曲形变引起,主要由mpmr决定,即由辅助柔性梁的刚度决定,因此,系统参数刚度对总势能存在影响。
为了揭示辅助柔性梁刚度对采集器的影响,图6仿真绘制了辅助柔性梁B在kp=14250 N/m时辅助柔性梁C在不同刚度下采集器的总势能曲面图,模型结构参照图1。如图6所示,由于两个辅助柔性梁刚度的不同,使得辅助悬臂梁所能达到的最大挠度不同,从而使得磁铁间作用力不同,表现为势能曲线非对称性,随着辅助柔性梁C的刚度增大,势垒1处高度无变化,保持在2.227 mJ附近,而势垒2处高度持续增大,从2.171 mJ增大至2.262 mJ,从势能阱2突破到势能阱1所需能量无变化,而从势能阱2突破到势能阱3所需能量持续增大。考虑到两柔性梁的结构尺寸和材料特性完全一致,且由图3可知,辅助柔性梁B和辅助柔性梁C的运动关于w=0平面对称,这里主要研究辅助柔性梁C对总势能的影响,辅助柔性梁B对总势能的影响与辅助柔性梁C是相似的。
同时改变辅助柔性梁B和辅助柔性梁C的刚度,采集器的总势能变化曲面如图7所示。当辅助柔性梁B和辅助柔性梁C的刚度相同时,势能曲线关于w=0平面对称,并且随着刚度的增大,辅助悬臂梁所能达到的最大挠度减小,从而使得磁铁间作用力增大,表现为两边的势垒呈上升趋势,三个势能阱深度持续增大。
综上所述,辅助柔性梁刚度可以影响势垒的高度,刚度越大,势垒高度越高,势阱深度越大,使得采集器突破势垒做大幅阱间运动所需的能量增加,并且只改变一个辅助柔性梁的刚度会使势能曲线表现出非对称性,可以通过改变柔性悬臂梁刚度起到定制势能阱的效果。
为了提高能量采集器的环境适应能力,即在较低的环境激励条件下和更宽的频带范围内采集输出更高的电能,研制的势能阱可调型能量采集器必须具备两个显著特点,即较低的跳转加速度和较宽的工作频带范围。一方面,环境中的振动通常比较微弱,较低的跳转激励加速度意味着振动能量采集器在比较微弱的外部激励时,依然能够从小幅值的阱内运动跳转到大幅值的阱间运动,这对于提高采集器的动态输出性能非常重要。另一方面,环境振动通常具有宽频、随机性。能量采集器具备更宽的工作频带意味着振动能量采集器可以在更广泛的频率范围内与环境振动相匹配,使之处于最佳工作频率点,从而提高能量收集效率。因此,后续将着重研究柔性辅助梁在不同激励加速度幅值和频率下对能量采集器的频率响应和幅值响应的影响,证明所提柔性三稳态压电能量采集器具有较好的环境适应能力。
为了进一步了解辅助柔性梁刚度对系统频域特性的影响,图8所示为采集器在d=20 mm、dg=20 mm、A=12 m/s2时不同辅助柔性梁刚度下采集器输出电压随激励加速度频率变化的仿真结果。从图8中可以看出,当辅助柔性梁刚度k=2512.1 N/m时,采集器在3.3~8.5 Hz之间做大幅阱间运动,最大电压为3.504 V;增大辅助柔性梁刚度至k=5531.3 N/m时,采集器在5.2~9 Hz之间做大幅阱间运动,最大电压为4.536 V;继续增大辅助柔性梁刚度至k=20843 N/m时,采集器在7.3~9.2 Hz之间做大幅阱间运动,最大电压为5.697 V。由此可以看出,随着辅助柔性梁刚度的增大,采集器的频带宽度减小,并且向高频区域偏移,这不利于低频环境下的能量采集。
图9所示为采集器在d=20 mm、dg=20 mm、f=6 Hz时不同辅助柔性梁刚度下采集器输出电压随激励加速度幅值变化的仿真结果。从图9中可以看出,当辅助柔性梁刚度k=2512.1 N/m时,随着激励加速度幅值的逐渐增加,采集器在A=7 m/s2时从小幅阱内运动跳变到大幅阱间运动;增大辅助柔性梁刚度至k=5531.3 N/m时,采集器在A=11 m/s2时从小幅阱内运动跳变到大幅阱间运动;继续增大辅助柔性梁刚度至k=20843 N/m时,采集器在A=15 m/s2时从小幅阱内运动跳变到大幅阱间运动。由此可以看出,增大辅助柔性梁刚度使得系统做大幅阱间运动所需的激励加速度幅值增大,不利于采集器在低激励环境下的能量采集。
为了更好地确定柔性采集器在能量采集上的优越性,本节分析比较柔性采集器和经典采集器的主要性能。
研究两个能量采集器在不同激励加速度幅值下的采集电压响应特性,确定两个能量采集器的基础参数均为d=20 mm、dg=20 mm,图10为两个能量采集器在激励加速度幅值分别为7和12 m/s2下的频率响应曲线。如图10(a)所示,在激励加速度幅值为7 m/s2时,柔性采集器在5.8~7.4 Hz频率范围内做大幅阱间运动,而经典采集器在整个频率范围内并无大幅阱间运动,由此可以看出,柔性采集器在较小的激励幅值就能进入高能轨道,从而提高采集性能;当激励加速度幅值增大至12 m/s2时,如图10(b)所示,柔性采集器在4.1~8.5 Hz频率范围内做大幅阱间运动,而经典采集器在8.4~9.1 Hz频率范围内做大幅阱间运动,由此可以看出,激励加速度幅值的增加,拓宽了柔性采集器的高效工作频带,并且工作频带也优于经典采集器。
图11为两个能量采集器在激励加速度频率分别为5和7 Hz下的辐值响应曲线。当激励加速度频率为5 Hz时,如图11(a)所示,由于柔性辅助梁对于磁力的影响,使得柔性采集器能在较低激励加速度幅值下从低能轨道跳转进入高能轨道,从而进行大幅阱间运动,发生跳转时的激励加速度幅值为9 m/s2,而经典采集器发生跳转时的激励加速度幅值为19 m/s2;增加激励加速度频率至7 Hz,如图11(b)所示,柔性采集器发生跳转时的激励加速度幅值降低至7 m/s2,经典采集器发生跳转时的激励加速度幅值降低至15 m/s2,结果表明,引入柔性梁之后可以大大降低外部所需激励加速度幅值,使采集器能在较低激励情况下跳转到高能轨道,提高能量采集性能。
为了验证上述数学模型和仿真的准确性,研制了柔性压电悬臂梁采集器样机,如图12所示,悬臂梁A一端固定在基座上,根部上、下表面各粘结了一片与外部负载电阻串联的相同的压电片,另一端顶部粘结了永磁铁A,永磁铁A水平间距d的位置上有两个垂直间距为dg的永磁铁B和C,它们与永磁铁A相斥并且分别粘结在辅助柔性梁B和辅助柔性梁C的末端表面,辅助柔性梁B和辅助柔性梁C的根部同样固定在基座上。
构建试验平台如图12所示,整个装置由信号发生器产生信号,通过功率放大器放大信号作用于激振器模拟振动,使采集器根据不同的振动产生不同的响应,通过直流稳压电源给电荷放大器供电,电荷放大器作用于激光位移传感器。外部激励由信号发生器控制,激光位移传感器采集悬臂梁位移数据,动态信号测试分析系统获取采集器输出电压数据,最后导入动态信号测试分析系统进行数据分析。
首先分析不同采集器在激励加速度频率变化时输出电压的响应情况,确定两个采集器的系统参数d=20 mm、dg=20 mm,并试验得到两个采集器在不同激励加速度幅值下频率为3~13 Hz上的频率响应曲线,如图13(a)所示,当外部激励幅值A=7 m/s2时,柔性采集器大幅阱间运动的频率范围为5.1~7.3 Hz,有效工作频带为2.2 Hz,而经典采集器在整个频带范围内都表现为小幅阱内运动,由此可知柔性采集器在f=6 Hz时为大幅阱间运动。图14为两个采集器在频率f=6 Hz时的时域响应特性,而经典采集器在6 Hz时还表现为小幅阱内运动。如图13(b)所示,当外部激励幅值A=12 m/s2时,柔性采集器大幅阱间运动的频率范围为3.1~8 Hz,经典采集器大幅阱间运动的频率范围为8.4~9.1 Hz,结果表明,加入柔性梁之后采集器的有效频带从0.7 Hz扩大到了5 Hz,有效地提高了采集器的工作频带,与仿真分析结果相一致。需要说明的是,在高频区域,所提柔性采集器的频率响应特性大幅降低,与经典采集器的频率响应特性基本相似,则表明环境振动频率已远远超出柔性采集器的工作频带范围,这也进一步说明所提柔性采集器具有较低的工作频带。
为了进一步验证柔性采集器在低激励下的优越性,图15试验得出了两个采集器在不同激励加速度频率下的激励加速度幅值-电压响应曲线。如图15(a)所示,当激励加速度频率f=5 Hz时,随着激励加速度幅值的增大,柔性采集器在A=7 m/s2时突破势垒发生跳变,从小幅的阱内运动跳转到大幅的阱间运动,而经典采集器在A=18 m/s2时发生跳变进入大幅阱间运动,输出较高电压;如图15(b)所示,当激励加速度频率f=7 Hz时,随着激励加速度幅值的增大,柔性采集器在A=5 m/s2时突破势垒发生跳变,从小幅的阱内运动跳转到大幅的阱间运动,而经典采集器在A=14 m/s2时发生跳变进入大幅阱间运动。试验结果表明,引入柔性梁可以大大减小外部激励幅值,能在较小的外部激励幅值下进行大幅阱间运动,输出较高电压。
引入辅助柔性梁构建势能可调的三稳态压电能量采集器,建立数学模型,并通过龙格-库塔算法进行解析,对柔性采集器的动力学特性进行仿真和试验,得到如下主要结论:
(1)柔性采集器引入辅助柔性梁保持了系统三稳态的基本特性;柔性梁的微幅振动实时改变了磁铁之间的水平间距,致使势能阱的深度发生改变,达到势能阱实时调节的功能。
(2)增大辅助柔性梁的刚度,系统势垒高度和势阱深度增大,采集器的有效工作带宽减小,工作频带向高频区域平移,系统做大幅阱间运动所需的激励加速度幅值增大,不利于采集器在低频低激励环境下能量采集,所以应选择较低刚度的辅助柔性梁。
(3)激励加速度幅值为7 m/s2时,柔性采集器比经典采集器频带宽2.3 Hz;激励加速度幅值为12 m/s2时,柔性采集器比经典采集器频带宽4.9 Hz。柔性采集器有效工作频带明显优于经典采集器。
(4)激励加速度频率为5 Hz时,柔性采集器和经典采集器发生跳变所需的激励加速度幅值分别为7和18 m/s2;激励加速度频率为7 Hz时,柔性采集器和经典采集器发生跳变所需的激励加速度幅值分别为5和14 m/s2。柔性采集器从低能轨道跳转到高能轨道所需加速度幅值低于经典采集器。
综上,所提柔性压电能量采集器具有较宽的工作频带和较低的跳变激励加速度,具有较好的环境适应能力。下一步的研究工作是优化采集器结构和数学模型,进一步降低采集的跳变激励加速度幅值,提升其环境适应能力。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777192)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LY20E070001)
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2025年第38卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308032
  • 接收时间:2023-08-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-15
  • 修回日期:2023-10-12
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777192)
浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LY20E070001)
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    浙江工商大学信息与电子工程学院(萨塞克斯人工智能学院),浙江 杭州 310018

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王光庆(1975—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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