Article(id=1227591025657574270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688227200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-02, revisedDate=1693411200000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610108054, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1754755200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610108054, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610108054, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610108054, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591023870800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='8', pageStart='1645', pageEnd='1934', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610107611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610373804, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592140348388158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591023870800760, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1900, endPage=1911, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591027352073097, articleId=1227591025657574270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Fragility and very rare earthquake risk of buried pipeline based on pulse-like ground motions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The fifth generation “seismic ground motion parameters zonation map of China” (GB 18306―2015),which was promulgated and implemented in China,introduced the vary rare earthquake effect for the first time. However,the current seismic design specifications still adopt the three-level defense principle. The seismic design for vary rare earthquake has become one of the urgent issues that need to be addressed in structural seismic design. Based on the identification method of continuous wavelet transform,this paper selects 12 pulse-like ground motions and 12 non-pulse seismic motions recorded in the Turkey mega earthquake on February 6,2023. The incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is conducted on continuous pipelines and ductile iron pipelines to evaluate their seismic fragility. The fragility analysis results are compared with the failure probability obtained by empirical statistical method. The results show that the effect of pulse-like ground motions significantly increases the probability of serious structural damage for buried pipelines with different forms. Compared with continuous pipelines,ductile iron pipelines are more prone to damage underground motions,and are more sensitive to the pulse-like ground motion. The empirical statistical results based on actual seismic damage data are slightly lower than the failure probability of pipelines under non-pulse earthquake motion,but significantly underestimate the damage of buried pipelines under pulse earthquake motion. In this paper,the failure probability of different types of buried pipelines under pulse-like seismic motions is given,and the research results can provide a strong theoretical basis for the risk assessment and seismic design of buried pipelines under very rare and pulse-like ground motions.

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第五代《中国地震动参数区划图》(GB 18306—2015)第一次引入了极罕遇地震(巨震)作用,然而现行抗震设计规范仍然采用三水准设防原则,考虑巨震的抗震设计已成为结构抗震设计亟需解决的问题之一。本文基于连续小波变换的识别方法,选取2023年2月6日土耳其巨震中实测的12条脉冲型地震动以及12条无脉冲地震动,在此基础上对连续管道以及球墨铸铁管道开展增量动力分析(IDA),评估其易损性,最后将易损性分析结果与经验统计法得到的失效概率进行对比。结果表明:对于不同形式的埋地管道,脉冲型地震动的作用均会显著增加结构发生严重破坏的概率;相较于连续管道,球墨铸铁管道在地震动作用下更易发生破坏,且对脉冲型地震动更加敏感;基于实际震害数据的经验统计结果略小于无脉冲地震动作用下管道的破坏概率,但会显著低估脉冲地震作用下埋地管道的破坏。本文给出了不同类型埋地管道在脉冲型地震动作用下的失效概率,研究结果可为埋地管道在巨震以及脉冲型地震动下的风险评估以及抗震设计提供有力的理论依据。

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申家旭(1995—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:
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韩俊艳(1983—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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韩俊艳(1983—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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Engineering Mechanics2013,30(7):187-192., articleTitle=Seismic vulnerability analysis of heat supply pipeline, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227653586381894472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, awardId=8212005, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市自然科学基金资助项目(8212005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227653586511917903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, awardId=2022YFC3004300, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004300), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227653586633552726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, awardId=52220105011, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52220105011), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227653576210706712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, xref=null, 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pipeline, figureFileSmall=T+qiAOoYoB5pEUObb+COlQ==, figureFileBig=OkyPRMCiymWQ8U5UfEPMKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653582464414353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=CN, label=图6, caption=连续管道易损性曲线, figureFileSmall=T+qiAOoYoB5pEUObb+COlQ==, figureFileBig=OkyPRMCiymWQ8U5UfEPMKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653582552494743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Fragility curves of ductile iron pipeline, figureFileSmall=3eEsUrkD5ZwlMONKRkzz5g==, figureFileBig=uBb1pVsm0+NkbfGgxPW0eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653582636380831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=CN, label=图7, caption=球墨铸铁管道易损性曲线, figureFileSmall=3eEsUrkD5ZwlMONKRkzz5g==, figureFileBig=uBb1pVsm0+NkbfGgxPW0eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653582724461222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The median value of PGA for different failure states of buried pipeline, figureFileSmall=rIvU11AmGERzdvbLRXAzYA==, figureFileBig=NW8K8XPfZt6ezQ8r6YReXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653582820930228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=CN, label=图8, caption=埋地管道不同失效状态的PGA中位值, figureFileSmall=rIvU11AmGERzdvbLRXAzYA==, figureFileBig=NW8K8XPfZt6ezQ8r6YReXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653582917399226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Comparison of theoretical value and empirical statistical value of seismic damage rate of buried pipeline, figureFileSmall=LU54V4DTd+pfl6aqcmiFvw==, figureFileBig=jUFl0afQWO4+zMtnU3yWVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653583013868222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=CN, label=图9, caption=地下管道震害率理论值与震害率经验统计值对比, figureFileSmall=LU54V4DTd+pfl6aqcmiFvw==, figureFileBig=jUFl0afQWO4+zMtnU3yWVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653583160668871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Ground motion basic information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
无脉冲型地震动脉冲型地震动
编号测站震中距/km峰值加速度/g编号测站震中距/km峰值加速度/g
10125 EW1140.084130120 EW1250.098
20130 EW1210.052140123 NS1540.036
32104 EW2620.072153134 EW900.200
42107 EW2350.170163137 EW820.375
53115 EW1130.223173139 EW960.781
63137 NS820.426183142 EW1060.722
73147 NS1770.036194412 EW1760.056
84406 NS1430.109204611 EW550.437
94408 NS1160.160214617 NS380.244
104612 EW950.118224620 NS350.252
114624 EW290.281234624 NS290.357
126303 NS2080.080248002 NS440.201
), ArticleFig(id=1227653583320052437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地震动基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
无脉冲型地震动脉冲型地震动
编号测站震中距/km峰值加速度/g编号测站震中距/km峰值加速度/g
10125 EW1140.084130120 EW1250.098
20130 EW1210.052140123 NS1540.036
32104 EW2620.072153134 EW900.200
42107 EW2350.170163137 EW820.375
53115 EW1130.223173139 EW960.781
63137 NS820.426183142 EW1060.722
73147 NS1770.036194412 EW1760.056
84406 NS1430.109204611 EW550.437
94408 NS1160.160214617 NS380.244
104612 EW950.118224620 NS350.252
114624 EW290.281234624 NS290.357
126303 NS2080.080248002 NS440.201
), ArticleFig(id=1227653583437492955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

The intensity of ground motion for very rare earthquake at different fortification levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设防水平规范[5]区划图[8]吕大刚等[9]姚攀峰等[6]施炜等[25]安宁[26]
Ⅶ度(0.1g)0.29g0.45g0.29g0.40g0.43g
Ⅶ度(0.15g)0.44g0.64g0.44g0.40g0.57g
Ⅷ度(0.2g)0.58g0.83g0.58g0.62g0.72g
Ⅷ度(0.3g)0.87g1.12g0.87g0.62g0.80g
Ⅸ度(0.4g)1.16g1.47g1.16g0.80g0.90g
), ArticleFig(id=1227653583538156260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各级设防等级下巨震地震动强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设防水平规范[5]区划图[8]吕大刚等[9]姚攀峰等[6]施炜等[25]安宁[26]
Ⅶ度(0.1g)0.29g0.45g0.29g0.40g0.43g
Ⅶ度(0.15g)0.44g0.64g0.44g0.40g0.57g
Ⅷ度(0.2g)0.58g0.83g0.58g0.62g0.72g
Ⅷ度(0.3g)0.87g1.12g0.87g0.62g0.80g
Ⅸ度(0.4g)1.16g1.47g1.16g0.80g0.90g
), ArticleFig(id=1227653583655596778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Mean value of ground motion intensity parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动强度参数各指标表达式无脉冲型地震动有脉冲型地震动
峰值加速度/gPGA=max|a(t)|0.1510.310
ARIAS强度/(m·s-1)AI=π2g0tfa2(t)dt0.0110.024
累积绝对加速度/(m·s-1)CAV=0tf|a(t)|dt2.8015.201
均方根加速度/(m·s-2)arms=t5t95a2(t)dt/td0.0190.033
特征强度/(m1.5·s-1.5)Ic=arms1.5td0.50.00330.0062
), ArticleFig(id=1227653583747871474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

地震动强度参数均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动强度参数各指标表达式无脉冲型地震动有脉冲型地震动
峰值加速度/gPGA=max|a(t)|0.1510.310
ARIAS强度/(m·s-1)AI=π2g0tfa2(t)dt0.0110.024
累积绝对加速度/(m·s-1)CAV=0tf|a(t)|dt2.8015.201
均方根加速度/(m·s-2)arms=t5t95a2(t)dt/td0.0190.033
特征强度/(m1.5·s-1.5)Ic=arms1.5td0.50.00330.0062
), ArticleFig(id=1227653583827563256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Pipeline parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管道类型管道材质外径/mm单位重量/(kg·m-³)弹性模量/GPa壁厚/mm屈服强度/MPa极限强度/MPa
连续管道API5LX65762780021017.5450535
), ArticleFig(id=1227653585224266492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

管道参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管道类型管道材质外径/mm单位重量/(kg·m-³)弹性模量/GPa壁厚/mm屈服强度/MPa极限强度/MPa
连续管道API5LX65762780021017.5450535
), ArticleFig(id=1227653585396232968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Damage index of buried pipeline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管道类型损伤指标基本完好中等损坏严重破坏
连续管道ε/%0≤ε<0.21740.2174≤ε<0.6218ε≥0.6218
球墨铸铁管道Ub/mm0≤Ub<1010≤Ub<30Ub≥30
), ArticleFig(id=1227653585526256402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

埋地管道损伤指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管道类型损伤指标基本完好中等损坏严重破坏
连续管道ε/%0≤ε<0.21740.2174≤ε<0.6218ε≥0.6218
球墨铸铁管道Ub/mm0≤Ub<1010≤Ub<30Ub≥30
), ArticleFig(id=1227653585664668444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Failure probability of continuous pipeline in the Ⅶ,Ⅷ and Ⅸ regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动类型地震烈度破坏概率
基本完好中等损坏严重破坏
无脉冲型地震动0.9950.000150.00035
0.95250.04650.001
0.7420.23850.0195
有脉冲型地震动0.980.0150.005
0.850.140.01
0.5240.3830.093
), ArticleFig(id=1227653585773720354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

连续管道在Ⅶ度、Ⅷ度、Ⅸ度区的破坏概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动类型地震烈度破坏概率
基本完好中等损坏严重破坏
无脉冲型地震动0.9950.000150.00035
0.95250.04650.001
0.7420.23850.0195
有脉冲型地震动0.980.0150.005
0.850.140.01
0.5240.3830.093
), ArticleFig(id=1227653585870189351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Failure probability of ductile iron pipeline in the Ⅶ,Ⅷ and Ⅸ regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动类型地震烈度破坏概率
基本完好中等损坏严重破坏
无脉冲型地震动0.9530.046430.00057
0.750.2380.012
0.390.5250.105
有脉冲型地震动0.680.290.03
0.3330.5070.16
0.090.450.46
), ArticleFig(id=1227653585975046960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

球墨铸铁管道在Ⅶ度、Ⅷ度、Ⅸ度区的破坏概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动类型地震烈度破坏概率
基本完好中等损坏严重破坏
无脉冲型地震动0.9530.046430.00057
0.750.2380.012
0.390.5250.105
有脉冲型地震动0.680.290.03
0.3330.5070.16
0.090.450.46
), ArticleFig(id=1227653586063127349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=EN, label=Tab. 8, caption=

Fragility index of buried pipeline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构类型地震动类型地震动指数均值易损性指数
基本完好中等损坏严重破坏Ⅶ度设防Ⅷ度设防Ⅸ度设防
连续管道无脉冲型0.1250.2750.7750.1240.1380.203
脉冲型0.1320.1700.291
球墨铸铁管道无脉冲型0.1250.2750.7750.1380.1980.340
脉冲型0.2240.3680.548
), ArticleFig(id=1227653586159596346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591025657574270, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

埋地管道易损性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构类型地震动类型地震动指数均值易损性指数
基本完好中等损坏严重破坏Ⅶ度设防Ⅷ度设防Ⅸ度设防
连续管道无脉冲型0.1250.2750.7750.1240.1380.203
脉冲型0.1320.1700.291
球墨铸铁管道无脉冲型0.1250.2750.7750.1380.1980.340
脉冲型0.2240.3680.548
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脉冲型地震动下埋地管道易损性及巨震风险分析
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韩俊艳 , 王小强 , 申家旭 , 康安琦 , 缪惠全 , 杜修力
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(8): 1900-1911
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(8): 1900-1911
脉冲型地震动下埋地管道易损性及巨震风险分析
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韩俊艳 , 王小强, 申家旭 , 康安琦, 缪惠全, 杜修力
作者信息
  • 北京工业大学城市与工程安全减灾教育部重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 韩俊艳(1983—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

申家旭(1995—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:
Fragility and very rare earthquake risk of buried pipeline based on pulse-like ground motions
Junyan HAN , Xiaoqiang WANG, Jiaxu SHEN , Anqi KANG, Huiquan MIAO, Xiuli DU
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China
出版时间: 2025-08-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307004
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第五代《中国地震动参数区划图》(GB 18306—2015)第一次引入了极罕遇地震(巨震)作用,然而现行抗震设计规范仍然采用三水准设防原则,考虑巨震的抗震设计已成为结构抗震设计亟需解决的问题之一。本文基于连续小波变换的识别方法,选取2023年2月6日土耳其巨震中实测的12条脉冲型地震动以及12条无脉冲地震动,在此基础上对连续管道以及球墨铸铁管道开展增量动力分析(IDA),评估其易损性,最后将易损性分析结果与经验统计法得到的失效概率进行对比。结果表明:对于不同形式的埋地管道,脉冲型地震动的作用均会显著增加结构发生严重破坏的概率;相较于连续管道,球墨铸铁管道在地震动作用下更易发生破坏,且对脉冲型地震动更加敏感;基于实际震害数据的经验统计结果略小于无脉冲地震动作用下管道的破坏概率,但会显著低估脉冲地震作用下埋地管道的破坏。本文给出了不同类型埋地管道在脉冲型地震动作用下的失效概率,研究结果可为埋地管道在巨震以及脉冲型地震动下的风险评估以及抗震设计提供有力的理论依据。

结构抗震  /  埋地管道  /  易损性分析  /  增量动力分析  /  脉冲型地震动  /  巨震

The fifth generation “seismic ground motion parameters zonation map of China” (GB 18306―2015),which was promulgated and implemented in China,introduced the vary rare earthquake effect for the first time. However,the current seismic design specifications still adopt the three-level defense principle. The seismic design for vary rare earthquake has become one of the urgent issues that need to be addressed in structural seismic design. Based on the identification method of continuous wavelet transform,this paper selects 12 pulse-like ground motions and 12 non-pulse seismic motions recorded in the Turkey mega earthquake on February 6,2023. The incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is conducted on continuous pipelines and ductile iron pipelines to evaluate their seismic fragility. The fragility analysis results are compared with the failure probability obtained by empirical statistical method. The results show that the effect of pulse-like ground motions significantly increases the probability of serious structural damage for buried pipelines with different forms. Compared with continuous pipelines,ductile iron pipelines are more prone to damage underground motions,and are more sensitive to the pulse-like ground motion. The empirical statistical results based on actual seismic damage data are slightly lower than the failure probability of pipelines under non-pulse earthquake motion,but significantly underestimate the damage of buried pipelines under pulse earthquake motion. In this paper,the failure probability of different types of buried pipelines under pulse-like seismic motions is given,and the research results can provide a strong theoretical basis for the risk assessment and seismic design of buried pipelines under very rare and pulse-like ground motions.

structural seismic resistance  /  buried pipeline  /  fragility analysis  /  incremental dynamic analysis  /  pulse-like ground motion  /  very rare earthquake
韩俊艳, 王小强, 申家旭, 康安琦, 缪惠全, 杜修力. 脉冲型地震动下埋地管道易损性及巨震风险分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1900 -1911 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307004
Junyan HAN, Xiaoqiang WANG, Jiaxu SHEN, Anqi KANG, Huiquan MIAO, Xiuli DU. Fragility and very rare earthquake risk of buried pipeline based on pulse-like ground motions[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (8) : 1900 -1911 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307004
埋地管道是城市生命线工程的重要组成部分,埋地管道的抗震分析对城市安全以及居民生命财产安全有重要意义[1]。近年来报道了多起埋地管道在地震、尤其是极罕遇地震作用下的破坏,如1995年日本阪神地震[2]、1999年中国台湾集集地震[3]、2008年的汶川地震[4]等。此外,2023年2月6日土耳其发生7.8级地震,塔哈伊省一条天然气管道发生爆炸。然而,中国《建筑抗震设计规范》[5]仍采用“三水准两阶段”的抗震设计理念,并未考虑极罕遇地震(也称“巨震”)的影响。如何合理预测巨震震害,以及如何针对巨震进行抗震设计并降低巨震带来的损失已成为国内外学者关注的热点。
中国对于巨震作用的研究起步较晚,姚攀峰等[6]正式提出了“巨震不倒”,引入了四水准的理念。叶列平等[7]明确给出了巨震的定义,将其定义为地震动强度水平超过设计大震水平的地震。2015年中国颁布实施了第五代《中国地震动参数区划图》[8],正式提出了第四级设防水准——极罕遇地震(巨震),并将其年超越概率定为10-4。吕大刚等[9]深入探讨了巨震的峰值加速度,并与区划图规定值以及中国学者的研究结论进行了对比,研究结果表明得到的巨震PGA值大于最新版地震动参数区划图定义的巨震PGA值。在此基础上,谭倩等[10]对极罕遇地震作用下多层RC框架结构的抗震性能进行了分析,结果表明在极罕遇地震下,设防等级较低的RC结构不能满足规范提出的“大震不倒”的抗震性能要求。徐铭阳等[11]针对中国现行建筑抗震设计规范体系中抗倒塌能力评估的局限性,提出了四种极罕遇地震作用下建筑结构一致风险抗倒塌设计方法。然而目前对于极罕遇地震下的结构抗震分析主要针对地上结构,对于地下结构、尤其对于埋地管道在极罕遇地震下的破坏还鲜有研究。
利用易损性分析方法对建筑可能遭受的不同程度损伤进行概率风险评估,是韧性城市建设与发展的科学问题之一[12]。易损性分析可以有针对性地提高结构的抗震性能并为地震损失估计提供依据[13]。结构的易损性分析主要有三种方法[12]:专家打分法、经验统计法和数值分析法。其中,专家打分法是通过专家评价和判断得到结构易损性曲线[14]。经验统计法指通过地震后记录的管道损坏率进而得出管道的易损性曲线。ISOYAMA等[15]利用1995年日本神户地震供水管道的损坏报告,给出了埋地管道易损性曲线,并且考虑了管道材料和管径以及场地液化对管道易损性的影响。LANZANO等[216]基于大量的震后数据以及结构损伤状态和风险状态指标,对天然气管道以及输液管道进行了易损性分析,并给出了天然气管道的易损性函数以及破坏概率。然而,专家打分法主要依赖专家工程实践经验;针对埋地管道易损性分析的经验统计法大多基于美日两国震后数据,且大多数可用的经验统计数据基于分段管道[17]。因此,亟需进行基于数值分析法的埋地管道数值易损性分析。在众多数值分析方法中,增量动力分析(IDA)方法是应用较为广泛的方法。基于IDA方法,诸多学者对框架结构[18]、剪力墙结构[19]、桥梁[20]、公路[21]等地上结构开展了易损性分析,而对于地下结构的易损性分析还处在初步研究阶段[1222],尤其是埋地管道在脉冲型地震动作用下的易损性及巨震作用下的风险分析还鲜有研究。
本文为研究埋地管道在脉冲型地震作用下的易损性及巨震风险分析,首先利用连续小波变换理论识别脉冲型和无脉冲型地震动,并对土耳其地震中实测的地震动加速度时程数据的强度参数进行分析,将本次土耳其地震确定为巨震。然后采用非线性动力时程法对简化的弹性地基梁有限元模型进行数值分析,基于计算的结果进行IDA分析并绘制出易损性曲线。最后给出了不同设防等级的失效概率与易损性指数,并将易损性分析结果与经验统计得出的震害率进行对比。
为了研究不同特性的地震动对于埋地管道地震响应的影响,本文将24条土耳其地震动实测数据分为有脉冲型地震动和无脉冲型地震动两种。
对于速度脉冲的识别,国内外学者进行了一系列的研究,经历了从定性、半定量到定量分析的发展过程[23]。本文采用CHEN等[24]提出的基于连续小波变换的识别方法识别速度脉冲,该方法通过加速度时程与单位脉冲的卷积积分的最大绝对值定位潜在脉冲,并通过是否满足能量比来进一步筛选脉冲。其中卷积积分公式如下:
f(t)*g(t)=f(t),g(t)=f(τ)g(t-τ)dt
式中,g(t)表示单位脉冲响应;f(t)表示输入信号;f(t)*g(t)表示输出信号。
由式(1)可知,f(t)*g(t)为输入信号的“单位”与单位脉冲响应的乘积的积分,可以反映输入信号“单位”的两个特征,即幅值和形状。将得到的最大绝对卷积结果作为识别出的具有潜在脉冲的地震动数据。利用上述方法对下载的地震动数据进行识别,共筛选得到了12条脉冲型地震动以及12条无脉冲型地震动。具体的地震动参数如表1所示。
图1给出了本文采用的脉冲型地震动与无脉冲型地震动加速度反应谱。并与中国抗震设计Ⅸ度罕遇地震规范反应谱进行对比,结果表明多个台站记录的土耳其地震动加速度反应谱远超中国抗震设计规范规定的Ⅸ度罕遇地震反应谱。且多条地震动长周期成分明显,远超规范规定值。对于地下结构的抗震分析,长周期成分对于结构可能产生严重破坏。目前中国的建筑抗震规范并未考虑巨震的影响,表2给出了《建筑抗震设计规范》《中国地震动参数区划图》以及各学者给出的各级设防水平巨震地震动参数PGA[5-68-925-26]。由表1可知本次土耳其地震PGA最大为0.78g,这表明土耳其地震的地震动强度与8度设防时巨震的地震动强度相当,可将其归为巨震。
地震动强度参数对于量化地震动特性以及描述地震动的关键特征有重要意义,选用合适的地震动强度参数对于进一步的易损性分析有直接影响。常用的考虑地震动信息的地震动强度参数一般分为加速度型、速度型和位移型。张成明等[27]通过有限元分析方法进行了对于圆形隧道损伤评价的地震动强度指标研究,认为对于隧道结构采用加速度型的地震动强度指标更加合理。王伟等[28]进行地铁车站的指标分析也得出了同样的结论。鉴于此,本研究选用峰值加速度(PGA)、ARIAS强度(AI)、累积绝对加速度(CAV)、均方根加速度(arms)以及特征强度(Ic)等强度参数开展土耳其地震的地震动特性分析,分别求得本次土耳其地震中脉冲型、无脉冲型地震动各强度参数均值,如表3所示。表3中,at)表示地震动加速度;tf表示地震动持时;t5t95分别表示5%和95%Arias强度的时刻;td表示有效强震持时,td=t95-t5。结果表明脉冲型地震动各地震动强度参数分别比无脉冲型地震动增加105%、118%、85%、73%以及99%。其中ARIAS强度相差最大,为118%;其次是峰值加速度,相差105%;均方根加速度相差最少,为73%;累积绝对加速度和特征强度分别相差85%和99%。综上,本次土耳其地震脉冲型地震动各地震强度参数均值显著大于无脉冲地震动,平均为无脉冲地震动的两倍。有必要进一步对埋地管道在脉冲型地震动作用下的地震响应及易损性进行深入分析。
本文基于ABAQUS/Standard有限元分析平台建立了Winkler地基梁简化模型,分别对连续管道和球墨铸铁管道进行非线性动力时程分析。管道模型如图2所示,其中连续管道采用B21梁单元,使用轴向非线性离散土弹簧对无限半空间场地及管-土相互作用进行表征。为避免端部约束对于梁模型的影响,设置管道总长为480 m,管道模型每3 m施加一轴向土弹簧;球墨铸铁管道模型参数与连续管道相同。同时为了模拟承插式接口在地震作用下的力学特性,在每段管道中间设置一个接口弹簧,弹簧刚度根据钟紫蓝等[29]开展的球墨铸铁管道承插式接口轴向拉伸试验确定,如图3(a)所示。
根据文献[30]所建议的方法,土体在地震作用下的非线性动力特性采用弹塑性双折线模型进模拟[31],如图3(b)所示。选用API 5L X65钢质管材,管道参数如表4所示。钢管的应力-应变本构关系采用油气管道规范中推荐的三折线模型[30],如图3(c)所示,其中E1E2分别表示简化曲线第一段和第二段的弹性模量。
研究表明,在进行IDA分析时,选取10~20条地震动即可充分考虑地震动的不确定性[32]。本文从土耳其灾害和应急管理局(AFAD)下载了24个台站数据,包括12条无脉冲记录以及12条有脉冲记录。埋地管道作为典型的长线型地下结构,非一致地震激励对其地震响应的影响不容忽视,本文在研究中主要考虑行波效应。
本文采用Winkler地基梁简化模型,将结构周围场地土简化为土弹簧。本文主要考虑纵向激励的影响,地震动时程数据输入到对应的土弹簧节点。LEE等[33]对地基梁模型进行了研究分析,认为在软黏土场地中将其简化为固定端场地约束会对管道应变产生明显的影响,而在密砂场地中则不会有显著影响,因此本文将两端假设为固定端。对于球墨铸铁管道,在以往震害调查中主要发生接口脱落破坏。为了检测其在地震作用下的接口张开量,本文将接口之间的相互作用简化为轴向相互作用。
李满君[31]分别选取El-Centro地震动、Kobe地震动和北京人工合成地震动作为输入地震动,并提取管道轴向的峰值与《油气输送管道线路工程抗震技术规范》[34]中的埋地直管道在地震动作用下的最大轴向应变以及振动台试验数据进行对比。研究结果表明数值模型与规范以及振动台试验结果吻合较好,同时验证了本研究所用的Winkler地基梁简化模型的有效性。
本文通过有限元分析方法分别对连续管道、球墨铸铁管道进行数值计算,并进行IDA分析。国内外学者已经开展了许多有关地上结构的易损性分析研究,积累了很多有效的研究成果,因此,本文借鉴以往研究经验开展易损性分析,步骤如图4所示。
在IDA分析中,地震动强度指标(IM)以及结构损伤指标(DM)的选取对分析结果有显著影响,同时合理的指标选取可以有效降低结构响应预测的离散性。
研究表明[35-36]地下结构对PGA或PGV的响应比对PGD的响应更敏感,且最优地震动峰值指标均随埋深的改变而变化,埋深浅时PGA效益性最优。另一方面,脉冲型与无脉冲型地震动ARIAS强度以及峰值加速度(PGA相差最大。此外以PGA作为强度指标概念清晰、计算简单,因此本研究采用PGA作为IM指标进行结构易损性分析。
历史震害表明,连续管道的破坏主要由应变控制。目前相关研究中也常采用管道轴向峰值应变ε作为DM指标。因此对于连续管道,本研究选取管道的轴向峰值应变作为DM指标。对于承插式球墨铸铁管道,其接口的轴向拉压破坏是常见的破坏形式[37-38]。钟紫蓝等[2939-40]针对球墨铸铁管道进行轴向拉伸和横向弯曲试验研究,建立了管道接口的失效判定准则。本文选用管道的接口张开量Ub作为球墨铸铁管道的DM指标。根据《生命线工程地震破坏等级划分》[41],将不同类型管道的地震损伤划分为三等级性能水准:基本完好、中等损坏和严重破坏,如表5所示。
将脉冲型、无脉冲型地震动统一调幅,PGA调整为0.1g~1.5g,对地震作用下连续管道以及球墨铸铁管道进行非线性动力时程分析,并分别以管道轴向峰值应变、管道接口张开量作为DM指标绘制IDA曲线。
图5给出了不同类型埋地管道在有脉冲地震动和无脉冲地震动下管道最大值应变的IDA曲线。随着地震动强度的增加,埋地连续管道的IDA曲线簇随着PGA的增加离散型逐渐增大且曲线斜率逐渐增加,结构逐渐由弹性阶段进入塑性变形阶段。此外,部分地震动对连续管道的应变影响显著,结构应变远超限值。而对于球墨铸铁管道,接口张开量与PGA呈明显的线性相关。与无脉冲型地震动作用相比,在脉冲型地震动作用下,随着地震动强度的增加,管道的地震响应明显增加,管道响应的离散性更加显著。
根据IDA分析结果并利用线性回归方法,建立地震动强度指标(IM)与结构损伤指标(DM)之间的关系,即概率地震需求模型(PSDM)。IM与DM之间满足下式:
DM=a(IM)b
两边取对数可得到:
ln(DM)=a+b ln(IM)
式中,ab为线性拟合回归系数。
通常假设地震易损性服从双参数对数正态分布,在不同强度地震作用下结构反应超过破坏阶段所定义的结构需求能力参数的条件概率,可表示为:
P(DS|X)=Φ(ln X-ln MRβtoc)
式中,P表示在结构超越某一性能水准的概率;DS为某一指标下结构达到的某一损伤状态;X为损伤状态指标;Φ为标准正态累积概率函数;MR为结构损伤状态中值,代表结构抗震能力。本文X取为结构响应均值,则MR为结构抗震性能极限状态。
同时,为了量化IDA分析中的不确定性,引入表征结构性能损伤的平均标准偏差βC;以及表征结构质量不确定性的βD,本文取经验值0.3[31]。由于本研究结构的损伤为确定性指标,不再考虑结构损伤的不确定性参数:
βtoc=βC2+βD2
图67为埋地管道在土耳其地震激励下超越不同性能极限状态的地震易损性曲线。同时给出了不同破坏等级对应的PGA中位值,如图8所示。由图8可知,随地震动强度的增大,管道的性能水准超越概率逐渐增大。脉冲型地震动作用下管道的破坏概率明显大于无脉冲型地震动作用下的破坏概率。其原因是脉冲型地震动各加速度型强度指标(PGAAICAVarmsIc)均显著大于无脉冲型地震动,表明脉冲型地震动的能量较无脉冲地震动更高,同时脉冲型地震动能量往往更为集中,且频率通常较高。研究表明,在长周期地震动作用下,结构的应力和位移等响应也会显著增加,从而导致结构更容易发生破坏。
PGA中位值是指某种损伤状态概率为50%时所对应的地震动加速度值,此时易损性曲线变化最为显著。由图8可知,在无脉冲型地震动作用下,连续管道中等损坏的PGA中位值为0.62g,而球墨铸铁管道下降为0.32g,严重破坏的PGA中位值也较连续管道明显减小。脉冲型地震动作用下有相同的规律。此外,相比于无脉冲型地震动,脉冲型地震动作用下不同类型管道达到严重破坏的PGA中位值均显著降低,连续管道严重破坏的PGA中位值由大于1.50g降低为1.01g,球墨铸铁管道严重破坏的PGA中位值降低为0.44g。在脉冲型地震动作用下,不同类型管道达到严重破坏所需的PGA值均显著降低,其中球墨铸铁管道降低了46.87%。这些结果表明,相比于连续管道,球墨铸铁管道达到临界失效状态所需要的地震动强度更小,对于脉冲型地震动更敏感。同时结合诸多学者给定的巨震PGA值可知,由于脉冲型地震动的激励,球墨铸铁管道在巨震作用下的失效概率显著增加。
为了进一步量化结构在地震动作用下的破坏概率,基于不同特性地震动下埋地连续管道的易损性曲线,分别计算了管道在中国抗震设防烈度Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ度(PGA=0.1g,0.2g,0.4g)下处于基本完好、中等损坏和严重破坏的概率,如表67所示。在相同设防水准强度的地震动作用下,脉冲型地震动导致管道发生中等损坏、严重破坏的概率更大。以设防烈度Ⅸ度为例,其中脉冲型地震动作用下连续管道中等损坏概率为38.3%,严重破坏概率为9.3%;而无脉冲地震动作用下中等损坏与严重破坏概率分别为23.85%与1.95%。球墨铸铁管道在不同设防烈度下中等损坏、严重破坏的概率显著大于连续管道。这是由于在地震作用下球墨铸铁管在接头位置处由于刚度变化更易发生破坏。综上所述,对于不同形式的埋地管道,脉冲型地震均显著增加了结构的失效风险,相比于连续管道,球墨铸铁管的接口失效更值得关注。
于晓辉等[42]在传统易损性的基础上,提出了易损性指数的概念并将其应用于评估钢筋混凝土框架结构的地震损伤。林天成等[43]利用易损性指标针对主余震作用下典型六层RC框架结构易损性进行了分析,本研究将易损性指数引入埋地管道易损性分析,同时采用以PGA为指标的失效概率。易损性指数(VI)的数学表达式为:
VI=j=0iDFj×P(DS|X)
式中,DFj j=0,1,2)为基本完好、中等损坏、严重破坏三个破坏状态所对应的震害指数。
本研究将管道结构损伤分为三种破坏状态:基本完好、中等损坏和严重破坏。同时参考《中国地震烈度表》[44]以及于晓辉等[42]的研究结论确定不同破坏状态下对应的震害指数。在基本完好状态下,震害指数的上下限分别为0%和25%;中等损坏状态为25%和55%;严重破坏状态为55%和100%。根据上述公式计算出不同设防等级下埋地管道的易损性指数,如表8所示。
研究结果表明,脉冲型地震动会显著增加埋地管道的易损性指数。对于连续管道,在Ⅶ度、Ⅷ度和Ⅸ度设防水平下,脉冲型地震动作用下易损性指数分别增加了5.6%、15.9%和40.5%。对于球墨铸铁管道,分别增加了42.4%、81.5%和78.9%。当地震动是脉冲型时,其频率特征与无脉冲地震动有所不同,导致管道产生更大的应力响应,从而增加了管道发生破坏的概率,该现象对于球墨铸铁管道来说尤其突出。因此,在地震灾害预测和管道抗震设计中,需要特别考虑脉冲型地震动的影响,并采取适当的防护措施来降低管道破坏的概率。
为了对比本文IDA分析法与经验统计法计算结果的差异。本文选用中、日、美三国的震害资料[45],假设埋地管道在地震作用下发生的破坏次数属于泊松分布:
Pf=1-e-λL
式中,λ表示管道震害率;L表示所计算的管道长度。
为了计算破坏概率,引入权重因子的概念,用aii=1,2,3)表示,其集合用A表示。a1a2a3分别对应基本完好、中等损坏、严重破坏概率对管道整体破坏概率的影响。根据泊松分布假定,并取中等损坏、严重破坏对应的破坏率均值为0和0.1,可求出权重因子A=[a1a2a3]=[0,0.223,0.777][46]。Ⅶ度、Ⅷ度、Ⅸ度区的管道标准单元的破坏概率及破坏等级如表67所示。
本研究基于易损性分析结果和震害率分析方法,按下式得出在不同地震动下的连续管道在Ⅶ度、Ⅷ度、Ⅸ度区的平均震害率,如图9所示。
λ¯=i=13Pfiai
式中,Pfii=1,2,3)为基本完好、中等损坏、严重破坏三个破坏状态所对应的破坏概率。
结果表明在同一设防烈度区管道震害率IDA理论分析结果高于经验统计结果,并且随着烈度的增长,震害率显著加剧。由震害率随地震强度的变化趋势可知,在巨震作用下,埋地管道的地震风险显著增加。此外,在无脉冲地震动作用下,连续管道的平均震害率与经验结果相差不大,但脉冲型地震对于连续管道的破坏被低估。而对于球墨铸铁管道,IDA分析结果与经验结果相差更加明显,特别是在脉冲型地震作用下,随着地震强度的增加,震害率曲线的斜率显著增大,说明球墨铸铁管道在脉冲型的大震尤其是巨震敏感性更高,其破坏程度被严重低估。
本文基于土耳其AFAD数据库的实测巨震地震动记录,进行了连续管道以及球墨铸铁管道两种不同形式埋地管道在脉冲、无脉冲型地震动下的易损性及巨震风险分析。本文采用非线性动力时程法对简化的弹性地基梁有限元模型进行数值分析,采用IDA方法开展了连续管道和球墨铸铁管道在土耳其脉冲型、无脉冲型地震作用下的易损性分析,在此基础上根据易损性曲线计算了不同设防等级的失效概率与易损性指数。最后将易损性分析结果与经验统计得出的震害率进行对比,为埋地管道在土耳其巨震作用下的风险分析提供了一定的理论依据。具体结论如下:
(1) 本次土耳其地震真实地震动强度远超中国9度罕遇设防标准,同时脉冲型地震动各强度特征指标显著大于无脉冲型地震动,平均值为后者的两倍。
(2) 在有脉冲型地震动作用下,随着地震动强度的增加,管道响应的IDA曲线的离散性与波动现象比无脉冲型地震动作用下明显。
(3) 球墨铸铁管道达到临界失效状态所需要的地震动强度更小,且对于脉冲型地震动更敏感。其在土耳其巨震作用下的失效概率显著增加,且易损性指数在不同设防等级下均增加60%以上。
(4) 经验统计的计算结果显著低估了脉冲型地震动对埋地管道的破坏,且球墨铸铁管道对脉冲型的大震尤其是巨震敏感性更高,其破坏程度被严重低估。
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(8212005)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004300)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52220105011)
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2025年第38卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307004
  • 接收时间:2023-07-02
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-02
  • 修回日期:2023-08-31
基金
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(8212005)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004300)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52220105011)
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    北京工业大学城市与工程安全减灾教育部重点实验室,北京 100124

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申家旭(1995—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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