Article(id=1225751359320928783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697040000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-12, revisedDate=1701705600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770171497421, onlineDateStr=2026-02-04, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770171497421, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770171497421, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770171497421, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1225751351125263080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='10', pageStart='2205', pageEnd='2462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770171495466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774228911890, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2429, endPage=2441, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225751359882965547, articleId=1225751359320928783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Dynamic response of asphalt concrete face rockfill dam under random combination of P wave and SV wave oblique incidence, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The uncertainty of the combined incidence angle of seismic waves often has a significant effect on the dynamic response of faced rockfill DAMS. In this paper, the motion field of surface control points is decomposed by the principle of wave field superposition, and the time history of incident P and SV waves is obtained by two‑dimensional inversion. The angle of incident P wave and SV wave in the wave input model are randomly selected by the method of number theory. The influence of the uncertainty of combined incident angle on the seismic response of asphalt concrete faced rockfill dam is studied by the dynamic calculation of different combined incident angles. Taking a practical project as an example, by analyzing the mean value, coefficient of variation, 95% confidence interval limit and extreme value difference of the horizontal peak acceleration of foundation surface, panel stress and acceleration, dam body horizontal peak acceleration and permanent deformation, and other statistical laws and distribution type tests, and compared with the vertical incidence of seismic waves, The influence of random combination incidence Angle and input ground motion intensity on random response dispersion degree and obedience probability distribution is analyzed. The results show that considering the uncertainty of the combined incidence angle, the seismic response dispersion of the foundation surface of the dam will increase. The maximum principal tensile stress of the panel increases by at least 40% compared with the calculated result of vertical incidence. The influence of the horizontal peak acceleration on the dam crest and the panel crest is greater than that on the permanent deformation. Compared with the results of vertical incidence, the permanent deformation of the three groups of seismic waves has a transcendental probability of more than 70%. The statistical results of seismic response of dam body may not accord with normal distribution. The dispersion of seismic response results of overlay layer is greater than that of dam body.

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地震波组合入射角度的不确定性往往对面板堆石坝的动力响应具有显著影响。本文通过波场叠加原理,将地表控制点的运动场进行分解,根据二维反演得到入射P波、SV波时程,构建了地震波组合斜入射波动输入模型。通过数论选点法,对构建的波动输入模型中的入射P波与SV波的角度进行抽样随机选取,通过进行不同组合入射角度下的动力计算,研究了组合入射角度不确定性对沥青混凝土面板堆石坝地震响应的影响规律。以某实际工程为例,通过分析建基面水平向峰值加速度、面板应力及加速度、坝体水平向峰值加速度及永久变形等响应的均值、变异系数、95%的置信区间限值及极值差异等统计规律及分布类型,并与地震波垂直入射情况进行了对比,分析了随机组合入射角度和输入地震动强度对随机响应离散程度和概率分布的影响。结果表明:考虑组合入射角度不确定性会引起坝体建基面地震响应离散性增大;面板主拉应力最大值相比垂直入射下的计算结果至少增大了40%;对坝顶和面板顶水平峰值加速度的影响大于对永久变形的影响;三组地震波的永久变形与垂直入射的结果相比均有70%以上的超越概率;坝体的地震响应统计结果不一定符合正态分布;覆盖层地震响应结果的离散程度大于坝体。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宋志强(1981―),男,博士,教授。E‑mail:
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高川(1998―),男,硕士研究生。E‑mail:

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高川(1998―),男,硕士研究生。E‑mail:

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高川(1998―),男,硕士研究生。E‑mail:

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articleId=1225751359320928783, language=CN, label=图15, caption=坝体中轴线位置水平峰值加速度分布及变异系数图, figureFileSmall=jDMrw6SKyoPPlUYMN3EqiQ==, figureFileBig=TNXt3g3U4l3k7whkns1Gmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751376374968658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Finite element static force calculation parameters of materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置ρ/(gcm-3)Kn1Rfc/kPaφ/(°)Pa/kPaKbmKur/K
主堆石区2.307700.320.65047100398.20.062.00
次堆石区2.257200.350.72045100389.30.032.00
过渡区2.096500.520.89050100561.10.052.00
垫层区2.2010000.520.67042100358.80.232.00
覆盖层一区2.249900.680.768038100283.00.201.95
覆盖层二区1.5511700.680.596039100276.00.171.80
覆盖层三区1.449900.700.708038100253.00.151.75
库底块石料1.6216200.650.657040100261.00.181.87
沥青混凝土2.433500.330.76200251001035.60.991.97
), ArticleFig(id=1225751376496603481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料有限元静力计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置ρ/(gcm-3)Kn1Rfc/kPaφ/(°)Pa/kPaKbmKur/K
主堆石区2.307700.320.65047100398.20.062.00
次堆石区2.257200.350.72045100389.30.032.00
过渡区2.096500.520.89050100561.10.052.00
垫层区2.2010000.520.67042100358.80.232.00
覆盖层一区2.249900.680.768038100283.00.201.95
覆盖层二区1.5511700.680.596039100276.00.171.80
覆盖层三区1.449900.700.708038100253.00.151.75
库底块石料1.6216200.650.657040100261.00.181.87
沥青混凝土2.433500.330.76200251001035.60.991.97
), ArticleFig(id=1225751376609849696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Goodman model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值
k13200
k23200
n0.42
Rf0.7
δ36
γw/(kgm-3)9.8
Pa/kPa100
), ArticleFig(id=1225751376714707303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Goodman模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值
k13200
k23200
n0.42
Rf0.7
δ36
γw/(kgm-3)9.8
Pa/kPa100
), ArticleFig(id=1225751376827953519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Material finite element dynamic and permanent deformation calculation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置k1k2nvλmaxc1/%c2c3c4/%c5
主堆石区26.023360.4300.3300.23510.081.35020.140.35
次堆石区25.022700.4250.3300.23510.381.35020.140.35
过渡区24.022000.4200.3300.24510.021.26019.250.39
垫层区20.012000.3850.3300.2606.901.37020.030.36
覆盖层一区15.211550.6180.3500.2456.730.7105.861.13
覆盖层二区17.412000.6120.3800.2501.361.2304.491.19
覆盖层三区16.011000.6480.3800.2701.181.4103.501.44
库底块石料18.614040.5620.3500.2387.850.7305.861.28
沥青混凝土19.07200.4700.3450.2800.030.18015.000.90
), ArticleFig(id=1225751376924422512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

材料有限元动力、永久变形计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置k1k2nvλmaxc1/%c2c3c4/%c5
主堆石区26.023360.4300.3300.23510.081.35020.140.35
次堆石区25.022700.4250.3300.23510.381.35020.140.35
过渡区24.022000.4200.3300.24510.021.26019.250.39
垫层区20.012000.3850.3300.2606.901.37020.030.36
覆盖层一区15.211550.6180.3500.2456.730.7105.861.13
覆盖层二区17.412000.6120.3800.2501.361.2304.491.19
覆盖层三区16.011000.6480.3800.2701.181.4103.501.44
库底块石料18.614040.5620.3500.2387.850.7305.861.28
沥青混凝土19.07200.4700.3450.2800.030.18015.000.90
), ArticleFig(id=1225751377054445940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Summary of responses of control points to horizontal peak acceleration on foundation surface of dam body

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制点地震波均值变异系数中位数最大值最小值极值差异
左端1#1.71(1.77)0.2651.722.181.3462.8%
2#2.84(3.14)0.1792.813.412.4042.1%
3#5.31(5.23)0.1005.216.414.9828.6%
右端1#1.44(1.29)0.2121.431.711.2240.7%
2#2.43(2.20)0.1512.432.802.1132.9%
3#5.42(4.88)0.1055.406.174.8227.9%
), ArticleFig(id=1225751377171886458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

坝体建基面水平向峰值加速度各控制点响应汇总

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控制点地震波均值变异系数中位数最大值最小值极值差异
左端1#1.71(1.77)0.2651.722.181.3462.8%
2#2.84(3.14)0.1792.813.412.4042.1%
3#5.31(5.23)0.1005.216.414.9828.6%
右端1#1.44(1.29)0.2121.431.711.2240.7%
2#2.43(2.20)0.1512.432.802.1132.9%
3#5.42(4.88)0.1055.406.174.8227.9%
), ArticleFig(id=1225751377280938368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Statistical table of response analysis of asphalt concrete panel

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参数面板最大主拉应力面板顶水平峰值加速度
1#2#3#1#2#3#
垂直入射108.73172.59168.714.327.857.65
均值124.20199.04206.384.037.848.13
变异系数0.0260.0210.0200.1180.0660.074
中位数124.40196.25207.804.047.828.04
最大值154.38249.35245.144.518.549.30
最小值102.49172.59168.713.617.337.49
A‑D统计值0.6880.6721.6450.6820.6751.655
相伴概率P0.0710.0680.0320.0730.0620.043
95%均值置信区间[122.87,125.52][196.91,201.18][204.12,208.64][4.004,4.0623][7.816,7.885][8.077,8.172]
), ArticleFig(id=1225751377394184581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

沥青混凝土面板响应分析统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数面板最大主拉应力面板顶水平峰值加速度
1#2#3#1#2#3#
垂直入射108.73172.59168.714.327.857.65
均值124.20199.04206.384.037.848.13
变异系数0.0260.0210.0200.1180.0660.074
中位数124.40196.25207.804.047.828.04
最大值154.38249.35245.144.518.549.30
最小值102.49172.59168.713.617.337.49
A‑D统计值0.6880.6721.6450.6820.6751.655
相伴概率P0.0710.0680.0320.0730.0620.043
95%均值置信区间[122.87,125.52][196.91,201.18][204.12,208.64][4.004,4.0623][7.816,7.885][8.077,8.172]
), ArticleFig(id=1225751377494847881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Table of probability statistical parameters of horizontal peak acceleration of dam crest

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地震波均值变异系数中位数最大值最小值A‑D统计值相伴概率P95%均值置信区间
1#3.99(4.28)0.123.994.473.540.6790.062[3.963,4.023]
2#7.91(7.86)0.067.898.627.380.6630.068[7.881,7.946]
3#8.11(7.64)0.078.049.307.491.6720.031[8.065,8.159]
), ArticleFig(id=1225751377591316876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

坝顶水平峰值加速度概率统计参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波均值变异系数中位数最大值最小值A‑D统计值相伴概率P95%均值置信区间
1#3.99(4.28)0.123.994.473.540.6790.062[3.963,4.023]
2#7.91(7.86)0.067.898.627.380.6630.068[7.881,7.946]
3#8.11(7.64)0.078.049.307.491.6720.031[8.065,8.159]
), ArticleFig(id=1225751377696174482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Statistical table of vertical permanent deformation response of dam body

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波均值变异系数中位数最大值最小值A‑D统计值相伴概率P95%均值置信区间
1#16.61(16.39)0.03016.5417.4516.339.1020.002[16.581,16.645]
2#20.72(20.42)0.02920.6021.9620.287.7030.003[20.673,20.770]
3#30.21(29.11)0.02830.0532.3529.114.5170.005[30.109,30.301]
), ArticleFig(id=1225751377805226393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

坝体竖向永久变形响应统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波均值变异系数中位数最大值最小值A‑D统计值相伴概率P95%均值置信区间
1#16.61(16.39)0.03016.5417.4516.339.1020.002[16.581,16.645]
2#20.72(20.42)0.02920.6021.9620.287.7030.003[20.673,20.770]
3#30.21(29.11)0.02830.0532.3529.114.5170.005[30.109,30.301]
), ArticleFig(id=1225751377931055518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=EN, label=Tab. 8, caption=

Horizontal peak acceleration and magnification statistics table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波坝高/m均值/(m·s-2)变异系数放大倍数
1#03.31(3.29)0.1181.66
73.764.92(5.27)0.1192.49
2#05.28(4.93)0.1011.32
73.767.89(7.85)0.0641.97
3#04.89(4.55)0.0921.22
73.768.11(7.64)0.0742.03
), ArticleFig(id=1225751378044301735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359320928783, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

水平向峰值加速度及放大倍数统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波坝高/m均值/(m·s-2)变异系数放大倍数
1#03.31(3.29)0.1181.66
73.764.92(5.27)0.1192.49
2#05.28(4.93)0.1011.32
73.767.89(7.85)0.0641.97
3#04.89(4.55)0.0921.22
73.768.11(7.64)0.0742.03
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P波SV波随机组合斜入射下沥青混凝土面板堆石坝动力响应研究
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高川 , 宋志强 , 王宗凯 , 李闯
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(10): 2429-2441
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(10): 2429-2441
P波SV波随机组合斜入射下沥青混凝土面板堆石坝动力响应研究
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高川 , 宋志强 , 王宗凯, 李闯
作者信息
  • 西安理工大学省部共建西北旱区生态水利国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710048
  • 高川(1998―),男,硕士研究生。E‑mail:

通讯作者:

宋志强(1981―),男,博士,教授。E‑mail:
Dynamic response of asphalt concrete face rockfill dam under random combination of P wave and SV wave oblique incidence
Chuan GAO , Zhiqiang SONG , Zongkai WANG, Chuang LI
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Eco‑hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310028
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地震波组合入射角度的不确定性往往对面板堆石坝的动力响应具有显著影响。本文通过波场叠加原理,将地表控制点的运动场进行分解,根据二维反演得到入射P波、SV波时程,构建了地震波组合斜入射波动输入模型。通过数论选点法,对构建的波动输入模型中的入射P波与SV波的角度进行抽样随机选取,通过进行不同组合入射角度下的动力计算,研究了组合入射角度不确定性对沥青混凝土面板堆石坝地震响应的影响规律。以某实际工程为例,通过分析建基面水平向峰值加速度、面板应力及加速度、坝体水平向峰值加速度及永久变形等响应的均值、变异系数、95%的置信区间限值及极值差异等统计规律及分布类型,并与地震波垂直入射情况进行了对比,分析了随机组合入射角度和输入地震动强度对随机响应离散程度和概率分布的影响。结果表明:考虑组合入射角度不确定性会引起坝体建基面地震响应离散性增大;面板主拉应力最大值相比垂直入射下的计算结果至少增大了40%;对坝顶和面板顶水平峰值加速度的影响大于对永久变形的影响;三组地震波的永久变形与垂直入射的结果相比均有70%以上的超越概率;坝体的地震响应统计结果不一定符合正态分布;覆盖层地震响应结果的离散程度大于坝体。

沥青混凝土面板堆石坝  /  随机组合斜入射  /  设计地震动  /  峰值加速度  /  永久变形

The uncertainty of the combined incidence angle of seismic waves often has a significant effect on the dynamic response of faced rockfill DAMS. In this paper, the motion field of surface control points is decomposed by the principle of wave field superposition, and the time history of incident P and SV waves is obtained by two‑dimensional inversion. The angle of incident P wave and SV wave in the wave input model are randomly selected by the method of number theory. The influence of the uncertainty of combined incident angle on the seismic response of asphalt concrete faced rockfill dam is studied by the dynamic calculation of different combined incident angles. Taking a practical project as an example, by analyzing the mean value, coefficient of variation, 95% confidence interval limit and extreme value difference of the horizontal peak acceleration of foundation surface, panel stress and acceleration, dam body horizontal peak acceleration and permanent deformation, and other statistical laws and distribution type tests, and compared with the vertical incidence of seismic waves, The influence of random combination incidence Angle and input ground motion intensity on random response dispersion degree and obedience probability distribution is analyzed. The results show that considering the uncertainty of the combined incidence angle, the seismic response dispersion of the foundation surface of the dam will increase. The maximum principal tensile stress of the panel increases by at least 40% compared with the calculated result of vertical incidence. The influence of the horizontal peak acceleration on the dam crest and the panel crest is greater than that on the permanent deformation. Compared with the results of vertical incidence, the permanent deformation of the three groups of seismic waves has a transcendental probability of more than 70%. The statistical results of seismic response of dam body may not accord with normal distribution. The dispersion of seismic response results of overlay layer is greater than that of dam body.

asphalt concrete face rockfill dam  /  random combination oblique incidence  /  design ground motion  /  peak acceleration  /  permanent deformation
高川, 宋志强, 王宗凯, 李闯. P波SV波随机组合斜入射下沥青混凝土面板堆石坝动力响应研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2429 -2441 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310028
Chuan GAO, Zhiqiang SONG, Zongkai WANG, Chuang LI. Dynamic response of asphalt concrete face rockfill dam under random combination of P wave and SV wave oblique incidence[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2429 -2441 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310028
中国西部地区水能资源分布广泛,该地区地震烈度相对较高,使得水利水电工程的抗震安全面临着很大的挑战[1]。沥青混凝土面板堆石坝具有防渗性良好、适应变形能力强和工程造价低廉等优点,是水能资源利用和开发首选的一类坝型[2]。因此如何开展沥青混凝土面板堆石坝抗震安全问题的研究显得更加重要[3]
李闯等[4]以El‑Centro波作为坝体建基面控制点的设计地震动,研究了P波与SV波在不同组合入射角度下沥青混凝土心墙坝‑覆盖层地基系统的动力响应;王飞等[5]将测站实测的天然地震波作为控制面的设计地震动,研究了在设计地震动下不同斜入射角度对土石坝地震响应的影响;李明超等[6]和SUN等[7]将地表的设计地震动分级调幅至实测的一半,并将调幅的地震动时程作为基岩底部的入射波时程,分别研究了重力坝和水工隧洞在不同入射角度下的地震响应;王洋洋等[8]将场址条件合成的场址人工波作为输入地震波,研究了P波、SV波在不同入射角度下对坝后式厂房上下游混凝土墙损伤的影响;何卫平等[9]以多条Ricker子波作为重力坝基岩底部P波和SV波的入射时程,研究了不同斜入射角度下重力坝的动力响应;苑举卫等[10]采用Koyna地震波将峰值加速度按比例进行调幅,作为基岩底部斜输入的入射地震波,研究了重力坝坝踵和地基刚度在不同斜入射角度下的动力响应规律。孙纬宇等[11]以宁河波、Northridge波及El‑Centro波作为入射波,研究了P波和SV波在不同入射角度下河谷场地地震动放大系数的分布规律。
沥青混凝土面板堆石坝基底部位向上下游延伸尺度大,覆盖层与地基边界的地震动构成成分复杂[12],对于实际的天然近场地震动,由基岩到达地表的传输过程中,地震动实际的入射方向是不确定的,在以往的地震响应研究中,普遍都采用的是无质量地基输入或者黏弹性边界波动输入,并以垂直入射的方式去模拟实际的天然地震动入射,难以模拟P波和SV波的实际组合入射情况,而在进行单波斜入射和组合斜入射时,都是提前假定已知入射角度,然后去分析坝体的地震响应规律。
实际上,P波、SV波的组合入射角度具有不确定性,开展P波与SV波随机组合斜入射下沥青混凝土面板堆石坝的地震响应研究,揭示入射角度的随机性对面板应力、坝体加速度和永久变形等地震响应的影响规律具有重要意义。
近地表入射的地震动存在着各种不同的成分,实际的地表设计地震动构成也并不只是一种类型的波,而是通过对多种波进行叠加形成的。如图1所示,真实的地震波在传播的过程中,经过不同的界面会发生折射与反射,当地震波以斜入射的方式进行传播时,对应的剪切波和压缩波在反射生成相同种类反射波的同时,还会生成另外一种不同类型的反射波。在地表控制点处的地震动则是由两种波共同作用形成的[13]
根据一维波动理论和波场叠加原理,P波和SV波产生的水平向和竖向自由场可分别表示为:
{uxP(t)=g(t-Δt1)sinα+A1g(t-Δt2)sinα-A2g(t-Δt3)cosβuyP(t)=g(t-Δt1)cosα-A1g(t-Δt2)cosα-A2g(t-Δt3)sinβ
{uxSV(t)=f(t-Δt4)cosγ-B1f(t-Δt5)cosγ+B2f(t-Δt6)sinθuySV(t)=-f(t-Δt4)sinγ-B1g(t-Δt5)sinγ-B2f(t-Δt6)cosθ
式中,g(t)f(t)分别为入射P波、SV波响应时程;Δt1为入射P波的延迟时间;Δt2为反射P波的延迟时间;Δt3为入射P波所产生的反射SV波的延迟时间;Δt4为入射SV波的延迟时间;Δt5为反射SV波的延迟时间;Δt6为入射SV波所产生的反射P波的延迟时间;uxP为P波对应形成的水平向位移;uyP为P波对应形成的竖向位移;uxSV为SV波对应形成的水平向位移;uySV为SV波对应形成的竖向位移;A1A2B1B2分别为入射P波与反射P波、入射P波与反射SV波、入射SV波和反射SV波与入射SV波与反射P波的振幅比值;α为P波入射角;β为SV波的反射角;γ为SV波入射角;θ为P波的反射角。
根据Snell定理,即可推导得到[14]
sinα/cP=sinβ/cS
sinγ/cS=sinθ/cP
A1=cS2sin(2α)sin(2β)-cP2cos2(2β)cS2sin(2α)sin(2β)+cP2cos2(2β)
A2=-2cScPsin(2α)sin(2β)cS2sin(2α)sin(2β)+cP2cos2(2β)
B1=cS2sin(2γ)sin(2θ)-cP2cos2(2θ)cS2sin(2γ)sin(2θ)+cP2cos2(2θ)
B2=-2cScPsin(2γ)sin(2θ)cS2sin(2γ)sin(2θ)+cP2cos2(2θ)
式中,cPcS分别为P波、SV波波速。
根据式(3)和(4),SV波在反射的过程中波形有所变换,SV波在发生反射时存在着临界角,γcr=arcsin(cS/cP),当SV波不在对应的角度范围内,则无法形成平面反射波[15],故在本文选取的SV波入射角均控制在临界角的范围内。
ux(t)uy(t)二者进行矢量叠加即可得出对应的位移时程。把SV波及其反射波定义为SV波系列组,P波及其反射波定义为P波系列组。如何求解入射P波、SV波时程成为求解空间任意位置自由场的关键问题。假定P波、SV波在同一时间点到达地表控制点Oxy),并将该时间点的波阵面位置定义为零时刻波阵面所在位置,则Δt1Δt2Δt3Δt4Δt5Δt6时间延迟都为0,将其代入式(1)和(2)可以得到如下式所示的P波、SV波的水平向和竖向响应:
{ux(t)=Pg(t)+Rf(t)uy(t)=Qg(t)-Sf(t)
式中,P为P波对地表水平向的贡献度,Q为P波对地表竖向的贡献度,R为SV波对地表水平向的贡献度,S为SV波对地表竖向的贡献度,按照下式计算:
{P=sinα+A1sinα-A2cosβQ=cosα-A1cosα-A2sinβR=cosγ-B1cosγ+B2sinθS=sinγ+B1sinγ+B2cosθ
根据式(3)~(10),在入射角、对应波速、地表水平向设计地震动ux(t)和竖向设计地震动uy(t)都给定的情况下,即可反演得到基岩底部入射波时程。
本文研究的是随机选取P波入射角α和SV波入射角γ的情况下,依据设计地震动反演基岩入射波时程,分析沥青混凝土面板堆石坝地震响应的统计规律。
地震波组合斜入射包含2个随机角度,首先需要对组合入射角度进行随机选取。有关多维随机变量问题,运用蒙特卡罗法产生的样本点,容易使得样本点产生局部集中[16]。在保持整体样本数量一定的情况下,蒙特卡罗法难以全面均匀地覆盖概率分布空间,可能会较大程度地影响随机响应的结果[17]。如果增加样本数量,有限元的计算效率将会下降[18]
为了使得选取的角度样本均匀地分布在给定的入射角度区域范围内,本文引入数论选点法来实现组合入射角度随机选取,该方法能够较好地使样本点均匀地覆盖概率分布空间[19]
本文通过运用数论选点法中的good lattice point(GLP)生成区间范围内的代表性点集。通过下式可以得到[0,1]s内的GLP点集,对于二维基本随机变量,本文选取233个代表性点集,h1h2,…,hs取值参见文献[20]。
xk,i=hikn-fix(hikn);k=1,2,,233;i=1,2
式中,k为代表性点集的序号数;i为点集维数;n为代表性点集的总个数;h1h2为对应维度的系数。
图2给出了应用数论选点法生成的区间[0,1]内点集的二维空间分布。将生成的二维代表性点集进行缩放变换,即将每个随机点的横坐标扩大60倍,纵坐标扩大30倍即可得到本文选定的P波入射角和SV波入射角,对应的P波入射角范围为[0°,60°],SV波入射角的范围为[0°,30°]。
本文选取El‑Centro波和Kobe波EW向和竖向记录分别作为控制点水平向和竖向设计地震动。将El‑Centro波的水平向和竖向记录分别调幅为0.2g和0.13g作为1#地震波,El‑Centro波的水平向和竖向记录分别调幅为0.4g和0.26g作为2#地震波,将Kobe波的水平向和竖向记录分别调幅为0.4g和0.26g作为3#地震波。图3给出了计算采用的3条波的水平向和竖向地震动加速度时程,持续时间统一截取为20 s。每一条地震波对应233种不同组合入射角度的反演、输入和计算分析,三条波共进行699种工况的计算。计算工况涵盖了相同设计地震动下,不同组合入射角度的工况,也涵盖了相同组合入射角度下,不同设计地震动的工况。
从测站获取的真实天然地震波都是提前假定零时刻P波与SV波的波阵面相交于地表控制点。而实际应用中需要将波阵面从控制点移动到点(0,0)的位置。由波动输入理论可知,P波、SV波从点(0,0)到任意点(xy)的传播时间分别为[4]
ΔtP=xsinα+ycosαcP
ΔtSV=xsinγ+ycosγcS
式中,ΔtPΔtSV分别为P波、SV波波阵面从点(0,0)到点(xy)的时间。
Δtin=max(ΔtP,ΔtSV),将P波和SV波波阵面同时由控制点向与波传播相反的方向移动Δtin时间对应的距离,即可得到零时刻的波阵面位置。通过式(1)与(2)可以确定在已知入射波的情况下自由场的计算。在已知P波、SV波的入射角αγ时,任意位置(x0y0)的时间计算如下式所示:
{Δt1=[x0sinα-(H-y0)cosα]/cPΔt2=[x0sinα+(H-y0)cosα]/cPΔt3={[x0sinα-(H-y0)tanβsinα]/cP}+(H-y0)/(cScosβ)Δt4=(x0tanγ-H+y0)cosγ/cSΔt5=[x0sinγ+(H-y0)cosγ]/cSΔt6={[x0sinγ-(H-y0)tanθsinγ]/cS}+(H-y0)/(cPcosθ)
式中,H为地表控制点到地震波入射点的高度。
将对应不同波的时间延迟代入式(1)和(2)中,即可得到P波或SV波共同作用下空间任一点的单波地震动时程。通过将P波和SV波对应的响应进行矢量叠加,当地表控制点恒定时,即可得到该控制点的地震动自由场。
本文计算采用黏弹性边界对地震动进行斜输入,拟合地基的辐射阻尼效应。单位影响面积下弹簧阻尼的系数求解如下式所示[21]
{KBN=E/(2R)KBT=G/(2R)CBN=ρcPCBT=ρcS
式中,KBN为法向弹簧刚度系数;KBT为切向弹簧刚度系数;CBN为法向阻尼系数;CBT为切向阻尼系数;ρ为地基密度;E为地基弹性模量;G为剪切模量;R为散射波源点到边界点的距离,散射波源的位置在坝体建基面中心。
刘晶波等[22]通过边界节点处的等效节点力来模拟地震动斜输入时的自由场:
FB=(KBuB+CBu˙B+NσB)AB
式中,KB为弹簧刚度系数;CB为阻尼系数;uBu˙B分别为节点的位移时程和速度时程;N为边界处对应的法线方向余弦;σB为节点应力;AB为节点影响面积。
P波和SV波入射底边界的速度场和位移场在前面已经推导,通过下式可以得到底边界应力场:
{σx(t)=Gsin(2α)cP[u˙P(t-Δt1)+A1u˙P(t-Δt2)]+Gsin(2γ)cS[u˙SV(t-Δt4)+B1u˙SV(t-Δt5)]+Gsin(2β)cSA2u˙P(t-Δt3)+Gsin(2θ)cPB2u˙SV(t-Δt6)σy(t)=λ+2Gcos2αcP[u˙P(t-Δt1)-A1u˙P(t-Δt2)]+Gsin2γcS[-u˙SV(t-Δt4)+B1u˙SV(t-Δt5)]+Gsin(2β)cSA2u˙P(t-Δt3)-λ+2Gcos2θcPB2u˙SV(t-Δt6)
式中,λ为拉梅常数;uPuSV分别为P、SV波对应形式的竖向、水平向速度场。
最终通过式(16)即可计算底边界处的等效节点力。侧边界同理进行输入。
为验证本文组合斜输入方法的正确性与精度,建立有限域地基模型如图4所示,其中模型长为400 m,宽为200 m,取顶部左、中、右三个监测点进行分析。地基密度为2000 kg/m³,弹性模量为1.3 GPa,泊松比为0.25,入射P波波速为883 m/s,入射SV波波速为510 m/s。取模型顶部中点为控制点,该点对应的设计地震动的位移时程按下式进行计算,时间间隔为0.01 s,总时长为2 s。
u(t)={2sin(4πt)-sin(8πt),0t0.5s0,t>0.5s
图56给出了P波和SV波入射角均为30°时A、O、B三个监测点两向位移时程对比。可以看出,解析解和数值解拟合较好,验证了上述地震动二维反演和组合斜输入方法的正确性与精度。
本文以某实际沥青混凝土面板堆石坝为研究对象。坝的高度为73.76 m,坝顶的宽度为17.87 m,坝顶高程为1656.00 m,上游坝坡坡比为1∶1.7,上游正常蓄水位为1654.20 m,下游坝坡坡比在1634.00 m高程以上为1∶1.8,以下为1∶2.0,并在高程1634.00、1614.00和1594.00 m处设置5 m宽马道,沥青混凝土面板水平厚为0.4 m。
坝体材料分区及有限元网格模型如图7所示,单元类型采用平面四节点等参单元,共包括15844个单元和16325个结点。覆盖层与基岩厚度共150 m,将覆盖层分别向上、下游方向延伸距离为10倍的覆盖层厚度,即1500 m。沥青混凝土面板与垫层2A区采用Goodman接触。静力计算边界条件为基岩与覆盖层左右边界节点采用法向约束,基岩底部为全约束。动力计算则是通过对控制点的地震动进行反演,将反演的地震动从基岩的左端底部进行斜输入。
沥青混凝土面板堆石坝的动力响应分析包括静动力计算和永久变形计算,覆盖层土体和坝体堆石料本构模型选取分别如下:
对于静力计算,本文采用邓肯‑张E‑B模型。
Ei=KPa(σ3/Pa)n1
Et=Ei[1-(1-sinφ)(σ1-σ3)2ccosφ+2σ3sinφRf]2
φ=φ0-Δφlg(σ3/Pa)
B=KbPa(σ3/Pa)m
式中,EiEt分别为初始切线模量和切线模量;cφ分别表示黏聚力和内摩擦角;Rf为破坏比;K为切线模量系数;n1为切线模量指数;m为体积模量指数;φ0为初始摩擦角;Δφ为摩擦角变化值;Kb为体积模量系数;B为切线体积模量;Pa为标准大气压强;Kur/K可由上述参数确定。σ1σ3分别表示第一和第三主应力。
对于动力计算,本文采用等效线性黏弹性模型。
剪切模量:
G=k21+k1γ¯dPa(σm'Pa)n
阻尼比:
λ=λmaxk1γ¯d1+k1γ¯d
γ¯d=0.65γmax(σm'Pa)n-1
式中,σm'为震前围压;γmax为最大动剪应变;k1k2n为试验所决定的材料参数;λλmax分别为阻尼比、最大阻尼比;γ¯d为剪应变。
对于永久变形计算,本文采用沈珠江模型[23]
动力残余体积应变增量:
Δεvr=c1γdc2exp(-c3S12)ΔN1+N
Δγr=c4γdc5S12ΔN1+N
式中,ΔN为时段增量;N为总振动次数;c1c2c3c4c5为模型参数;S1为应力水平。
表1给出了材料有限元静力计算参数;表2给出了Goodman接触模型计算参数,表3给出了材料有限元动力计算及永久变形计算参数。
图8给出了考虑组合入射角度不确定性的坝体建基面水平向峰值加速度响应的空间分布以及变异系数图。可以看出,考虑组合入射角度的不确定性且输入的地震动峰值之间存在差异时,坝体建基面峰值加速度响应的空间分布呈现出明显的差异性,且沿覆盖层两端水平峰值加速度处的离散程度明显大于中间。
表4给出了坝体建基面水平向峰值加速度各控制点响应,在建基面中点位置,三组地震波在垂直入射下的计算结果分别为1.06、1.84和4.22 m/s²。当考虑组合入射角度不确定性时,三组地震波的均值分别为1.11、2.00和4.10 m/s²。其中三组地震波的计算结果在建基面左端控制点(建基面中点向左200 m)下的极值差异分别为62.8%、42.1%和28.6%,在建基面右端控制点(建基面中点向右200 m)下的极值差异分别为40.7%、32.9%和27.9%,通过对比三组地震波下的计算结果可以发现,建基面水平向峰值加速度沿上下游方向的变化规律有显著差异,但是在不同地震波下的响应所反映的整体趋势大致相同;因此,考虑组合入射角度的不确定性且同时考虑输入地震动峰值之间存在的差异对坝体建基面水平向地震响应的影响是有必要的。
表5为沥青混凝土面板响应统计表,可以看到,沥青混凝土面板最大主拉应力在3组地震波下垂直入射的计算结果分别为108.73、172.59和168.71 kPa,当考虑地震波组合入射角度不确定性且同时考虑输入地震动峰值之间存在的差异时,3组地震波下的均值分别为124.20、199.04和206.38 kPa,相比垂直入射下的计算结果至少增大了10%。面板最大主拉应力均值均大于垂直入射下的计算结果,面板最大主拉应力最大值分别为154.38、249.35和245.14 kPa,相比垂直入射下的计算结果至少增大了40%。通过A⁃D统计值与相伴概率等统计参数指标对面板应力结果进行正态分布检验评估,可以得到3组地震波在考虑组合入射角度不确定性且同时考虑输入地震动峰值之间存在的差异时,第1组和第2组地震波的最大主拉应力服从正态分布,而第3组地震波的最大主拉应力不服从正态分布,因此,考虑组合入射角度的不确定性且同时考虑输入地震动峰值之间存在的差异,对面板应力的响应以及服从分布的影响是有必要的。
表5可以得到3组地震波下,面板顶峰值加速度响应均值分别为4.03、7.84和8.13 m/s²。在垂直入射下的三组地震波加速度响应分别为4.32、7.85和7.65 m/s²,其中3组地震波下的极值差异分别为24.93%、16.51%和24.17%。对结果经过A⁃D正态分布检验可以得出,第1组和第2组的面板顶部水平峰值加速度响应服从正态分布,而第3组面板顶部水平峰值加速度响应不服从正态分布。因此,考虑组合入射角度的不确定性,且同时考虑输入地震动峰值之间存在的峰值差异对面板顶部峰值加速度的响应以及服从分布的影响是有必要的。
910分别为考虑组合入射角度不确定性下的坝顶水平峰值加速度柱状分布图及峰值加速度频数分布直方图。红色虚线所示为考虑组合入射角度不确定性下的均值结果,分别为3.99、7.91和8.11 m/s²。红色实线所示为垂直入射下的计算结果,分别为4.28、7.86和7.64 m/s²,其中3组地震波下的极值差异分别为26.27%、16.80%和24.16%。结合图9并通过对3组地震波响应结果的变异系数值进行对比,1#、2#和3#地震波的变异系数分别为12%、6%和7%。1#地震波响应结果的离散度较为明显。
图10中可以看到,1#地震波和2#地震波的水平峰值加速度响应分布规律具有一定的相似性,2#和3#地震波加速度大小分布相似,但是整体分布规律有较大的区别。图11为坝顶水平峰值加速度分布检验图,其中1#和2#地震波响应结果大多数都在95%置信区间以内,且在45°直线附近。对加速度响应结果进行分布类型检验,如表6所示,1#地震波和2#地震波的P值大于0.05,服从正态分布,而3#地震波的P值小于0.05,不服从正态分布。
通过对3组地震波的计算结果进行对比可知,1#、2#和3#地震波地震响应的统计结果分别为12.4%、55.4%和96.9%的概率会超过垂直入射下的计算结果,考虑组合入射角度的不确定性会使得坝体地震响应相比垂直入射下的计算结果有较大的超越概率,但在不同的地震波作用下,超越概率有较大不同。因此,考虑组合入射角度的不确定性,且同时考虑输入地震动之间存在的峰值差异对坝体顶部峰值加速度的响应以及服从分布的影响是有必要的。
图12为坝体竖向永久变形数值随入射角度分布图,可以看到,当P波、SV波入射角度变化时,竖向永久变形也会随之变化。3组地震波下的竖向永久变形最大值都出现在P波入射角度为2.06°,SV波入射角度为28.33°。
图13为坝体竖向永久变形的频数分布直方图,在垂直入射下所对应的永久变形的计算结果分别为16.39、20.42和29.11 cm,考虑组合入射角度不确定性且同时考虑输入地震动峰值之间存在的差异时,3组地震波对应计算结果的均值分别为16.61、20.72和30.21 cm,大于垂直入射下的响应结果,3组地震波计算结果的最大值分别为17.45、21.96和32.35 cm,其中极值差异分别为6.86%、8.28%和11.13%。通过与面板顶及坝顶水平向峰值加速度作对比分析,永久变形呈现的离散性相对较弱。
图14为竖向永久变形统计分布检验图,可以看到大多数数据点与参照线有一定的偏离,且普遍都不在95%的置信区间,并且根据如表7所示的A⁃D统计值和相伴概率等统计参数可以发现,3组地震波竖向永久变形结果都不服从正态分布。
通过对3组地震波竖向永久变形的计算结果对比分析,3组地震波的竖向永久变形与垂直入射的结果相比均有着70%以上的超越概率。因此,考虑组合入射角度的不确定性,且同时考虑输入的地震动之间存在的峰值差异对坝体竖向永久变形的响应以及服从分布的影响是有必要的。
图15分别给出了中轴线位置处坝体与覆盖层水平峰值加速度分布图与变异系数图。通过对图进行分析可以看出,考虑组合入射角度不确定性时,水平峰值加速度在覆盖层底部的离散性明显大于坝体。在不同的地震波下虽然变化的整体趋势具有一定的相似性,但是水平向峰值加速度沿高度的变化规律不同;同时通过表8可以看到3组地震波的坝顶加速度放大倍数有着明显差异,故在考虑组合入射角度不确定性的同时,考虑地震动之间存在的峰值差异对地震响应的影响是很有必要的。
本文通过波场叠加原理,将地表控制点的运动场进行分解,根据二维反演得到入射P波、SV波时程,构建了地震波组合斜入射波动输入模型。通过数论选点法,对构建的波动输入模型中的入射P波与SV波的角度进行抽样随机选取,通过进行不同组合入射角度下的动力计算,研究了组合入射角度不确定性对沥青混凝土面板堆石坝地震响应的影响规律。以某实际工程为例,通过分析建基面水平向峰值加速度、面板应力及加速度、坝体水平向峰值加速度及永久变形等响应的均值、变异系数、95%的置信区间限值及极值差异等统计规律及分布类型检验,并与地震波垂直入射情况进行了对比,具体结论如下:
(1)考虑组合入射角度不确定性且同时考虑输入地震动峰值之间存在的差异时,3组地震波下坝体建基面加速度响应峰值的空间分布呈现出明显的差异性。其中3组地震波的计算结果在建基面左端控制点下的极值差异分别为62.8%、42.1%和28.6%,在建基面右端控制点下的极值差异分别为40.7%、32.9%和27.9%。差异在覆盖层建基面两端变化程度较为明显。
(2)3组地震波下随机组合入射角度的动力计算结果中,1#、2#、3#地震波地震响应的统计结果分别为12.4%、55.4%、96.9%的概率会超过垂直入射下的计算结果,这表示忽略组合入射角度的不确定性可能不能准确地分析大坝的地震响应。但在不同的地震波作用下,超越概率又有较大不同。面板顶和坝顶的加速度响应在不同的地震波下并不一定都服从正态分布,因此,考虑组合入射角度的不确定性,且同时考虑输入地震动之间存在的峰值差异对坝体顶部峰值加速度的响应以及服从分布的影响是有必要的。
(3)在3组地震波下竖向永久变形的计算中,当P波、SV波入射角度变化时,竖向永久变形也会随之变化。3组地震波的永久变形与垂直入射的结果相比均有着70%以上的超越概率,与面板顶及坝顶水平向峰值加速度相比,永久变形的离散性相对较弱,竖向永久变形并不服从正态分布。因此,考虑组合入射角度的不确定性且同时考虑输入地震动之间存在的峰值差异对坝体竖向永久变形以及服从分布的影响是有必要的。
(4)3组地震波下水平峰值加速度随着坝高的增加也在不断增大,呈近似线性变化,且沿高度的变化规律有较大的区别,加速度放大倍数也有明显差异。说明输入地震动峰值之间存在的差异带来的影响也是不可忽略的,应同时考虑组合入射角度的不确定性和输入地震动峰值之间存在的差异,进行沥青混凝土面板堆石坝⁃覆盖层系统的地震响应分析,以得到更加符合实际情况的坝体响应结果。
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310028
  • 接收时间:2023-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-12
  • 修回日期:2023-12-05
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(52039008)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划面上项目(2022JM‑276)
陕西省教育厅青年创新团队科研计划项目(22JP052)
作者信息
    西安理工大学省部共建西北旱区生态水利国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710048

通讯作者:

宋志强(1981―),男,博士,教授。E‑mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310028
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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