Article(id=1225751359220270026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307051, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689609600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-18, revisedDate=1700409600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770171497397, onlineDateStr=2026-02-04, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770171497397, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770171497397, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770171497397, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1225751351125263080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='10', pageStart='2205', pageEnd='2462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770171495466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774228911890, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2416, endPage=2428, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225751359715197919, articleId=1225751359220270026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Analytical solution of horizontal seismic response of large-diameter shaft structure considering soil tangential shear force, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Seismic experience has shown that underground shaft structures are subjected to seismic threats and severe examples of damage have occurred. In order to obtain the seismic response of the shaft, the ‘beam-spring’ model was used to establish a system analysis model for the dynamic interaction between the large-diameter shaft and the soil based on the Pasternak foundation and the Timoshenko beam theory. On the basis of considering the normal earth pressure of site soil layer and shaft structure, the tangential shear force of site soil layer and shaft structure is further considered. The analytical solution of seismic response of large diameter shaft under horizontal earthquake was studied. The peak seismic response of the shaft along the depth direction is analyzed from the aspects of the ratio of the length to diameter of the shaft, the ratio of the inner and outer diameters, the ratio of the elastic modulus of the shaft to the site and the boundary conditions at the bottom of the shaft. The results show that the decrease of the ratio of the length to diameter of the shaft will lead to the increase of the peak response of the internal force of the shaft along the depth direction. The increase of the inner and outer diameter ratio of the shaft will reduce the peak internal force response of the shaft along the depth direction. With the increase of the ratio of the elastic modulus of the shaft to the site, the peak response of the internal force of the shaft along the depth direction will gradually increase. The displacement response of the shaft under the elastic soil foundation is larger than that of the rock-socketed foundation. The shear response under the rock-socketed foundation along the depth direction of the shaft is significantly larger than that of the elastic soil foundation, and the bending moment peak response of the rock-socketed shaft at the bottom position is larger.

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已有震害经验表明,地下竖井结构遭受地震威胁且出现了严重的震害实例,为了得到竖井结构地震响应,基于Pasternak地基和Timoshenko梁理论,在已有考虑场地土层与竖井结构法向土压力作用的基础上,进一步考虑了场地土层与竖井结构的切向剪力作用,采用“梁⁃弹簧”模型建立了大直径竖井⁃场地土层动力相互作用系统分析模型,研究水平向地震作用下大直径竖井地震响应解析解。分别从竖井长径比、内外径比、竖井与场地弹性模量比值和竖井底部边界条件的角度出发,对竖井沿深度方向的峰值地震响应进行分析,结果发现竖井长径比减小会导致竖井沿深度方向内力峰值响应增大;竖井内外径比的增大会使竖井沿深度方向峰值内力响应减小;随着竖井与场地弹性模量比值的增大,竖井沿深度方向内力峰值响应会逐渐增大;弹性土层地基下的竖井位移响应比嵌岩型地基大,沿竖井深度方向嵌岩型地基下的剪力响应显著大于弹性土层地基,在底部位置处嵌岩型竖井的弯矩峰值响应较大。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杜修力(1962―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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张卜(1990―),男,博士,助理研究员。E-mail:

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张卜(1990―),男,博士,助理研究员。E-mail:

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张卜(1990―),男,博士,助理研究员。E-mail:

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考虑土层切向剪力作用的大直径竖井结构水平地震响应解析解
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张卜 1, 2 , 卢立东 1 , 陈之毅 3, 4 , 杜修力 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(10): 2416-2428
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(10): 2416-2428
考虑土层切向剪力作用的大直径竖井结构水平地震响应解析解
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张卜1, 2 , 卢立东1, 陈之毅3, 4, 杜修力1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124;
  • 2.北京工业大学城市与工程安全减灾教育部重点实验室,北京 100124;
  • 3.同济大学土木工程学院,上海 200092;
  • 4.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 张卜(1990―),男,博士,助理研究员。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杜修力(1962―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Analytical solution of horizontal seismic response of large-diameter shaft structure considering soil tangential shear force
Bu ZAHNG1, 2 , Lidong LU1, Zhiyi CHEN3, 4, Xiuli DU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 3.College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 4.State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307051
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已有震害经验表明,地下竖井结构遭受地震威胁且出现了严重的震害实例,为了得到竖井结构地震响应,基于Pasternak地基和Timoshenko梁理论,在已有考虑场地土层与竖井结构法向土压力作用的基础上,进一步考虑了场地土层与竖井结构的切向剪力作用,采用“梁⁃弹簧”模型建立了大直径竖井⁃场地土层动力相互作用系统分析模型,研究水平向地震作用下大直径竖井地震响应解析解。分别从竖井长径比、内外径比、竖井与场地弹性模量比值和竖井底部边界条件的角度出发,对竖井沿深度方向的峰值地震响应进行分析,结果发现竖井长径比减小会导致竖井沿深度方向内力峰值响应增大;竖井内外径比的增大会使竖井沿深度方向峰值内力响应减小;随着竖井与场地弹性模量比值的增大,竖井沿深度方向内力峰值响应会逐渐增大;弹性土层地基下的竖井位移响应比嵌岩型地基大,沿竖井深度方向嵌岩型地基下的剪力响应显著大于弹性土层地基,在底部位置处嵌岩型竖井的弯矩峰值响应较大。

地下结构抗震  /  大直径竖井  /  土⁃结动力相互作用  /  地震响应解析解

Seismic experience has shown that underground shaft structures are subjected to seismic threats and severe examples of damage have occurred. In order to obtain the seismic response of the shaft, the ‘beam-spring’ model was used to establish a system analysis model for the dynamic interaction between the large-diameter shaft and the soil based on the Pasternak foundation and the Timoshenko beam theory. On the basis of considering the normal earth pressure of site soil layer and shaft structure, the tangential shear force of site soil layer and shaft structure is further considered. The analytical solution of seismic response of large diameter shaft under horizontal earthquake was studied. The peak seismic response of the shaft along the depth direction is analyzed from the aspects of the ratio of the length to diameter of the shaft, the ratio of the inner and outer diameters, the ratio of the elastic modulus of the shaft to the site and the boundary conditions at the bottom of the shaft. The results show that the decrease of the ratio of the length to diameter of the shaft will lead to the increase of the peak response of the internal force of the shaft along the depth direction. The increase of the inner and outer diameter ratio of the shaft will reduce the peak internal force response of the shaft along the depth direction. With the increase of the ratio of the elastic modulus of the shaft to the site, the peak response of the internal force of the shaft along the depth direction will gradually increase. The displacement response of the shaft under the elastic soil foundation is larger than that of the rock-socketed foundation. The shear response under the rock-socketed foundation along the depth direction of the shaft is significantly larger than that of the elastic soil foundation, and the bending moment peak response of the rock-socketed shaft at the bottom position is larger.

seismic resistance of underground structures  /  large⁃diameter shaft  /  soil-structure dynamic interaction  /  analytical solution of seismic response
张卜, 卢立东, 陈之毅, 杜修力. 考虑土层切向剪力作用的大直径竖井结构水平地震响应解析解. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2416 -2428 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307051
Bu ZAHNG, Lidong LU, Zhiyi CHEN, Xiuli DU. Analytical solution of horizontal seismic response of large-diameter shaft structure considering soil tangential shear force[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2416 -2428 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307051
地下竖井结构作为地下空间中常见的结构形式之一,被广泛应用于城市地下空间开发、地下停车场、深隧防洪排涝竖井、地铁和隧道通风井等城市地下基础设施中。目前城市深竖井建设深度达到百米范围,包括日本磁浮中央新干线品川竖井(深约89 m,直径约40 m)、名古屋竖井(深约89 m)、伦敦Lee/Tideway深隧竖井(深约84~98 m,内径为20~38 m)、国内上海市苏州河深层调蓄排水系统中试验段云岭西竖井(开挖深度为58.8 m,内径为34 m)和苗圃竖井(开挖深度为56.6 m,内径为30 m)。
随着城市深层地下空间开发的需求越来越大,城市深层地下空间大深度竖井结构作为建设防洪排涝海绵城市、深层地下物流系统和深层能源储存系统的主体结构形式,既是城市地下空间开发的首要建设对象,又是保障后续安全运营的重要通道,对维持城市正常运转具有重要意义[13]。已有震害经验表明,中国唐山地震和日本神户地震中均出现了竖井衬砌开裂、渗漏水等破坏现象,使得城市地下空间竖井结构的抗震安全问题受到了学者的广泛关注[45]。因此有必要开展竖井结构的地震响应研究,特别是针对大直径竖井中的地震响应研究。
近年来,许多学者已经采用了不同的方法对竖井结构的地震响应进行研究。其中,基于数值模拟的方法得到了广泛应用。CHEN等[6]通过三维动力时程分析方法研究了上海软土地层中大直径竖井的地震响应特征,发现大直径竖井在地震作用下主要发生刚体响应,即表现为竖井发生水平位移和绕竖井底部的刚体转动。张卜等[7]基于ABAQUS软件采用等效线性化的动力时程分析方法,对水平地震动作用下竖井内力分布及直径变形率进行了研究。KIM等[8]使用反应位移法进行数值分析,研究了竖井与场地土层之间的荷载传递机制,发现地震激励下场地土层响应显著影响竖井的动力行为。在以往学者的研究中发现,竖井作为地下结构埋置于土层中,其在地震作用下产生的响应主要受场地土层的变形控制。数值模拟可以通过三维动力时程分析较精确地计算结构的动力响应,但是其具有建模复杂、计算量较大、收敛性差等缺点。相反,解析理论方法具有物理模型简单、易理解、计算简便的优点,可用于工程实践中的初步分析与评估,适用于抗震设计的初级阶段,为详细设计提供理论参考依据。
针对竖直型地下结构地震响应解析方法的研究,一般采用模型简便且使用广泛的“梁⁃弹簧模型”。早期学者将桩基周围土层简化为由弹簧和阻尼器组成的Winkler模型,以此模拟土⁃结动力相互作用,研究桩的动力响应。GAZETAS等[9]基于Winkler弹性地基梁理论对桩在土层中的水平动力响应进行了分析,NOGAMI等[10]采用Winkler假设提出了桩土动力相互作用模型,实现了使用相对简便的方式进行时域非线性分析。胡安峰等[11]基于动力Winkler模型对黏弹性地基中有限长桩的动力响应进行求解,得到了其在桩顶受水平循环荷载作用下的简单形式的时域解析解。尽管Winkler地基模型在地下结构动力响应求解中有着广泛的应用,但Winkler模型不能有效考虑地基土层间的剪切效应,而其却是不可忽略的重要因素。Pasternak双参数地基引入剪切参数可以更准确地模拟土层剪切作用,使得计算结果更具有可靠性。
另一方面,在许多地下结构响应分析中学者将结构简化为Euler⁃Bernoulli梁[1215],只考虑结构的弯曲变形,忽略了结构剪切效应与转动惯性的影响。而在径深比较大的结构动力响应分析中,考虑结构剪切效应与转动惯性影响显然是十分必要的,忽略其影响会带来较大误差[1617]。于是许多学者引入了Timoshenko梁模型,ZHENG等[18]基于Timoshenko梁理论对大直径管桩的水平动力响应进行了分析,得出Euler⁃Bernoulli梁理论高估了结构水平阻抗的结论。章敏等[19]将桩基等效为能描述其剪切变形和转动惯性效应的Timoshenko梁模型,获得了桩顶水平频域响应解析解。辛宇等[20]基于Timoshenko梁理论建立了大直径桩⁃成层土相互作用体系水平振动分析模型,讨论了桩基水平振动规律。江杰等[21]基于Timoshenko梁模型推导得出桩顶动力复阻抗频域解析解。以上研究虽然考虑了结构的剪切变形,但是均未考虑结构与土层之间的剪切相互作用,大直径竖井与场地土层的接触面积较大,导致地震作用下结构与土层存在不可避免的剪切作用,分析中如果忽略其影响,将使结果产生偏差。
已有研究鲜有针对大直径竖井推导求解其动力响应解析解,综上,本文同时考虑了竖井结构自身剪切变形、场地土层剪切作用以及结构与场地之间切向剪力三种因素的影响,将场地土层与竖井结构分别简化为改进的Pasternak双参数地基与Timoshenko地基梁模型,通过Timoshenko梁模型模拟竖井结构体现竖井自身剪切变形,Pasternak双参数地基体现场地土层间的剪切作用,将结构与场地之间的切向剪力作用简化为转动弹簧与阻尼器,建立大直径竖井⁃土层动力相互作用系统分析模型,推导其在地震作用下的水平动力响应解析解。此外,对大直径竖井的水平振动特性进行了参数化分析,研究结论可为大直径竖井抗震设计提供一定参考依据。
图1所示为所研究大直径竖井在地震作用下水平动力响应简化计算模型,其中竖井在场地土层变形作用下产生动力响应。将竖井等效为Timoshenko梁,地基简化为Pasternak双参数地基,竖井周边地基土层对竖井的作用简化为体现法向作用的水平弹簧、体现剪切作用的扭转弹簧以及相应的阻尼器与剪切层。其中竖井侧向水平弹簧刚度系数、扭转弹簧刚度系数、水平阻尼系数和扭转阻尼系数分别为kxkθcxcθ,竖井底端边界位置的水平弹簧刚度系数、扭转弹簧系数、水平阻尼系数和扭转阻尼系数分别为KhKrChCrGs为土层的侧向剪切刚度,竖井埋深为Luzt)表示竖井沿深度位置某处随时间变化的位移响应。基于Timoshenko梁与Pasternak地基模型相关理论,得到竖井动力控制方程如下:
{κGA[θ(z,t)z-2u(z,t)z2]+ρ2u(z,t)t2-Gs2u(z,t)z2-kx[uff(z,t)-u(z,t)]-cx[uff(z,t)t-u(z,t)t]=0EI2θ(z,t)z2+κGA[u(z,t)z-θ(z,t)]-ρI2θ(z,t)t2+kθ[θff(z,t)-θ(z,t)]+cθ[θff(z,t)t-θ(z,t)t]=0
式中,uz,t)和θz,t)分别为竖井的水平位移和截面转角;uffz,t)和θffz,t)分别为地震作用下场地自由场位移响应和转角响应;EI为竖井的抗弯刚度,其中,E为弹性模量,I为竖井的截面惯性矩;GAκρ分别为竖井的剪切模量、横截面面积、剪力形状系数和竖井单位长度质量。
模型基本假定如下:
(1) 竖井结构为连续的、均匀的、各向同性的,截面为圆环形状;
(2) 竖井与土层交界面完全接触无滑移;
(3) 竖井顶部假设为自由表面,底部假设为土层弹性约束,在自由场变形下发生摇摆⁃弯曲耦合动力响应。
在地震作用下地基土层与竖井产生稳态简谐振动,其水平位移与截面转角可以分别表示为:
{u(z,t)=U(z)eiwtθ(z,t)=Θ(z)eiwt
{uff(z,t)=Uff(z)eiwtθff(z,t)=Θff(z)eiwt
其中,地震激励下土层自由场振动位移和转角表达式uffzt)和θffzt)可以进一步表示为[13]
{uff(z,t)=Uff0cos(wVsz)eiwtθff(z,t)=Uff0(-wVs)sin(wVsz)eiwt
式中,Uz)、Θz)、Uffz)和Θffz)分别为竖井水平位移、截面转角、场地自由场位移响应和转角响应的简谐幅值;Uff0为土层表面简谐位移幅值;w为圆频率;i为单位虚数;Vs为竖井周边场地土层的剪切波速,当考虑土层阻尼比ξ时,其可以表示为Vs*=Vs(1+2iξ)
将式(2)~(4)代入式(1)化简可得关于水平位移的函数表达式:
d4Udz4+[J2-MWM(J+Gs)-J+RM]2Uz2+[W(J+R)M(J+Gs)]U=[Mkx*+Jkθ*(J+Gs)M(wVs)2+(J+R)kx*(J+Gs)M]Uff0cos(wVsz)
式中,M=EIJ=κGAW=kx*-ρw2R=kθ*-ρIw2kx*=kx+iwcxkθ*=kθ+iwcθ。式(5)为4阶线性常系数微分方程,为简化表达,将其中的各项系数表示为:
{Ac=1Bc=J2-MWM(J+Gs)-J+RMCc=W(J+R)M(J+Gs)Dc=[Mkx*+Jkθ*(J+Gs)M(wVs)2+(J+R)kx*(J+Gs)M]Uff0
式(5)简化为:
Acd4Udz4+Bcd2Udz2+CcU=Dccos(wVsz)
频域内其通解可以表示为:
U(z,w)=C1er1z+C2er2z+C3er3z+C4er4z+Eccos(wVsz)
其中,r1r2r3r4分别为方程对应的4个特征根:
r1,2=±-Bc-Bc2-4AcCc2Ac
r3,4=±-Bc+Bc2-4AcCc2Ac
式中,C1C2C3C4为待定系数,与边界条件相关。Ec可以表示为:
Ec=DcCc-Bc(wVs)2+Ac(wVs)4
进一步,由式(1)化简可得截面转角的表达式为:
Θ(z,w)=kθ*J+RΘff(z)+JJ+RdU(z)dz+MJ+R[kx*JdUff(z)dz+J+GsJd3U(z)dz3-WJdU(z)dz]
由Timoshenko梁理论可进一步得到竖井的弯矩与剪力为:
M(z,w)=-EIdΘ(z,w)dz
Q(z,w)=κGA[dU(z,w)dz-Θ(z,w)]
考虑竖井边界条件计算待定系数,其中根据假设竖井顶部被视为自由端,竖井底部为跟随场地振动的弹性约束,可以表示为:
EIθz|z=0=0
κGA(uz-θ)|z=0=0
[Kr(θ-θff)+Cr(θ-θff)t+EIθz]|z=L=0
[Kh(u-uff)+Ch(u-uff)t-κGA(uz-θ)]|z=L=0
将式(8)和(12)代入式(15)~(18)中,可得到求4个待定系数C1C2C3C4的矩阵行列式为:
[A11A12A13A14A21A22A23A24A31A32A33A34A41A42A43A44][C1C2C3C4]=[F1F2F3F4]
其中:
A1i=MJ2-M2WJ(J+R)ri2+M2(J+Gs)J(J+R)ri4
A2i=[J-J2J+R+JMWJ(J+R)]ri-JM(J+Gs)J(J+R)ri3
A3i=[Kr*JJ+R-Kr*MWJ(J+R)]rieriL+MJ2-M2WJ(J+R)ri2eriL+Kr*M(J+Gs)J(J+R)ri3eriL+M2(J+Gs)J(J+R)ri4eriL
A4i=Kh*eriL-[J-J2J+R+JMWJ(J+R)]rieriL+JM(J+Gs)J(J+R)ri3eriL;i=1,2,3,4
F1=Mkθ*J+M2kx*(J+R)JUff0(wVs)2+MJ2-M2W(J+R)JEc(wVs)2-M2(J+Gs)(J+R)JEc(wVs)4
F2=0
F3=[kθ*Kr*J+Kr*Mkx*(J+R)J-Kr*]Uff0(wVs)sin(wVsL)+Kr*J2-Kr*MW(J+R)JEc(wVs)sin(wVsL)-Kr*M(J+Gs)(J+R)JEc(wVs)3sin(wVsL)+Mkθ*J+M2kx*(J+R)JUff0(wVs)2cos(wVsL)+MJ2-M2W(J+R)JEc(wVs)2cos(wVsL)-M2(J+Gs)(J+R)JEc(wVs)4cos(wVsL)
F4=Kh*(Uff0-Ec)cos(wVsL)-JEc(wVs)sin(wVsL)+Jkθ*J+RUff0(wVs)sin(wVsL)+J2J+REc(wVs)sin(wVsL)+JMkx*(J+R)JUff0(wVs)sin(wVsL)-JM(J+Gs)(J+R)JEc(wVs)3sin(wVsL)-JMW(J+R)JEc(wVs)sin(wVsL)
式中,Kr*为竖井底部复扭转刚度;Kh*为竖井底部复剪切刚度。
地震激励下场地自由场响应可由快速傅里叶变换(FFT)转换为频域计算求得,联立边界条件可以求得4个待定系数C1C2C3C4,最后即可依次得到频域下竖井沿深度位置的水平位移、转角、弯矩与剪力幅值,可以再由快速逆傅里叶变换(iFFT)转换到时域中。需要强调的是,本文解析解适用于水平地震作用下,均质场地中需要考虑土层与结构切向相互作用时的地震响应求解,对竖井结构的参数无具体要求。
在本文计算模型中,通过在竖井与土层之间建立扭转土弹簧与阻尼器来体现水平地震作用下场地土层与竖井的相互作用,具体体现为扭转弹簧刚度系数与扭转阻尼系数kθcθ,两者用于模拟土层对竖井的剪切作用和能量耗散,在频域范围内形成复刚度。在竖井径深比较大的情况下,竖井与土层之间接触面积相对较大,使得土层对竖井的切向相互作用增加,此时场地土层切向剪力作用成为一个关键因素,会对竖井结构的变形和内力产生影响。
本文简化模型中使用的场地土弹簧参数取值反映了土⁃结构相互作用,其取值直接影响是否可以如实反映工程实践问题。本文模型中4种弹簧阻尼参数采用GEROLYMOS等[13]针对沉井基础所提出的公式。
侧向水平弹簧刚度系数表达式为:
kx=(Itwχemb-1L)2.02EsD(2-γs)(1-γs)
式中,Esγs分别为场地土层的弹性模量与泊松比;D为竖井的外径;Itw为竖井的水平基床系数,χemb为动力系数,分别为:
Itw=1+0.21(LD)0.5+1.43(LD)0.8+0.3(LD)1.3
χemb=1+(wD2Vs)(LD)×[(0.08-0074LD)(wD2Vs)2-(0.31-0.0416LD)(wD2Vs)-0.442LD+0.14]
地基剪切刚度取值公式为:
Gsλkx
式中,λ为地基剪切系数比,当λ=0时可以退化为Winkler地基。FWA等[22]建议地基剪切系数比取值范围为0.35~0.55,本文如无特殊说明,取λ=0.45
侧向水平阻尼系数的表达式为:
cx=(2+2.161-γs)Es1+γs(D2Vs)
侧向扭转弹簧刚度系数的表达式为:
kθ=(Γw-1)(1-0.3a0)L0.16EsD3(1-γs)(1+γs)-13L2(Itwχemb-1)L2.02EsD(2-γs)(1+γs)
式中,a0=WD/2VsΓw为竖井的摇摆基床系数,其表达式为:
Γw=1+2.25(LD)0.6+7.01(LD)2.5
侧向扭转阻尼系数的表达式为:
cθ={[(23+0.721-γs)L2+12D2]Es1+γs[0.25+0.65(LD)-0.25wD2Vs]-13L2(2+2.161-γs)Es(1+γs)}(D2Vs)
竖井底部弹性约束中的水平弹簧刚度系数、水平阻尼系数、扭转弹簧刚度系数和扭转阻尼系数分别可以表示为:
Kh=2.02EsD(2-γs)(1-γs)
Ch=0.79EsD1+γs(D2Vs)
Kr=0.16EsD3(1-γs)(1-γs)(1-0.3wD2Vs)
Cr=0.05EsD3(1-γs)(1+γs)(D2Vs)
为了验证本文解析解的正确性,将本文解析解与有限元数值模拟解进行对比。如图1简化模型所示,在ABAQUS中建立B31梁单元模拟竖井结构,网格划分尺寸为1 m,在竖井结构左侧建立一列与结构单元结点平行的地基结点,单元结点与地基结点之间使用水平弹簧、扭转弹簧及对应的阻尼器相连,设置竖井顶部为自由边界条件,底部同样与地基结点使用水平弹簧、扭转弹簧及对应的阻尼器相连,以此模拟底部弹性约束的边界条件。将计算得到的地震作用下自由场位移时程输入地基结点,建立动力隐式分析步进行计算。验证工况参数如下:竖井深度L=60 m、外径D=10 m、内径d=8 m、密度ρ=2500 kg/m3、弹性模量Ec=34.5×109 Pa、泊松比ε=0.2、剪力形状系数取值κ=0.53。场地土层弹性模量Es=90×106 Pa、密度ρs=1900 kg/m3、泊松比εs=0.35、土层阻尼比ξ=0.05、地基剪切刚度Gs取为0。为了方便验证,与频率相关的侧向水平弹簧刚度系数、侧向扭转弹簧刚度系数、侧向扭转阻尼系数及底部弹性约束中的扭转弹簧刚度系数取为常数,分别为:kx=2.5×108 N/m、kθ=1×1011 N/m、cθ=1×1010 N·s/m、Kr=3×1010 N/m,其余参数使用文中公式进行计算求得。
本文对竖井深度z=30 m位置处的水平位移、截面转角、弯矩与剪力进行计算验证,地震动选用1992年的Landers波和1995年的Kobe波,其位移时程曲线与相应傅里叶谱如图2图3所示。图4图5分别为两种地震动下本文解析解与有限元数值模拟解时程对比验证情况,图6为Landers波下竖井响应功率谱对比验证,可以看出,二者对比吻合较好,验证了本文解析解的正确性。值得一提的是,本文解析解的计算效率高于数值解,具有计算简便、物理概念清晰的优点。
在验证了所推导解析解正确的基础上,本节对竖井长径比、竖井内外径比、竖井与场地弹性模量比值和竖井底部边界条件对竖井沿深度方向峰值变形与峰值内力影响进行参数分析。为了保证分析结果可靠,分别选取具有不同频谱成分的地震动Kobe波与ChiChi波作为输入激励进行计算,在计算过程中将其一致调幅为0.3447g图3图7分别为Kobe波与ChiChi波的位移时程曲线与傅里叶幅值谱,图8对比了两种输入地震动的加速度反应谱。
竖井长径比是表征竖井结构尺寸的重要参数之一,本节采用所提出基于Timoshenko梁理论竖井水平地震响应解析解分析了竖井长径比L/D对竖井地震响应的影响。保持竖井埋深为60 m,分别取竖井外径D=20,10,6 m进行计算,研究竖井长径比L/D=3,6,10时竖井结构水平位移与内力的变化规律。参数化分析部分场地土弹簧参数取值均采用1.3节中的公式进行计算,剪力形状系数使用公式κ=(1+ε)/(2+ε)进行计算[23],其余参数与验证工况一致。图910分别为Kobe波与ChiChi波输入时,不同长径比下竖井位移与内力响应峰值沿竖井深度变化曲线。
可以看出,计算得到的竖井位移响应最大值位于竖井顶端,长径比对竖井位移峰值响应的影响明显。当长径比L/D=3时,两种地震激励下竖井顶部位移与底部位移最大值均大于其他两种工况,且在ChiChi波激励下其位移曲线较为平滑,近似于刚体变形,这是因为长径比较小的竖井纵向抗弯刚度较大,在土层变形作用下不容易产生较大的弯曲变形,在场地土层变形作用下更容易产生刚体变形。从弯矩图与剪力图中可以得出,随着竖井长径比减小,结构沿深度方向峰值内力呈现增大趋势,长径比为L/D=3的竖井内力远大于其余两者,在场地深度为z=45 m左右处,长径比为L/D=3的竖井弯矩值与其余两者差异达到最大,原因是其外径增加导致抗弯刚度增大,使得与自由场土层位移差增大,竖井产生较大的弯矩与剪力。图9(c)中,长径比为L/D=3的竖井剪力响应峰值达到0.2 kN,且在底部位置处仍具有一定的剪力值,这是由于场地弹性土层与竖井底部产生位移差,形成剪力作用。综上所述,在弹性土层场地下应设置合适的竖井长径比,以减小结构在地震作用下的内力响应。
由于实际工程中竖井结构衬砌厚度和衬砌内外径不同,为统一研究竖井内外径和衬砌厚度的影响,本节采用竖井内外径比d/D指标来研究其对竖井地震响应影响,如图1112所示。设置竖井外径为15 m保持不变,分别选取竖井壁厚为3、1.5和0.75 m,使得内外径比分别为d/D=0.6,0.8,0.9进行计算,其余参数与验证工况一致。
图11(a)12(a)可见,地震作用下竖井结构内外径比变化对其位移响应在数值上的影响并不显著。随着内外径比d/D的逐渐增大,竖井沿深度方向峰值内力响应会减小。在Kobe波地震激励下,d/D=0.9工况时竖井沿深度弯矩最大值较d/D=0.6时减小约50%,变化较明显。在两种地震激励下,剪力峰值响应同样呈现出相似规律,这可能是因为在本计算工况取值中,随着竖井内外径比的增大,竖井横截面抗弯刚度减小,使得竖井与土层的土⁃结相对刚度减小,竖井结构变形与自由场变形趋于一致,从而降低竖井沿深度方向的峰值内力响应。
为分析竖井结构与场地土层弹性模量比值Ec/Es对竖井结构位移响应、弯矩响应和剪力响应的影响,分别取Ec/Es=100,300,500进行计算,图1314为两种地震动作用下竖井峰值位移与内力地震响应沿竖井深度变化图。
图13(a)14(a)可以看出,随着Ec/Es比值的增大,竖井位移峰值响应呈现减小趋势,并且在ChiChi波作用下,随着竖井深度增加,不同弹性模量比值之间位移响应差异逐渐增大,在竖井底部差值达到最大,两种地震激励下竖井底部位置处Ec/Es=100工况比Ec/Es=500工况位移响应增大约0.01 m。这是因为竖井结构与场地土层的相对刚度会对竖井响应产生较大影响,地下结构地震响应主要由土⁃结相对刚度控制,当竖井结构与场地土层相对刚度较小时,竖井自身变形跟随场地土层变形,随着竖井刚度的增大,竖井变形会与场地土层变形产生差异。由于竖井顶部为自由端跟随场地顶部土层产生位移,因此,竖井顶部地震响应差异不大,且与自由场土层位移一致。但不同弹性模量比值下竖井底部位移响应差异较明显。图13(b)、(c)14(b)、(c)反映出,随着Ec/Es增大,竖井沿深度内力峰值响应逐渐增大,两种地震动激励下,弹性模量比值Ec/Es=500的峰值内力约为Ec/Es=300的两倍。这是因为竖井结构与场地土层弹性模量比值增大,说明竖井刚度相对于土层刚度增加,使得同深度位置处的竖井与自由场土层间的位移差增大,使得竖井内力峰值响应增大。
为了进一步分析竖井底部场地边界条件对竖井地震响应的影响,本节通过改变模型底部边界条件为固定端边界来模拟竖井底部嵌岩的工况,原模型弹性约束边界则对应于弹性土层工况,其中固定端边界条件的解析表达式为:
二者中的竖井和场地物理性质参数与验证工况保持一致进行计算,图1516为两种地震动作用下竖井峰值地震响应。
图15(a)16(a)中可以看出,弹性土层地基下的竖井位移响应比嵌岩型地基大,在两种地震动激励下二者差异在竖井底端达到最大值,嵌岩型竖井底部位移响应为0,符合边界假设。由图15(b)16(b)可知,在靠近底部位置时,嵌岩型竖井的弯矩峰值响应远大于弹性土层地基,在Kobe波激励下,z=60 m位置处的固端边界弯矩峰值达到6×106 kN·m,而底部弹性边界下竖井弯矩值几乎为0。这是由于嵌岩型竖井底部固定边界条件限制了竖井底部跟随自由场土层产生变形,使得竖井发生较大的弯曲变形并在底部达到弯矩响应最大值。此外,在剪力响应图中可以发现,嵌岩型竖井的剪力响应显著大于底部弹性边界竖井,这是因为弹性地基的竖井可以发生较大的变形,从而减小剪切力的传递,同时,底部为固定端约束,使得剪力从上至下传递,导致剪力响应较大。
本文基于Timoshenko梁理论,建立了考虑土层切向剪力作用的大直径竖井⁃土层动力相互作用系统分析模型,其中竖井结构与场地土层的动力相互作用被简化为考虑土层与结构剪力作用的扭转弹簧以及土层间剪切作用效应的Pasternak双参数地基模型,推导了地震作用下竖井结构水平地震响应解析解。所提解析解相对数值模拟计算具有计算效率高、物理模型清晰的优点。使用所推导的理论解针对竖井长径比、竖井内外径比、竖井与场地弹性模量比值和竖井底部边界条件对竖井沿深度方向峰值变形与峰值内力的影响进行了参数分析,得到如下结论:
(1) 长径比对竖井位移峰值响应的影响不明显,当长径比较小时,竖井响应倾向于刚体变形,且随着竖井长径比减小,结构沿深度方向峰值内力响应会呈现增大趋势。
(2) 竖井结构内外径比的变化对位移响应的影响可以忽略不计。随着内外径比的逐渐增大,竖井沿深度方向峰值内力响应会减小,说明当内外径比增大时,竖井刚度减少,竖井变形与自由场变形差异减小。
(3) 随着竖井与场地弹性模量比值的增大,竖井沿深度方向大部分位移响应会呈现减小趋势,而竖井沿深度方向内力峰值响应逐渐增大。
(4) 竖井底部位于弹性地基时,竖井位移响应比嵌岩型地基大,嵌岩型竖井底部位置的弯矩峰值响应较大,沿竖井深度方向嵌岩型地基下的剪力响应显著大于弹性地基条件下竖井剪力响应。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004305)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52308477)
  • 国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(52220105011)
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划项目(GZB20240050)
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2025年第38卷第10期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307051
  • 接收时间:2023-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-18
  • 修回日期:2023-11-20
基金
“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004305)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52308477)
国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(52220105011)
国家资助博士后研究人员计划项目(GZB20240050)
作者信息
    1.北京工业大学建筑工程学院,北京 100124;
    2.北京工业大学城市与工程安全减灾教育部重点实验室,北京 100124;
    3.同济大学土木工程学院,上海 200092;
    4.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092

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杜修力(1962―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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