Article(id=1225751359031526330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202409052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727193600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-25, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770171497352, onlineDateStr=2026-02-04, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770171497352, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770171497352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770171497352, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1225751351125263080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='10', pageStart='2205', pageEnd='2462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770171495466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774228911890, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2442, endPage=2451, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225751359283184590, articleId=1225751359031526330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Dynamic sub‑structure method for longitudinal seismic response of a shield tunnel crossing soft‑hard interlayered sites, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the basic concept of the generalized response displacement method, a dynamic sub-structure analysis method suitable for the longitudinal seismic response of a shield tunnel crossing longitudinally uneven sites is proposed. An explicit parallel calculation model of the longitudinal uneven free field and a three-dimensional (3D) refined explicit parallel calculation model of the surrounding rock-shield tunnel system are established by using the newly proposed sub-structure analysis method. The real-time transmission of dynamic deformation between the two models on the boundary is achieved through the sub-structure method. The free-field seismic wave at the buried depth of the tunnel is transformed into the equivalent earthquake action of the surrounding rock-shield tunnel sub-structure model. Compared with the traditional beam-spring model, the model method in this paper can achieve the 3D refined simulation of the surrounding rock-tunnel system and the longitudinal non-uniform ground motion input along the tunnel caused by the site seismic effect. The reliability of the model method in this paper is verified by comparing it with the calculation results of the 3D refined analysis model of the shield tunnel. The results show that the model method in this paper has a clear concept, simple modeling, low calculation cost and small differences in results, which can fully reflect the longitudinal seismic response of shield tunnel crossing longitudinal uneven sites. It provides a more efficient analysis method for the longitudinal seismic design of shield tunnels crossing longitudinal uneven sites with soft-hard connected media.

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基于广义反应位移法基本理念,提出了适用于纵向不均匀场地盾构隧道纵向地震反应的动力子结构分析方法。采用提出的子结构分析方法建立了纵向不均匀自由场地震反应显式平行计算模型和围岩‑盾构隧道体系地震反应三维精细化显式平行计算模型。通过子结构方法实现两者在边界上动变形的实时传输,将隧道埋深位置处的自由场地震波动转化为围岩‑盾构隧道子结构模型的等效地震作用。与传统梁‑弹簧模型相比,本文模型方法可以实现围岩‑隧道体系的三维精细化模拟和沿隧道纵向非一致性地震动输入。通过与盾构隧道三维精细化分析模型的计算结果进行对比分析,验证了本文模型方法的可靠性。结果表明:本文模型方法概念明确、建模简单、计算成本低、结果误差性小,能够全面反映穿越纵向不均匀场地盾构隧道纵向地震反应特征,为软硬交互纵向不均匀场地盾构隧道纵向抗震设计提供更为高效的分析方法。

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赵凯(1982―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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李孝雄(1992―),男,博士。E-mail:

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李孝雄(1992―),男,博士。E-mail:

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李孝雄(1992―),男,博士。E-mail:

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Journal of the China Railway Society2022,44(2): 117-125., articleTitle=Study on earthquake behavior characteristics of longitudinal joint of shield tunnel based on submodeling method, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225751374277821028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359031526330, awardId=52378347; 52378397; 52168044, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378347; 52378397; 52168044), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225751363896918181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359031526330, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225751363905306790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359031526330, companyId=1225751363896918181, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China), 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Parameters of the constitutive model for soils

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土层剪切波速/(m·s-1)Davidenkov本构模型参数
ABγ0
细砂1821.100.376.5×10-4
中粗砂3431.200.377.4×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1225751373384434248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359031526330, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土层本构模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层剪切波速/(m·s-1)Davidenkov本构模型参数
ABγ0
细砂1821.100.376.5×10-4
中粗砂3431.200.377.4×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1225751373510263371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359031526330, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Parameters of the concrete material model

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参数数值参数数值
弹性模量Ec/GPa36膨胀角Ψ/(°)38.0
泊松比μ0.2偏心率δ0.1
初始屈服应力σco/MPa33.27fbo/fco1.16
抗压强度σcu/MPa47.57Kc2/3
抗拉强度σtu/MPa3.88黏性系数u0.0005
), ArticleFig(id=1225751373648675406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359031526330, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

混凝土材料模型参数

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参数数值参数数值
弹性模量Ec/GPa36膨胀角Ψ/(°)38.0
泊松比μ0.2偏心率δ0.1
初始屈服应力σco/MPa33.27fbo/fco1.16
抗压强度σcu/MPa47.57Kc2/3
抗拉强度σtu/MPa3.88黏性系数u0.0005
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Physical and mechanical parameters of the connecting bolt

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参数数值
直径d0/mm40
长度l0/mm648
弹性模量Es/GPa206
抗拉刚度/(kN·m-1)432
抗剪切应力/GPa1.09
弹塑性刚度比α0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1225751373896139349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359031526330, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

连接螺栓的物理力学参数

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参数数值
直径d0/mm40
长度l0/mm648
弹性模量Es/GPa206
抗拉刚度/(kN·m-1)432
抗剪切应力/GPa1.09
弹塑性刚度比α0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1225751374013579866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359031526330, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Structural parameters of shield tunnel

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参数数值
外径D=12 m外径D=15 m
内径d/m10.813.8
每节长度/m22
纵向螺栓数量2238
环向螺栓数量3×83×10
管片拼装5+2+17+2+1
), ArticleFig(id=1225751374126826078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751359031526330, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

盾构隧道结构参数

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参数数值
外径D=12 m外径D=15 m
内径d/m10.813.8
每节长度/m22
纵向螺栓数量2238
环向螺栓数量3×83×10
管片拼装5+2+17+2+1
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软硬交互场地盾构隧道纵向地震反应动力子结构法
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李孝雄 1 , 庄海洋 1, 2 , 赵荣华 1 , 赵凯 1 , 陈国兴 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(10): 2442-2451
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(10): 2442-2451
软硬交互场地盾构隧道纵向地震反应动力子结构法
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李孝雄1 , 庄海洋1, 2, 赵荣华1, 赵凯1 , 陈国兴1
作者信息
  • 1.南京工业大学岩土工程研究所,江苏 南京 210009;
  • 2.华东交通大学土木建筑学院,江西 南昌 330013
  • 李孝雄(1992―),男,博士。E-mail:

通讯作者:

赵凯(1982―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Dynamic sub‑structure method for longitudinal seismic response of a shield tunnel crossing soft‑hard interlayered sites
Xiaoxiong LI1 , Haiyang ZHUANG1, 2, Ronghua ZHAO1, Kai ZHAO1 , Guoxing CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202409052
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基于广义反应位移法基本理念,提出了适用于纵向不均匀场地盾构隧道纵向地震反应的动力子结构分析方法。采用提出的子结构分析方法建立了纵向不均匀自由场地震反应显式平行计算模型和围岩‑盾构隧道体系地震反应三维精细化显式平行计算模型。通过子结构方法实现两者在边界上动变形的实时传输,将隧道埋深位置处的自由场地震波动转化为围岩‑盾构隧道子结构模型的等效地震作用。与传统梁‑弹簧模型相比,本文模型方法可以实现围岩‑隧道体系的三维精细化模拟和沿隧道纵向非一致性地震动输入。通过与盾构隧道三维精细化分析模型的计算结果进行对比分析,验证了本文模型方法的可靠性。结果表明:本文模型方法概念明确、建模简单、计算成本低、结果误差性小,能够全面反映穿越纵向不均匀场地盾构隧道纵向地震反应特征,为软硬交互纵向不均匀场地盾构隧道纵向抗震设计提供更为高效的分析方法。

纵向不均匀场地  /  大直径盾构隧道  /  纵向地震反应  /  动力子结构法  /  地震震害

Based on the basic concept of the generalized response displacement method, a dynamic sub-structure analysis method suitable for the longitudinal seismic response of a shield tunnel crossing longitudinally uneven sites is proposed. An explicit parallel calculation model of the longitudinal uneven free field and a three-dimensional (3D) refined explicit parallel calculation model of the surrounding rock-shield tunnel system are established by using the newly proposed sub-structure analysis method. The real-time transmission of dynamic deformation between the two models on the boundary is achieved through the sub-structure method. The free-field seismic wave at the buried depth of the tunnel is transformed into the equivalent earthquake action of the surrounding rock-shield tunnel sub-structure model. Compared with the traditional beam-spring model, the model method in this paper can achieve the 3D refined simulation of the surrounding rock-tunnel system and the longitudinal non-uniform ground motion input along the tunnel caused by the site seismic effect. The reliability of the model method in this paper is verified by comparing it with the calculation results of the 3D refined analysis model of the shield tunnel. The results show that the model method in this paper has a clear concept, simple modeling, low calculation cost and small differences in results, which can fully reflect the longitudinal seismic response of shield tunnel crossing longitudinal uneven sites. It provides a more efficient analysis method for the longitudinal seismic design of shield tunnels crossing longitudinal uneven sites with soft-hard connected media.

longitudinal uneven sites  /  large-diameter shield tunnel  /  longitudinal seismic response  /  dynamic sub-structure method  /  earthquake damage
李孝雄, 庄海洋, 赵荣华, 赵凯, 陈国兴. 软硬交互场地盾构隧道纵向地震反应动力子结构法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2442 -2451 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202409052
Xiaoxiong LI, Haiyang ZHUANG, Ronghua ZHAO, Kai ZHAO, Guoxing CHEN. Dynamic sub‑structure method for longitudinal seismic response of a shield tunnel crossing soft‑hard interlayered sites[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2442 -2451 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202409052
随着城市轨道交通的快速发展和沿江沿海城市群的协调发展,盾构隧道已成为了现代化交通设施的主要组成部分[12]。通常认为,与地面工程结构相比,隧道衬砌完全埋置于岩石或土层中,遭遇的震害较小[3]。然而,2008年汶川地震震害调查显示,多条隧道遭受了不同程度的破坏,软硬交界地质地段是隧道震害的主要发生区段,且该位置处出现管片错台、局部破损、螺栓拉坏和渗水等震害[4]。盾构隧道作为一种嵌入长线型结构,衬砌结构的相对柔性可以保证隧道与周围地层协调变形。然而,鉴于软硬土层在刚度和天然重度等力学参数上存在着较大差异,在强烈地震动作用下会产生差异位移和加速度等动力响应,十分有必要阐明这种场地条件下盾构隧道的地震反应机理。
频发的地下结构震害使隧道结构抗震研究成为地震工程领域的重要研究内容。长大盾构隧道地震反应主要受控于沿隧道纵向的地震动非一致性和围岩‑隧道动力相互作用。目前,隧道结构纵向地震反应分析方法从力学特性上可分为动力时程法和拟静力法[5]。动力时程法能够有效模拟土‑结动力相互作用[6]。然而该方法计算量大、耗时,在设计阶段进行参数敏感性分析比较困难。鉴于此,分析过程相对简单、计算工作量小的拟静力法得到了广泛应用。常用的盾构隧道纵向拟静力法可分为自由场变形法和反应位移法[7]。反应位移法以自由场地层变形、地层剪应力或结构惯性力作为地震等效荷载,将隧道‑围岩体系简化为梁‑弹簧模型,采用地基弹簧来模拟结构与地层之间的相互作用。该方法得到了众多学者的青睐与推广[812],并应用于《城市轨道交通结构抗震设计规范》(GB 50909―2014)和《地下结构抗震设计标准》(GB/T 51336―2018)。反应位移法应用于盾构隧道纵向地震反应研究时,地层弹簧和自由场位移时程加载点数量极大,过程十分繁琐。鉴于此,刘晶波等[1314]在反应位移法的基础上提出了整体式反应位移法,避免了求解地基系数,但该方法仍属于拟静力法,难以模拟结构动力响应特性,无法体现盾构隧道管片循环累积损伤。相较于地下结构横向抗震问题研究的丰硕成果,针对隧道的纵向抗震问题,特别是针对盾构隧道纵向抗震分析方法的研究相对较少,同时中国现行规范[8]中涉及隧道结构纵向抗震分析的内容也不多。因此,迫切需要提出一种计算精度高、模型设置简单、计算成本低和反映结构全面震害的盾构隧道纵向地震反应计算方法。
鉴于以上原因,本文提出了软硬交互纵向不均匀场地盾构隧道纵向地震反应分析的子结构法,通过该方法实现子结构模型和整体模型在对应边界上动力变形的实时传输,将隧道埋深位置处的自由场地震波动转化为围岩‑盾构隧道子结构模型的等效地震作用。并与三维精细化整体分析模型进行对比,验证该子结构分析方法的可靠性。
以苏通综合GIL管廊为工程背景,该工程位于长江中下游,场地土层空间分布极其不均匀,不同土层之间交替沉积,软硬交互分布特征显著。本文模型方法主要研究穿越软硬交互地层的盾构隧道地震反应,为提高计算效率和消除模型边界效应影响,仅选取场地纵向500 m范围作为研究对象,建立纵向不均匀自由场模型,选取位置如图1所示。盾构隧道外径为11.6 m,内径为10.5 m,每节管片长度为2 m。环缝由22根M44的10.9级螺栓连接,纵缝由3根M36螺栓连接。管环采用了“5+2+1”拼接方式,管片混凝土强度等级为C60。
盾构隧道作为一种细长线型结构,其地震反应主要受周围地层运动空间变化的控制,而结构自身的惯性力影响较小。借鉴广义反应位移法思想[101314],将软硬交互纵向不均匀场地中盾构隧道动力系统分解为自由场整体地震反应显式平行计算模型和围岩‑盾构隧道体系地震反应三维精细化显式平行计算模型。通过ABAQUS软件的子结构技术,实现两者在边界上动变形的实时传输,将隧道埋深位置处的自由场地震波动转化为局部围岩‑盾构隧道相互作用精细化模型的等效地震作用。模型方法示意图如图2所示,基本计算步骤如下:
(1) 求解纵向不均匀自由场地震反应显式平行计算整体模型(以下简称自由场整体模型)。自由场整体模型纵向(X方向)500 m、竖向(Y方向)70 m。软硬地层交界面位于模型X向中间位置处,地层由细砂、中粗砂组成。约束整体模型Z方向位移的自由度,使之成为一个“有厚度的平面应变问题”。模型两侧和底部采用黏弹性人工边界,显式求解其地震反应。
(2) 建立围岩‑隧道三维精细化子结构模型(以下简称围岩‑隧道子结构模型)。围岩‑隧道子结构模型中环向和纵向管片均通过螺栓连接,管片错缝拼装,且不考虑螺栓与管片之间的分离和滑移。隧道外侧设置围岩,沿隧道纵向围岩类型划分与自由场中结构埋深位置处相同。围岩的建立能够准确有效地模拟土‑结相互作用,避免了大量地基弹簧的设置。为了保证环向刚度一致和网格划分质量,围岩几何形状设为环状,厚度取隧道外径的0.5倍。管片‑管片、管片‑围岩之间采用竖向硬接触、切向摩擦接触,摩擦系数分别为0.5[15]、0.4[16]。此外,为了吸收土‑结构界面的外行散射波,在围岩外侧设置无限边界单元。
(3) 在界面S上实时传输整体模型的动变形至子结构模型。为了实现自由场整体模型和围岩‑隧道子结构模型在边界上动变形的实时传输,将围岩‑隧道子结构模型空间位置与自由场整体模型中隧道埋深位置保持一致,并设为边界节点传输。节点位移传输避免了传统梁‑弹簧模型中土层位移时程的提取与加载。为了提高计算效率,步骤(1)自由场整体模型仅输出界面S附近各节点的位移时程。
(4) 开展围岩‑隧道子结构模型地震反应分析。步骤(1)中自由场整体模型界面S位移通过步骤(3)中的子结构方法加载到步骤(2)的围岩‑隧道子结构模型界面S,将隧道埋深位置处的自由场地震波动转化为围岩‑隧道子结构模型的等效地震作用,开展盾构隧道纵向地震反应研究。
该模型方法以广义反应位移法基本理念为基础,并结合动力子结构方法,考虑了隧道‑围岩动力相互作用,避免了广义反应位移法中由地基弹簧的确定和使用带来的额外工作量和计算误差。同时,分析结果输出了全域管片三维损伤云图和错台现象,多尺度呈现纵向不均匀场地盾构隧道典型震害。该方法克服了传统拟静力法的不足,为软硬交互纵向不均匀场地盾构隧道纵向抗震设计提供了分析方法。
为考虑土体的非线性动力特性,选用赵丁凤等[17]考虑三维应力空间中不规则加、卸载的广义Non‑Masing法则构造的Davidenkov本构模型(DCZ模型)来描述土体的动力非线性和滞回性,如图3所示。
(1) 初始骨架曲线的表达式为:
τ=Gγ=Gmaxγ[1-H(γ)]
其中:
H(γ)=[(γ/γ0)2B1+(γ/γ0)2B]A
式中,γγ0分别为剪应变幅值和土的参考剪应变;G为剪切模量;Gmax为土体最大剪切模量;τ为剪应力;H为刚度退化因子;AB为土性相关的无量纲常数。
(2) 应变反转后,应力‑应变路径将沿下式定义的滞回曲线前行,并指向记录到的应变最值点:
τ-τc=Gmax(γ-γc)[1-H(|γ-γc|2nc)]
其中:
(2ncγr)2B=(γex±γc)2B(1-RR)
R=[1-τex±τcGmax(γex±γc)]1A
式中,γr为参考剪应变;τcγc分别为加、卸载转折点处的剪应力和剪应变;τexγex分别为历史上的最大剪应力和剪应变;nc为滞回圈比例系数。不规则加载‑卸载期间,滞回圈向上弯曲时“±”取正、向下弯曲时取负,(γexτex)为应变‑应力历史最值点,(γcτc)为应变‑应力拐点。
(3) 当滞回曲线与骨架曲线重叠时,后续应变路径将沿骨架曲线移动至下一个应变反转点。
土层本构模型主要拟合参数如表1所示。ABγ0均由室内试验得到的G/Gmaxλ曲线进行标定。各类土模量比G/Gmax、阻尼比λ与剪应变幅值γ的关系曲线如图4所示。
管片混凝土强度为C60,弹性模量为36 GPa,泊松比为0.2,其动力本构采用了混凝土损伤塑性模型(concrete damaged plasticity,CDP)[8],并根据《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB50010―2010)确定了混凝土拉、压损伤参数,模型参数如表2所示。
“管片+接头”非连续结构形式导致盾构隧道纵向变形行为具有状态非线性特征。本文模型考虑了管片间的环缝和纵缝。接缝面受拉区由连接螺栓承担全部拉力,受压区由管片混凝土承担全部压力。盾构隧道纵向弯曲变形时,假设结构环向横截面变形符合平截面和小变形假定,环向横截面的受拉和受压均呈三角形分布。上述力的分布形式导致结构纵缝产生剪应力,且该剪应力由环向连接螺栓承担,如图5所示。
螺栓应力‑应变曲线为:
δy=fyl0Eb
δu=(fyEb+fm-fyαEb)l0
式中,δy为弹性极限变形;δu为极限位移;fy为螺栓屈服应力;fm为螺栓极限应力;l0为螺栓长度;Eb为螺栓弹性模量;α为弹塑性刚度比。
纵向与环向螺栓的基本物理力学参数如表3所示。模型中未考虑螺栓的初始应力和施工中壁后注浆的影响。
本文选取Kobe波、绵竹清平波(MZQP波)和什邡八角波(SFBJ波)作为基岩输入地震波。Kobe波是神户海洋气象台在1995年日本阪神地震(矩震级Mw7.3级)中记录的基岩强震记录。MZQP波和SFBJ波是2008年汶川地震中记录的近场地震波。三条地震波的加速度时程曲线及其傅氏谱如图6所示。根据文献[18]对地震动的分类:①PGA/PGV>1.2,属于高频波;②0.8<PGA/PGV<1.2,属于中频波;③PGA/PGV<0.8,属于低频波。文中MZQP波PGA/PGV=1.22,属于高频波;Kobe波PGA/PGV=0.918,属于中频波;SFBJ波PGA/PGV=0.508,属于低频波。故本文所选地震动覆盖高、中、低3个频率。现有研究表明[19],盾构隧道在小震作用下不易产生结构损坏。因此,本文仅研究0.30g地震动强度,且仅考虑水平方向输入地震动。
为了充分验证本文模型方法对不同尺寸盾构隧道的适用性,选取了12和15 m大直径盾构隧道作为研究对象,具体参数如表4所示。
建立软硬交互纵向不均匀场地盾构隧道地震反应三维精细化分析模型(以下简称三维精细化模型)来验证本文模型方法的可靠性。土体单元网格的大小会影响到计算稳定性,根据KUHLEMEYER等[20]的研究,在剪切波传播方向上土体网格的最大尺寸hmax可以通过下式计算:
hmax=(11018)Vsfmax
式中,fmax为截断频率;Vs为土层中的最小剪切波速。在本研究中,截断频率设定为25 Hz。基于计算得出的结果,土体单元尺寸范围为0.7~1.8 m。
为了平衡计算效率与稳定性,在有限元模型中,对远离结构的区域采用2 m的网格尺寸,接近结构的区域则采用1 m的网格尺寸。与此同时,在两者之间设置了过渡网格,网格尺寸在1~2 m之间,以实现更平滑的过渡和更精确的模拟。模型场地四周边界设置黏弹性人工边界条件,三维精细化模型计算参数均与上文围岩‑隧道子结构模型保持一致。三维精细化模型如图7所示。
震后灾害调查发现,螺栓的柔性连接影响盾构隧道衬砌结构的整体性,在地震作用下管片接头易产生较大的张开量[7]。鉴于此,文中以纵向相邻管片张开量作为评价盾构隧道抗震性能的指标。图8给出了不同直径盾构隧道相邻环缝张开量的变化曲线。
图8可知,本文子结构模型纵向张开量变化曲线与三维精细化模型计算结果具有较好的一致性,且细砂段隧道张开量远大于中粗砂段。D=12 m、D=15 m子结构模型纵向张开量极值与三维精细化模型分别相差0.07、0.78 mm。D=12 m工况下两种模型的极值点位置仅差2 m。因此,对于不同直径隧道而言,本文模型方法能够较为合理地考虑软硬交互纵向不均匀场地地震效应和土与隧道结构的动力相互作用对盾构隧道结构纵向地震反应的影响。
图9给出了在不同地震波作用下D=12 m盾构隧道三维精细化模型与子结构模型纵向张开量的变化曲线。在不同地震波作用下,两者具有较好的一致性。在MZQP波、SFBJ波、Kobe波作用下,两种模型张开量极值仅相差0.27、0.38、0.07 mm,极值点均在软硬地层交界位置附近软土段。SFBJ波作用下中粗砂(250~500 m)段两种模型计算结果与其他位置相比差异性较为明显,但该工况下张开量较大位置段(0~250 m)两种模型差异性较小。对于盾构隧道结构抗震安全而言,应重点关注反应强烈段(0~250 m)的结构安全。因此,在不同地震波作用下,动力子结构法亦能够较为精确地模拟大直径盾构隧道纵向地震反应。
当围岩厚度为0.5D,围岩外侧设无限边界单元时,改变隧道直径和输入不同地震动记录,本文模型与三维精细化模型计算得到环缝张开量沿隧道纵向分布规律较为一致,张开量极值相差范围仅为0.07~0.78 mm。本文所有模型计算均在南京工业大学高性能计算中心完成,计算工况和动力输出类型相同情况下,围岩‑隧道子结构模型的计算时间仅为三维精细化模型的1/5,若开展复杂地层长大盾构隧道纵向地震反应,计算效率的优越性将更为显著。
本文提出的围岩‑隧道子结构模型方法不仅可以提取位移、应力等结果,还可以呈现管片混凝土累积损伤、管片纵向及环向错台等结构震害。图10给出了直径为12 m的隧道震后变形和损伤云图。为了更为直观地观察隧道变形情况,将变形系数放大了30倍。
本文围岩‑隧道子结构模型中围岩的设置有效模拟地震荷载作用下的土‑结动力相互作用。当计算大直径盾构隧道时,围岩厚度的设置显著影响模型计算成本,围岩最小有效厚度(即不影响围岩‑盾构隧道动力相互作用模拟精度的最小厚度)的选取是应用该方法的前提。图11给出了两种直径隧道下不同围岩厚度时纵向张开量的变化曲线。
图11可以看出,随着围岩厚度的变化,围岩‑隧道子结构模型纵向张开量变化曲线与三维精细化模型均具有较好的一致性。就张开量极值而言,D=12 m、D=15 m子结构模型张开量极值在不同围岩厚度变化下与三维精细化模型差值的浮动范围分别为0.07~0.13 mm、0.78~1.24 mm。因此,当围岩外侧设有无限边界单元时,子结构模型中围岩厚度的变化对盾构隧道纵向地震反应的影响较小。
采用动力时程法研究盾构隧道纵向地震反应时,一般会对衬砌结构进行一定的简化,如采用均质圆环替代环向管片拼装,并将圆环管片刚度折减0.85倍[2123]。忽略纵缝可能会对结构地震响应特性存在影响。图12给出了考虑纵缝和不考虑纵缝情况下软硬交互纵向不均匀场地盾构隧道纵向张开量的变化曲线,并以三维精细化模型计算结果作为基准。
图12可知,当D=12 m时,未考虑纵缝和考虑纵缝模型与精细化模型张开量峰值差值分别为23.75%和0.75%。虽然盾构隧道直径为15 m时,未考虑纵缝模型张开量峰值与三维精细化模型计算结果差异更小,但未考虑纵缝模型计算结果均小于三维精细化模型。模型简化弱化了土层交界面附近隧道结构地震反应,易造成结构抗震设计安全系数冗余度不足,且对于抗震设防重点区段产生偏差。盾构隧道未考虑纵缝,简化了建模过程,提高了计算效率。然而,在软硬土层交界面附近,模型的简化导致计算结果偏小,且无法体现管片环向错台等典型震害,导致结构抗震设计偏于不安全。
基于广义反应位移法基本理论,结合动力子结构方法,提出了软硬交互纵向不均匀场地盾构隧道纵向地震反应的土‑结相互作用动力子结构分析法,并通过与三维精细化模型计算结果对比,验证了该方法的可行性,主要结论如下:
(1) 本文提出的动力子结构方法概念明确、建模简单、计算结果精确度高。本文模型的计算时间仅为三维精细化模型的1/5,且可以实现围岩土体‑隧道体系的三维精细化模拟和由海床地震效应引起的沿隧道纵向非一致性地震动输入。
(2) 本文模型方法不仅可以提取结构应力、弯矩和纵向管环张开量,还可以反映管片混凝土的三维地震损伤、管片纵向及环向错台等盾构隧道的典型震害,弥补了已有地下结构反应位移法用于盾构隧道纵向地震反应分析存在的明显不足。
(3) 在土层软硬交互附件区域,盾构隧道管环张开量存在显著的突变现象,忽略管片纵缝影响的简化模型低估了衬砌结构的纵向地震反应。因此,当盾构隧道穿越软硬交互复杂地层时,纵向地震反应分析中宜对盾构隧道管环的细节进行精细化建模,准确反应土层变化对盾构隧道纵向地震反应的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378347; 52378397; 52168044)
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2025年第38卷第10期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202409052
  • 接收时间:2024-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-25
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378347; 52378397; 52168044)
作者信息
    1.南京工业大学岩土工程研究所,江苏 南京 210009;
    2.华东交通大学土木建筑学院,江西 南昌 330013

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赵凯(1982―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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