Article(id=1225751358658233251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697126400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-13, revisedDate=1709049600000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770171497263, onlineDateStr=2026-02-04, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770171497263, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770171497263, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770171497263, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1225751351125263080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='10', pageStart='2205', pageEnd='2462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770171495466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774228911890, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2378, endPage=2386, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225751358909891507, articleId=1225751358658233251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Fast complexity pursuit algorithm for blind source separation of structural vibration signals, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Blind source separation (BSS) can be used to extract modal coordinate vibrations from structural vibration signals. Complexity pursuit (CP) is one of the classical methods for solving the BSS problem. To improve the computational efficiency of the CP algorithm, this paper proposes two enhancements: it uses the negative log function of a Gaussian distribution as a nonlinear function to estimate signal complexity and derives formulas for rapidly computing signal complexity and its gradient; it employs a subspace search-based gradient descent algorithm to calculate the optimal mixing vector in the reduced subspace. The new formulas only require the covariance matrix of mixed signals and the covariance matrix of time delays when computing complexity and its gradient, without using all signal data. Numerical examples and structural vibration data are employed to evaluate the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the fast complexity pursuit algorithm outperforms traditional methods in terms of computational efficiency and accurately separates structural modal coordinate vibrations.

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盲源分离(BSS)理论可用于分离出结构振动信号中的各阶模态坐标振动,而复杂度追踪(CP)是求解盲源分离问题的经典方法之一。为提高复杂度追踪算法的计算效率,本文进行了两方面改进:采用高斯分布的负对数函数这一非线性函数估计信号复杂度,并推导出可快速计算信号复杂度及其梯度的计算公式;采用基于子空间搜索的梯度下降算法,在降维后的子空间中计算最优解混向量。所推导公式在计算复杂度及其梯度时只需采用混合信号的协方差矩阵和时延协方差矩阵,而无需使用全部信号数据。利用数值算例和框架振动数据对所提方法进行研究,结果表明,快速复杂度追踪算法在计算效率方面高于传统方法,并且能正确地分离出结构模态坐标振动。

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胡志祥(1985―),男,博士,副教授E-mail:
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MAC values and consumed time under SNR cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SNR/dB传统CP算法FastCP算法FastCP‑Subspace算法
401.0000、1.0000、1.0000、0.9999、0.9998、0.9997、0.9995、0.99901.0000、1.0000、1.0000、0.9998、0.9998、0.9997、0.9991、0.99901.0000、1.0000、1.0000、0.9999、0.9998、0.9996、0.9991、0.9990
201.0000、0.9998、0.9993、0.9992、0.9990、0.9990、0.9975、0.99501.0000、0.9998、0.9993、0.9992、0.9990、0.9990、0.9974、0.99501.0000、0.9998、0.9993、0.9992、0.9990、0.9990、0.9975、0.9950
101.0000、0.9997、0.9979、0.9880、0.9879、0.9735、0.9631、0.95061.0000、0.9996、0.9979、0.9883、0.9879、0.9732、0.9633、0.94891.0000、0.9996、0.9978、0.9882、0.9879、0.9732、0.9636、0.9495
平均耗时/s0.95580.04630.0287
), ArticleFig(id=1225751371622826489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751358658233251, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同信噪比下的MAC识别结果及算法耗时

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SNR/dB传统CP算法FastCP算法FastCP‑Subspace算法
401.0000、1.0000、1.0000、0.9999、0.9998、0.9997、0.9995、0.99901.0000、1.0000、1.0000、0.9998、0.9998、0.9997、0.9991、0.99901.0000、1.0000、1.0000、0.9999、0.9998、0.9996、0.9991、0.9990
201.0000、0.9998、0.9993、0.9992、0.9990、0.9990、0.9975、0.99501.0000、0.9998、0.9993、0.9992、0.9990、0.9990、0.9974、0.99501.0000、0.9998、0.9993、0.9992、0.9990、0.9990、0.9975、0.9950
101.0000、0.9997、0.9979、0.9880、0.9879、0.9735、0.9631、0.95061.0000、0.9996、0.9979、0.9883、0.9879、0.9732、0.9633、0.94891.0000、0.9996、0.9978、0.9882、0.9879、0.9732、0.9636、0.9495
平均耗时/s0.95580.04630.0287
), ArticleFig(id=1225751371740267005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751358658233251, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

MAC values and consumed time under different damping ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系数α传统CP算法FastCP算法FastCP-Subspace算法
0.011.0000、1.0000、1.0000、0.9999、0.9996、0.9995、0.9992、0.99901.0000、1.0000、1.0000、0.9998、0.9997、0.9997、0.9994、0.99901.0000、1.0000、1.0000、0.9999、0.9998、0.9992、0.9992、0.9990
0.051.0000、0.9999、0.9986、0.9924、0.9916、0.9907、0.9893、0.98321.0000、0.9999、0.9983、0.9925、0.9916、0.9907、0.9892、0.98191.0000、0.9999、0.9988、0.9926、0.9916、0.9907、0.9890、0.9837
0.101.0000、0.9985、0.9945、0.9777、0.9748、0.9691、0.9687、0.95681.0000、0.9984、0.9945、0.9775、0.9754、0.9700、0.9685、0.95581.0000、0.9985、0.9944、0.9778、0.9746、0.9683、0.9681、0.9573
平均耗时/s0.83770.04520.0306
), ArticleFig(id=1225751371878679047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751358658233251, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同阻尼比下的MAC识别结果及算法耗时

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系数α传统CP算法FastCP算法FastCP-Subspace算法
0.011.0000、1.0000、1.0000、0.9999、0.9996、0.9995、0.9992、0.99901.0000、1.0000、1.0000、0.9998、0.9997、0.9997、0.9994、0.99901.0000、1.0000、1.0000、0.9999、0.9998、0.9992、0.9992、0.9990
0.051.0000、0.9999、0.9986、0.9924、0.9916、0.9907、0.9893、0.98321.0000、0.9999、0.9983、0.9925、0.9916、0.9907、0.9892、0.98191.0000、0.9999、0.9988、0.9926、0.9916、0.9907、0.9890、0.9837
0.101.0000、0.9985、0.9945、0.9777、0.9748、0.9691、0.9687、0.95681.0000、0.9984、0.9945、0.9775、0.9754、0.9700、0.9685、0.95581.0000、0.9985、0.9944、0.9778、0.9746、0.9683、0.9681、0.9573
平均耗时/s0.83770.04520.0306
), ArticleFig(id=1225751372046451214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751358658233251, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

MAC values and consumed time of the three algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法MAC耗时/s
传统CP算法1.0000、1.0000、0.99890.1144
FastCP算法1.0000、1.0000、0.99900.0575
FastCP-Subspace算法1.0000、1.0000、0.99900.0250
), ArticleFig(id=1225751372214223382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751358658233251, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3种算法的MAC识别结果及算法耗时

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法MAC耗时/s
传统CP算法1.0000、1.0000、0.99890.1144
FastCP算法1.0000、1.0000、0.99900.0575
FastCP-Subspace算法1.0000、1.0000、0.99900.0250
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结构振动信号盲源分离的快速复杂度追踪算法
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胡志祥 , 黄磊 , 贺文宇
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(10): 2378-2386
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(10): 2378-2386
结构振动信号盲源分离的快速复杂度追踪算法
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胡志祥 , 黄磊, 贺文宇
作者信息
  • 合肥工业大学土木与水利工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009

通讯作者:

胡志祥(1985―),男,博士,副教授E-mail:
Fast complexity pursuit algorithm for blind source separation of structural vibration signals
Zhixiang HU , Lei HUANG, Wenyu HE
Affiliations
  • College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310029
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盲源分离(BSS)理论可用于分离出结构振动信号中的各阶模态坐标振动,而复杂度追踪(CP)是求解盲源分离问题的经典方法之一。为提高复杂度追踪算法的计算效率,本文进行了两方面改进:采用高斯分布的负对数函数这一非线性函数估计信号复杂度,并推导出可快速计算信号复杂度及其梯度的计算公式;采用基于子空间搜索的梯度下降算法,在降维后的子空间中计算最优解混向量。所推导公式在计算复杂度及其梯度时只需采用混合信号的协方差矩阵和时延协方差矩阵,而无需使用全部信号数据。利用数值算例和框架振动数据对所提方法进行研究,结果表明,快速复杂度追踪算法在计算效率方面高于传统方法,并且能正确地分离出结构模态坐标振动。

盲源分离  /  模态参数识别  /  复杂度追踪  /  梯度下降  /  子空间搜索

Blind source separation (BSS) can be used to extract modal coordinate vibrations from structural vibration signals. Complexity pursuit (CP) is one of the classical methods for solving the BSS problem. To improve the computational efficiency of the CP algorithm, this paper proposes two enhancements: it uses the negative log function of a Gaussian distribution as a nonlinear function to estimate signal complexity and derives formulas for rapidly computing signal complexity and its gradient; it employs a subspace search-based gradient descent algorithm to calculate the optimal mixing vector in the reduced subspace. The new formulas only require the covariance matrix of mixed signals and the covariance matrix of time delays when computing complexity and its gradient, without using all signal data. Numerical examples and structural vibration data are employed to evaluate the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the fast complexity pursuit algorithm outperforms traditional methods in terms of computational efficiency and accurately separates structural modal coordinate vibrations.

blind source separation  /  modal parameter identification  /  complexity pursuit  /  gradient descent  /  subspace search
胡志祥, 黄磊, 贺文宇. 结构振动信号盲源分离的快速复杂度追踪算法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2378 -2386 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310029
Zhixiang HU, Lei HUANG, Wenyu HE. Fast complexity pursuit algorithm for blind source separation of structural vibration signals[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2378 -2386 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310029
结构模态参数(振型、频率和阻尼比)是结构的固有属性,在地震、风荷载等作用下,结构出现损伤时模态参数会发生变化,可以在一定程度上反映结构的健康状态,因此,结构模态参数的识别是结构健康监测的重要内容[12]
盲源分离(blind source separation,BSS)是一种新型的信号处理技术,该技术在语音处理、生物医学工程、数据挖掘以及振动信号处理等多个领域显现出了重要的应用价值[3]。KERSCHEN等[4]将独立分量分析技术(independent component analysis,ICA)应用于系统的模态参数识别,提出了模态叠加理论与瞬时混合的盲源分离问题的对应关系,指出低阻尼条件下两者的数学表达式具有一致性;同时,对比了ICA与二阶盲辨识方法(second order blind identification,SOBI)的模态分析结果,发现SOBI有对噪声的鲁棒性高、对阻尼敏感度低等优势[5]。此后,众多学者将不同BSS技术用于振动信号分析,均取得了一些成果[69]
此外,复杂度追踪算法也是一种重要的盲源分离方法。HYVÄRINEN[10]利用复杂度来处理混合信号问题,采用梯度下降算法搜索解混向量。BINGHAM等[11]将基于梯度优化算法的复杂度追踪(complexity pursuit,CP)方法与ICA等盲源分离方法的模态参数识别效果进行了对比,证明了前者的有效性。SHI等[12]提出了一种用于复杂度追踪的不动点算法。此后,一些学者对传统的复杂度追踪算法中梯度计算和自回归模型部分做了改进工作[1315]。柯尔莫哥洛夫复杂度[10](KOLMOGOROFF complexity,简称复杂度)原理表明,原始信号的复杂度始终小于混合之后的信号复杂度。通过寻找合适的投影方向,使该方向上投影信号的复杂度最小,从而实现对混合信号的分离。目前,传统的复杂度追踪算法计算效率尚待提高,原因在于:(1)计算复杂度梯度时,每更新一次解混向量都需要调用全部信号数据,使得运算量较大;(2)随着传感器数量的增加,算法需在高维空间搜索解混向量。
本文针对上述问题,在基于梯度优化算法的传统CP算法理论基础上,采用高斯分布的负对数函数这一非线性函数估计信号复杂度,进而推导出可快速计算信号复杂度及其梯度的计算公式,该公式无需调用全部信号数据。此外,采用子空间搜索方式进行梯度迭代,即每次迭代时的搜索空间较前次搜索将降低一个维度。这两方面的改进可以极大地减少运算量,提高计算效率。
对于自由度为n的振动系统,其在物理坐标下的振动控制方程为:
Mx¨(t)+Cx˙(t)+Kx(t)=F(t)
式中,MCK分别为n×n阶的质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵;F(t)表示系统受到的激振力;x(t)为位移响应。
根据振型叠加原理,x(t)可以写成:
x(t)=Φq(t)
式中,Φ为模态振型矩阵,其各列向量代表结构各振型;q(t)为模态坐标响应列向量,其第i行元素qi(t)代表第i个单自由度系统的位移响应。
为利用盲源分离理论识别模态参数,先给出盲源分离的数学模型[716]如下:
x(t)=As(t)
式中,x(t)为由n个观测信号组成的列向量,x(t)=[x1(t),x2(t),,xn(t)]Ts(t)为由m个源信号组成的列向量,s(t)=[s1(t),s2(t),,sm(t)]TA为混合矩阵,维数为n×m
在盲源分离问题中,需要在仅知x(t)的前提下,通过求解混合矩阵AA的广义逆),实现对混合矩阵A和源信号s(t)的估计,其过程如图1所示[16]
振动信号模态叠加模型与盲源分离模型存在对应关系。模态响应q(t)对应着BSS模型中的源信号s(t),而混合矩阵A中包含了振型合矩阵的信息,即Φ=A。因此,盲源分离方法适用于从结构振动响应信号x(t)中提取模态振型Φ和模态坐标响应q(t)
自然界中的信号都具有一定的时间结构,因而具有冗余性,即信号的一部分能够由其他部分有效地预测。因此,信号可被重新压缩编码,使得编码长度小于原始信号的长度,用于度量这种编码长度的单位被称为复杂度。传统的盲源分离技术大多只以信号的统计特性作为分离判据,忽略了信号的时序特性。复杂度追踪是一种利用了信号时序性质以处理多信号混叠问题的盲源分离方法,具有完备的理论基础。根据信息论原理,原始信号的复杂度始终小于混合信号的复杂度[17]。复杂度越小,则信号越简单、容易预测,分解出的信号更接近于源信号。
复杂度追踪的目的是寻找一个解混矩阵W=[w1,w2,,wm],使得分离出的信号具有最小复杂度,即
y(t)=WTx(t)
式中,y(t)=[y1(t),y2(t),,ym(t)]T,输出信号y(t)即为源信号s(t)的估计。此时,可得到矩阵A的估计值为A^=W-T
为方便后续计算,需要对观测信号进行预处理操作,以保证信号具有零均值和单位方差。预处理包括去均值和白化两步。去均值即将观测信号x(t)减去其均值E[x(t)];白化则需首先对x(t)的协方差矩阵作特征值分解:
E{x(t)xT(t)}=UΛUT
式中,E{}表示取期望;U矩阵的各列为特征向量;Λ为特征值构成的对角矩阵。然后对x(t)进行白化操作:
z(t)=Λ-12UTx(t)
经过白化所得的信号z(t)各分量之间互不相关且具有单位方差。如此,问题转化为了寻找一系列相互正交的解混向量wi,使得分离出的信号yi(t)=wiTz(t)具有最小的复杂度。
信号复杂度(熵)计算是CP盲源分离算法中的重要部分。本节将分别给出传统CP算法中信号复杂度的计算方法以及改进的快速复杂度计算方法。
设信号yi(t)可被表示为如下形式:
yi(t)=y¯i(t)+δyi(t)
式中,y¯i(t)为以t时刻以前的值预测的当前时刻值,y¯i(t)=f(yi(t-1),,yi(1)),其中f表示考虑了信号时间结构的信号预测函数;δyi(t)为信号冗余项。
根据信息论相关原理,对冗余项的编码比对源信号的编码更容易,且随机序列的复杂度以高概率接近于熵[18],于是冗余项的编码长度可以由它的熵来逼近。对于平稳随机信号,复杂度用下式计算:
K^(yi)=H(δyi(t))
式中,K^()H()分别表示信号复杂度和t时刻随机变量的熵。
根据信息论中熵的计算原理[1718],式(8)中的H(δyi(t))可表示为:
H(δyi)=H(δyiσδ)+lnσδ
式中,σδ表示信号冗余项的标准差。
进一步,可采用下式计算信号的熵:
H(δyi)=E{G(δyiσδ)}+lnσδ
式中,G()为可微分的非线性函数,该函数应当与冗余项服从的概率密度函数的负对数值具有相似性。由于冗余项通常服从标准高斯分布,此时可取G1(u)=ln2π+u2/2,其中u表示函数自变量。另外已被证实可用的函数有:G2(u)=lncoshuG3(u)=-exp(-u2/2)G4(u)=12ln2+2|u|[10]
此外,为得到冗余项的熵,还需确定信号预测函数f。本文采用线性自回归模型对信号进行预测,即
y¯i(t)=τ>0ατyi(t-τ)
式中,τ表示时滞;ατ为自回归系数,可由最小二乘法进行估计。
将式(8)和(11)代入(10),并考虑到yi(t)=wiTz(t),可得到复杂度计算公式:
K^(yi)=E{G(1σδwiT(z(t)-τ>0ατz(t-τ)))}+lnσδ
其中,ατσδ都是wi的函数。因此,信号yi的复杂度本质上也是wi的函数。在利用式(12)计算复杂度时,需要用非线性函数G计算所有时间点上信号的归一化冗余信号再取期望,这使得在利用梯度下降法求解时wi中运算量过大。
本节在传统CP算法信号复杂度计算理论的基础上推导快速复杂度计算方法。由于预处理后的信号的均值为零且具有单位方差,当wi2=1时,有:
E{yi(t)yi(t)}=E{yi(t-τ)yi(t-τ)}=1
将式(11)中的自回归模型阶数取为1,即τ=1,则:
y¯i(t)=α1yi(t-1)
式中,α1为自回归系数,由最小二乘法可求得:
α1=E{yi(t)yi(t-1)}=wiTE{z(t)zT(t-1)}wi
此时信号的冗余项为:
δyi(t)=yi(t)-α1yi(t-1)
可推导出冗余项的标准差为:
σδ=1-α12
考虑到冗余项通常服从正态分布,在用式(12)计算信号复杂度时,采用G(u)=u2/2+ln2π。此时冗余项的复杂度计算公式为:
K^=E{δyi22σδ2}+ln2π+lnσδ=12+ln2π+12ln(1-α12)
由此,计算冗余项的复杂度转化为了对回归系数的求解。在利用式(15)计算回归系数α1时,仅需预先计算时延协方差矩阵z(t)zT(t-1),避免了传统CP算法中每次迭代计算复杂度时均需要调用全部数据的问题。
另外,要使式(18)达到最小,只需最大化α12。所以当采用一阶自回归模型时,问题转化为寻找最大化α12w向量。经典的多重未知信息提取算法(algorithm for multiple unknown signals extraction,AMUSE)[19]正是利用特征值分解寻找矩阵RZ=12E(z0zτT+zτz0T)的特征向量,式中z0zτ分别表示时延为0和τ的白化信号。考虑矩阵RZ的对称性,其最大特征值对应的特征向量ϕ1满足:
ϕ1=argmax(ϕϕTRZϕ)
观察式(15)与(19)可知,ϕ1等价于w1。当τ=1时,AMUSE等价于本节复杂度计算中取一阶自回归模型时的算法。因此,AMUSE算法可视为CP算法的一个特例。
为改进CP算法的效率,本节推导在梯度下降方法中采用复杂度梯度的快速计算公式,并与传统CP算法中采用的梯度计算方法进行对比。提出利用子空间搜索算法降低变量维度、加快搜索计算。
复杂度追踪的目标是要找到投影方向wi,使得分离出的信号yi(t)=wiTz(t)具有最小的复杂度,在上一节得到信号的复杂度后,可以使用梯度下降方法解决该问题,其迭代公式为:
{wiwi-μwiK^wiwiwi
式中,μ为每次迭代的步长;wiK^表示复杂度关于变量wi的梯度。
对式(12)中的传统CP算法信号复杂度计算公式求导,可得:
wiK^=1σδE{[z(t)-τ>0ατz(t-τ)]g[1σδwiT(z(t)-τ>0ατz(t-τ))]}
式中,g()为非线性函数G()的导函数[1317]。由于g()为非线性函数,在每一次更新wi后,都需使用全部信号数据计算复杂度的梯度,因此算法计算效率较低。
考察复杂度快速计算式(18),对其求导,可得出复杂度梯度的快速计算公式:
wiK^=1σδ2E{z(t)zT(t-1)+z(t-1)zT(t)}wi
据式(22)可知,仅需预先计算时延协方差矩阵便可得到复杂度的梯度。这样可以避免每次迭代计算梯度时都需调用全部数据的问题,减少算法计算量,提高运行速度。
由于信号经过白化操作,复杂度追踪算法得到的解混矩阵应为正交矩阵,即利用梯度迭代求得的各wi向量之间应满足相互正交的条件。传统CP算法的梯度优化部分中,每次均需要在全维度空间上搜索wi向量,然后再利用正交化投影到正交子空间中,计算量较大。本文提出利用子空间搜索策略加速解混向量的计算。在进行梯度优化搜索解混向量时,在n维空间寻找到第一个向量w1后,可以在与w1向量正交的低维子空间中进行下一轮搜索,依此类推。图2为三维空间下的子空间示意图,得到w1后,将在与w1正交的子空间span{w2,w3}内继续搜索w2w3
以下是基于子空间搜索的梯度下降算法步骤:
(1)初始化正交基B=IRn×n
(2)用梯度下降法得到首个解混向量w1=Bb1,易知b1=w1Rn×1,这里的b1可以理解为w1在相应子空间中的坐标;
(3)对增广矩阵[w1,w2,,wk-1|I]进行施密特正交化来更新正交基B当前子空间正交基B(k)=B(:,k:n)
(4)在B(k)张成的子空间中搜索wk=B(k)bk,即用梯度下降法计算bkR(n-k+1)×1bk可以理解为wkB(k)张成的子空间中的坐标。
(5)重复上述步骤直到得到wn-1,而wn=B(n)
由上述步骤可知,基于子空间搜索的梯度优化算法每次迭代时的搜索空间较前次搜索都将降低一个维度,如此便可减少算法耗时,并且最后一个wn向量无需计算。图3为基于子空间搜索的梯度下降算法的流程图。
快速复杂度追踪算法主要由信号复杂度及其梯度的快速计算与基于子空间搜索的梯度下降两方面组成。另外,为便于展示上述两种方法各自在计算效率提升方面的作用,本文将仅考虑信号复杂度及其梯度的快速计算(未采用子空间搜索策略)的复杂度追踪算法记为FastCP算法。将联合使用信号复杂度及其梯度的快速计算和基于子空间搜索的梯度下降的方法记为FastCP‑Subspace方法。后文将利用数值算例及试验数据对以上两种算法及传统CP算法的识别精度与计算量进行对比。
第2和3节分别给出了传统CP算法和快速复杂度追踪算法理论,本节将利用多自由度系统的振动信号分离对比不同噪声、阻尼比工况下3种算法的识别精度与计算量。
考虑如图4所示的8自由度弹簧‑质量模型,其质量和刚度矩阵分别为:
M=[2000000001000000001000000001000000001000000001000000001000000001]
K=[3-1000000-12-1000000-12-1000000-12-1000000-12-1000000-12-1000000-12-1000000-11]
采用Rayleigh阻尼,C=αM+βK,其中α=β=0.01。对各质点施加随机激励,采集结构振动响应信号,系统采样频率为2 Hz,采样时间为10000 s。
为对比三种算法的抗噪性能,在结构响应信号中加入不同强度的白噪声,使信噪比(signal‑to‑noise ratio,SNR)分别为40、20、10 dB,分别对应噪声百分比1%、10%、31.62%。图5仅展示40 dB信噪比工况下集中质量块8的振动响应信号的时域信号和频域幅值谱,以及采用FastCP‑Subspace算法分离得到的第1阶单模态信号的时域信号和各阶分离信号的频域幅值谱,本节算例中激发的振动以低阶为主,高阶振动能量较小,这也意味着高阶模态参数识别难度较大。为了定量描述模态振型识别结果,引入模态保证准则(modal assurance criterion,MAC)作为反映模态振型识别精度的指标,计算公式如下:
MAC=(φ˜iTφi)2(φ˜iTφ˜i)(φiTφi)
式中,φi表示第i阶振型理论值;φ˜i表示第i阶振型识别值。当MAC值越接近于1,表示两个向量越相似,说明振型识别的准确性越高。
不同噪声强度下采用传统CP、FastCP和FastCP‑Subspace 3种算法识别出的MAC结果及算法平均耗时如表1所示。从表1中可以看出:各噪声工况下3种算法的MAC值彼此非常接近,且仅在高噪声环境下(信噪比达到10 dB)各算法的识别结果才会受到影响,说明本文所提算法在振动信号分离的精度上不亚于传统CP算法;3种算法的平均耗时依次减少,且FastCP和FastCP‑Subspace两种算法的算法耗时仅为传统CP算法的4.84%和3.00%,表明FastCP‑Subspace算法中的信号复杂度及其梯度的快速计算与基于子空间搜索的梯度下降两部分对算法计算效率均有一定提升作用。
为探究系统阻尼比对3种算法模态参数识别精度的影响,保持模型其他参数不变,在结构响应信号中添加白噪声将信噪比维持在40 dB,并在不同组阻尼比工况下继续进行仿真模拟,每组中阻尼矩阵的系数αβ设为相同。图6仅展示α=β=0.02时集中质量块8的振动响应信号的时域信号和频域幅值谱,以及采用FastCP‑Subspace算法分离得到的第1阶单模态信号的时域信号和各阶分离信号的频域幅值谱。
不同阻尼比工况下采用传统CP、FastCP和FastCP‑Subspace 3种算法识别出的MAC结果及算法平均耗时如表2所示。从表2中可以看出:随着阻尼比的增加,FastCP和FastCP‑Subspace两种算法的MAC值并未出现明显下降,但计算耗时方面仅为传统CP算法的5.4%和3.65%,表明了本文所提方法的有效性及优越性。
在以上数值模拟分析的基础上,为进一步验证本文所提方法对实测振动信号分离的有效性,设计了一个3层钢框架进行动力试验验证。
3层剪切型钢框架试验模型如图7所示,模型由4根截面相同的框架柱、3块钢板以及钢质底座构成,其中框架柱的横截面尺寸为35 mm×12 mm,钢板的尺寸为400 mm×300 mm×6 mm,两者之间采用刚性连接。由于钢板的质量相对较大,可认为当结构产生水平位移时,各层板件将不会发生旋转,即结构仅产生剪切型变形。
将3个加速度传感器分别安置于框架各层侧面中间处,采用东华DH5920N动力响应测试仪记录加速度响应。通过力锤对钢框架的第2层进行脉冲激励,采样频率设为100 Hz,采样时间取50 s,图8展示了各层钢板振动的加速度响应信号的时域信号和频域幅值谱。
分别采用传统CP、FastCP和FastCP‑Subspace三种算法处理钢框架的加速度响应信号,由FastCP‑Subspace算法分离得到的单模态信号和各阶分离信号的频域幅值谱如图9所示。为比较基于CP的盲源分离方法振动信号分离的准确性,本节选取发展较为成熟,具有较高精度及稳定性的随机子空间法(stochastic subspace identification,SSI)[2021]对加速度响应信号进行分解,将所得结果作为参考。图10对比展示了传统CP、FastCP‑Subspace与SSI三种算法识别出的结构振型,表明了基于CP的盲源分离方法的有效性。
3种算法的MAC结果及算法耗时如表3所示。从表3中可以看出:3种算法的MAC结果几乎相同,并且精度均较高,说明本文所提算法对处理实测振动信号依然具有良好的适用性;3种算法的耗时依次减少,直观地体现了信号复杂度及其梯度的快速计算与基于子空间搜索的梯度下降两部分在算法计算量方面的优势,这也与上节数值仿真的结果相吻合。
本文提出了一种结构振动信号盲源分离的快速复杂度追踪算法,该算法主要由信号复杂度及其梯度的快速计算与基于子空间搜索的梯度下降两部分组成。文章通过理论推导,数值模拟及钢框架模型动力试验展示了所提方法的有效性。主要结论如下:
(1) 快速复杂度追踪算法在计算复杂度及其梯度时只需采用混合信号的协方差矩阵和时延协方差矩阵,而无需调用全部信号数据;基于子空间搜索的梯度下降算法将在降维后的子空间中寻找最优解混向量。这两方面的改进可以极大地减少运算量,提高计算效率;
(2) 理论分析表明,当复杂度追踪算法中用于计算信号复杂度的非线性函数取标准高斯分布的负对数值时,时延为1的AMUSE算法与自回归阶数为1的传统CP算法具有理论等价性;
(3) 数值仿真和模型试验结果表明,在不同的噪声、阻尼比工况下,本文所提出的快速复杂度追踪算法与传统CP算法分离结构模态坐标振动的精度几乎相同;采用快速复杂度及梯度计算公式时可大幅减小计算耗时,而采用子空间搜索策略可进一步提升计算效率。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178283; 52378298)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金杰出青年基金资助项目(2208085J20)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310029
  • 接收时间:2023-10-13
  • 首发时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-13
  • 修回日期:2024-02-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178283; 52378298)
安徽省自然科学基金杰出青年基金资助项目(2208085J20)
作者信息
    合肥工业大学土木与水利工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009

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胡志祥(1985―),男,博士,副教授E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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