Article(id=1225751357773235050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699113600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-05, revisedDate=1705852800000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770171497052, onlineDateStr=2026-02-04, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770171497052, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770171497052, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770171497052, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1225751351125263080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='10', pageStart='2205', pageEnd='2462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770171495466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774228911890, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2395, endPage=2404, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225751358087807870, articleId=1225751357773235050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Experimental investigation of wind induced vibrations on flexible cable supported photovoltaic and suppression effect of anchor cables, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Flexible cable supported photovoltaic are prone to be significant wind induced vibrations, which can lead to various structural safety and usability issues. Currently, the law of wind induced vibrations is not clear, and there are no corresponding vibration suppression measures. This study conducted wind tunnel tests on the full aeroelastic model of flexible cable supported photovoltaic. It synchronously measured the displacement and cable force of single-layer flexible cable supported photovoltaic, analyzed the effects of wind speed, inclination angle, and wind direction angle on displacement and cable force, proposed corresponding vibration suppression measures, and verified their vibration suppression effect through experiments. The results show that the flexible cable supported photovoltaic undergoes vertical and torsional coupled vibration under strong wind. The maximum displacement response occurs at wind suction and the maximum of cable force occurs under wind pressure. Therefore, wind suction is an unfavorable working condition for designing the joints. Meanwhile, wind pressure is an unfavorable working condition for designing columns and bases. The anchor cable has a significant mitigation effect on the vertical and torsional displacement at wind suction. The larger of the tilt angle is, the better mitigation effects. For the cable end force, the anchor cable can effectively reduce the fluctuation of cable force. The larger the tilt angle is, the more effective the cable force reduction.

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柔性光伏支架容易发生大幅风致振动,诱发多种结构安全性和使用性问题。目前风致振动规律并不明确,部分抑振措施的抑振效果也不清楚。本研究通过柔性光伏支架全气弹模型风洞试验,同步测试了单层索柔性支架的位移和索力,分析了风速、倾角和风向角对位移和索力的影响,提出了相应的抑振措施,并通过试验验证了其抑振效果。结果表明柔性光伏支架在强风作用下发生竖向和扭转耦合的振动。风吸时柔性支架位移响应最大;风压时索端力响应最大。对于柔性支架连接件而言,风吸时为不利工况;对于柔性支架立柱和基础设计而言,风压时为不利工况。柔性光伏支架的位移响应和索端力响应密切相关,发生较大扭转位移时索端力也会有较大变化,索端力响应与位移响应表现出了很好的一致性。考虑到柔性支架几何非线性的结构特征,索端力是结构设计中最重要的参数,因此索端力响应放大系数在实际设计中更加重要。风吸时,增设地锚索对柔性光伏支架的竖向位移和扭转位移有明显抑制效果,且组件倾角越大抑制效果越明显。对于索端力而言,增设地锚索可以有效减小索力的波动,且组件倾角越大,增设地锚索的效果越好。

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马文勇(1981—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751357773235050, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Physical parameters similarities

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物理参数相似比物理参数相似比
长度1/10质量1/103
风速1/10密度1/1
频率1/10弹性模量1/10
), ArticleFig(id=1225751374382678633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751357773235050, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

物理参数相似比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理参数相似比物理参数相似比
长度1/10质量1/103
风速1/10密度1/1
频率1/10弹性模量1/10
), ArticleFig(id=1225751374491730540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751357773235050, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Absolute value of displacement at different points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点工况|Zm|/cm|Zd|/cm|θm|/(°)|θd|/(°)
测点1风压0.490.140.720.35
风吸0.950.214.120.82
测点2风压0.750.171.220.54
风吸1.380.336.751.22
测点3风压0.340.070.940.44
风吸0.620.133.240.64
), ArticleFig(id=1225751375469003378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751357773235050, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同测点处位移响应的绝对值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点工况|Zm|/cm|Zd|/cm|θm|/(°)|θd|/(°)
测点1风压0.490.140.720.35
风吸0.950.214.120.82
测点2风压0.750.171.220.54
风吸1.380.336.751.22
测点3风压0.340.070.940.44
风吸0.620.133.240.64
), ArticleFig(id=1225751375607415417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751357773235050, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Effect of anchor cable on vertical displacement response at β=10°

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点无措施(U=6.5 m/s)地锚索(U=6.5 m/s)
Zm/cmZd/cmZm/cmZd/cm
测点11.450.461.860.68
测点23.081.031.540.41
测点31.640.521.910.63
), ArticleFig(id=1225751375724855935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751357773235050, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

β=10°风吸时地锚索对竖向位移响应的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点无措施(U=6.5 m/s)地锚索(U=6.5 m/s)
Zm/cmZd/cmZm/cmZd/cm
测点11.450.461.860.68
测点23.081.031.540.41
测点31.640.521.910.63
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柔性光伏支架风振响应及地锚索的抑制效果试验研究
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马文勇 1, 2 , 陈稳考 1 , 张振凯 1 , 檀永杰 3 , 陈健 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(10): 2395-2404
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(10): 2395-2404
柔性光伏支架风振响应及地锚索的抑制效果试验研究
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马文勇1, 2 , 陈稳考1, 张振凯1, 檀永杰3, 陈健3
作者信息
  • 1.石家庄铁道大学土木工程学院,河北 石家庄 050043;
  • 2.河北省风工程和风能利用工程技术创新中心,河北 石家庄 050043;
  • 3.中国电建集团河北省电力勘测设计研究院有限责任公司,河北 石家庄 050031

通讯作者:

马文勇(1981—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Experimental investigation of wind induced vibrations on flexible cable supported photovoltaic and suppression effect of anchor cables
Wenyong MA1, 2 , Wenkao CHEN1, Zhenkai ZHANG1, Yongjie TAN3, jian CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China
  • 2.Innovation Center for Wind Engineering and Wind Energy Technology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050043, China
  • 3.Power China Hebei Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050031, China
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311011
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柔性光伏支架容易发生大幅风致振动,诱发多种结构安全性和使用性问题。目前风致振动规律并不明确,部分抑振措施的抑振效果也不清楚。本研究通过柔性光伏支架全气弹模型风洞试验,同步测试了单层索柔性支架的位移和索力,分析了风速、倾角和风向角对位移和索力的影响,提出了相应的抑振措施,并通过试验验证了其抑振效果。结果表明柔性光伏支架在强风作用下发生竖向和扭转耦合的振动。风吸时柔性支架位移响应最大;风压时索端力响应最大。对于柔性支架连接件而言,风吸时为不利工况;对于柔性支架立柱和基础设计而言,风压时为不利工况。柔性光伏支架的位移响应和索端力响应密切相关,发生较大扭转位移时索端力也会有较大变化,索端力响应与位移响应表现出了很好的一致性。考虑到柔性支架几何非线性的结构特征,索端力是结构设计中最重要的参数,因此索端力响应放大系数在实际设计中更加重要。风吸时,增设地锚索对柔性光伏支架的竖向位移和扭转位移有明显抑制效果,且组件倾角越大抑制效果越明显。对于索端力而言,增设地锚索可以有效减小索力的波动,且组件倾角越大,增设地锚索的效果越好。

柔性光伏支架  /  气弹模型试验  /  位移响应  /  索力响应  /  抑振措施

Flexible cable supported photovoltaic are prone to be significant wind induced vibrations, which can lead to various structural safety and usability issues. Currently, the law of wind induced vibrations is not clear, and there are no corresponding vibration suppression measures. This study conducted wind tunnel tests on the full aeroelastic model of flexible cable supported photovoltaic. It synchronously measured the displacement and cable force of single-layer flexible cable supported photovoltaic, analyzed the effects of wind speed, inclination angle, and wind direction angle on displacement and cable force, proposed corresponding vibration suppression measures, and verified their vibration suppression effect through experiments. The results show that the flexible cable supported photovoltaic undergoes vertical and torsional coupled vibration under strong wind. The maximum displacement response occurs at wind suction and the maximum of cable force occurs under wind pressure. Therefore, wind suction is an unfavorable working condition for designing the joints. Meanwhile, wind pressure is an unfavorable working condition for designing columns and bases. The anchor cable has a significant mitigation effect on the vertical and torsional displacement at wind suction. The larger of the tilt angle is, the better mitigation effects. For the cable end force, the anchor cable can effectively reduce the fluctuation of cable force. The larger the tilt angle is, the more effective the cable force reduction.

flexible photovoltaic bracket  /  aeroelastic model test  /  displacement response  /  cable force response  /  vibration mitigation measures
马文勇, 陈稳考, 张振凯, 檀永杰, 陈健. 柔性光伏支架风振响应及地锚索的抑制效果试验研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2395 -2404 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311011
Wenyong MA, Wenkao CHEN, Zhenkai ZHANG, Yongjie TAN, jian CHEN. Experimental investigation of wind induced vibrations on flexible cable supported photovoltaic and suppression effect of anchor cables[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2395 -2404 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311011
随着中国“双碳”目标的提出,光伏电站的建设加速[1]。目前光伏支架主要有以下几类:固定式光伏支架、跟踪式光伏支架、柔性光伏支架和漂浮式光伏支架。由于光伏组件尺寸大,质量小,光伏支架系统在风的作用下容易发生风致破坏。2022 年位于新疆的某光伏项目遭遇大风天气,近百兆瓦光伏方阵被吹翻,大量光伏支架倒塌[2]。光伏支架发生风致破坏非常普遍,尤其是近几年出现的柔性支架,采用索来支撑光伏组件,跨度大、刚度小、阻尼低,更容易发生风致振动损坏。
光伏支架的风荷载研究已经取得了一些进展和有价值的结论。组件表面的风荷载除了与倾角和风向角有关外[3],还与横向间隙、离地高度有关[4]。倾角越大,光伏组件风荷载越大;组件间距改变了尾流区域的流动结构,有助于额外的涡流形成和脱落,这些涡流的大小随着间距的增加而增加。离地间隙的增加也会导致面板上的平均风荷载更大。适当选择阵列组件之间的纵向间距可以利用遮挡效应显著降低升力。此外,光伏组件表面风荷载还受支架底部阻塞率的影响[5]。总之,目前对光伏支架平均风荷载的研究已经能够为支架的设计和优化提供参考。然而对光伏支架结构风振系数及响应的研究相对缺乏。流动分离、漩涡脱落等流场特征都对平单轴跟踪式光伏支架风致振动有明显的影响[6];平单轴光伏支架的扭转气动失稳表现出较强的气动耦合效应,气动阻尼和气动刚度是影响平单轴光伏支架气动失稳的重要参数[7];采用流‑固耦合算法分析脉动风作用下光伏支撑系统的风振时程,可反映脉动风对支架的激励[8],沿顺风向各排支撑系统响应的折减效果显著,设计时可对后排支架进行折减设计。
柔性光伏支架由于跨度更大,刚度更小,阻尼更低,在风荷载作用下极易发生风致振动,目前对柔性光伏支架风致振动的研究很少。单层索柔性光伏支架风致振动的位移响应与垂度、风速、风向角和倾角密切相关[911]。柔性光伏支架的风振响应以竖向振动为主,扭转响应很小,可以忽略,随着风速和垂度的增大,跨中组件的竖向位移也不断增大,索的张力响应对风速变化不敏感。双层索柔性光伏支架的位移响应也与倾角、风向角和风速有关[12],当风速超过临界值时,柔性支架发生强烈的振动,起振风速较低且随着风速增加其振幅逐渐增大,但是双层索的柔性光伏支架扭转振动大于垂直振动的幅度。部分研究针对柔性光伏支架的位移响应提出了增加排间连接[12]和设置中央稳定板[13]的措施,增加排间连接可有效抑制柔性光伏支架的风致振动,但是设置中央稳定板的气动措施难以有效提高柔性光伏支架的颤振临界风速,效果不佳。目前对柔性光伏支架风致振动方面的研究较为缺乏,尤其是尚未发现采用试验手段对索端力进行分析的研究,考虑到柔性支架几何非线性的结构特征,索端力是结构设计中最重要的参数,值得进行研究。工程中尝试采用地锚索抑制柔性光伏支架的位移响应,这种抑振措施的效果也没有得到很好的验证和评价。
针对柔性光伏支架风致振动规律仍不清楚且抑振措施的效果不明确的问题,本文采用风洞试验的方法,研究了风速、组件倾角和风向角对跨中位移和索端力的影响,同时验证了地锚索作为抑振措施的效果。
气弹模型试验在石家庄铁道大学大气边界层风洞实验室低速试验段进行,低速试验段长24 m,宽4.4 m,高3 m,最大风速为30 m/s,背景湍流度I≤0.5%。采用楔形尖劈和粗糙元模拟了大气边界层B类风场,地面粗糙度指数γ=0.12,模拟的风速、湍流度和风速功率谱分布如图1所示,其中Zg为试验模型顶部高度,Ug为模型顶部高度处所对应的风速,U¯为不同高度处10 min平均风速,试验测试的模型高度处的脉动风速谱与Kármán谱吻合较好。风速测量采用澳大利亚Turbulent Flow Instrumentation公司的三维脉动风速测量仪Series 100 Cobra探头,采样频率为1~2000 Hz,测量风速范围为2~60 m/s。位移测量设备采用量程为70~200 mm的激光位移计,采样频率为1000 Hz,测量精度为8 μm。索端力测量采用美国ATI公司生产的DELTA系列六分量高频天平,采样频率为1500 Hz,拉力最大量程330 N,扭矩最大量程30 Nm
以某20 m跨度的单层柔性光伏支架为原型,两端立柱高度为2100 mm,每跨安装16块光伏组件,组件尺寸为2260 mm×1130 mm×40 mm,单块光伏组件质量为35 kg,组件间距为50 mm,采用直径为15.2 mm的钢绞线,截面面积为181.46 mm2,初始预拉力为90 kN,垂跨比为l/200。
采用有限元软件对原型结构进行动力特性分析,其中采用Link180单元模拟索结构,Shell181单元模拟组件。通过模拟计算获得原型自振特性如图2所示。原型结构侧向水平位移振型阶次较高,频率较大且位移很小,原型结构的竖向和扭转振型为原型柔性光伏支架振动的主要振型,因此在本研究中主要保证了竖向和扭转振型这两个主要振型的一致性。原型结构竖向振动频率fl1与扭转振动频率fl2分别为1.58和2.13 Hz。
模型几何缩尺比为1∶10,在模型设计时考虑斯脱罗哈数、弗劳德数、密度比等相似准则确定模型参数。基于气弹模型相似准则,选择满足要求的材料制作模型。模型总长度为2000 mm,缩尺后模型组件由226 mm×113 mm×4 mm的轻质木板制成,模型柱高210 mm,组件间距5 mm,模型基本结构由4根截面为40 mm×40 mm×4 mm的铝合金立柱和连接两端立柱的2根直径为1 mm的高强钢丝模拟,两根拉索间距为140 mm,模型风洞安装如图3所示。高强钢丝的一端固定在测力天平上;另一端通过固定在另一侧立柱上的滑轮改变方向后与滑轮下方的螺栓连接,组成张拉装置,通过松紧螺栓调整垂跨比使其满足要求,模型施加的初始预拉力为90 N,通过立柱上不同位置的预留孔改变组件倾角。模型与原型结构物理参数和缩尺比如表1所示。
试验通过改变风向角来模拟风压和风吸两种情况,来流方向均与索长度方向垂直。测力天平和位移计的安装位置如图4所示。试验分别对有无地锚索两种工况进行模拟,从而确定地锚索的抑振效果,为了减小组件风吸作用下出现的扭转,研究采用具有防扭转效果的“Y”字型地锚索,如图4所示。试验风速范围为1~7 m/s。倾角β定义为组件平面和水平面的夹角,分别为0°、10°、15°和22.5°。
通过测力天平区分测得的两根拉索索端力的方法示意图如图5所示。测力天平测得由索1的索端力F1、索2的索端力F2产生的合力矩MF2产生的扭矩T,同时已知索端力作用的力臂长度分别为L1L2,通过解耦的方法即可求得索端力值。
测试模型组件上表面迎风时,风荷载表现为风压,此时索2迎风,测试模型组件下表面迎风时为风吸,索1迎风。本文数据分析的风速为折减风速U*,定义为:
U*=Uf×B
式中,U为试验风速;f为模型实测一阶自振频率(4.9 Hz);B为模型组件弦长。
每个测点处两位移计间距为d,所采集的位移时程信号分别为Z1Z2,向上为正,则模型的竖向位移ΔZ及扭转角度θ可表示为:
ΔZ=Z1+Z22
θ=arctanZ1-Z2d
Z1Z2的正负号定义可知,ΔZ向上为正,反之为负;θ顺时针转动为正。
定义位移放大系数、索端力放大系数和扭转位移放大系数分别为βzβfβθ,如下所示:
βz=1+2.5Zd|Zm|
βf=|F0+FΔ|+FdF0
βθ=1+2.5θd|θm|
式中,F0为索的初始预拉力;FΔ为索端力变化平均值,该值仅考虑风荷载引起的索力,当索力为负值时,表示风荷载并未产生索力增量,而且减小了初始索力;Zm为模型竖向位移的平均值;ZdFd分别为模型竖向位移和索端力的标准差(称作脉动值);θm为模型扭转位移平均值;θd为模型扭转位移标准差(称作脉动值)。
按照缩尺比缩尺完成的模型竖向自振频率为4.99 Hz,扭转自振的频率为6.74 Hz。模型制作完成后对其进行验证,测得竖向振动和扭转振动的自由振动衰减曲线如图6所示,通过傅里叶变换得到模型竖向振动和扭转振动频率和阻尼比。模型实测竖向自振频率和阻尼比为f=4.90 Hz、ζ=2.70%;扭转自振频率和阻尼比为f=6.69 Hz、ζ=2.80%。模型实测的自振频率和阻尼比与原型有限元模拟的结果满足相似关系,说明设计的模型能够反映结构的真实振动情况。
表2给出了β=10°时,4.5 m/s风速下3个测点处的竖向位移与扭转位移的平均值和脉动值绝对值,结合测试数据可知,模型跨中测点2处的平均位移和均方差均为3个测点中最大的,因此后文主要针对测点2处的竖向位移和扭转位移进行讨论。
图7β=10°、15°和22.5°时,在不同风速下测点2处的位移时程曲线。通过对测点2处位移时程的分析发现,柔性光伏支架模型在风的作用下发生竖向且带有扭转的耦合振动;随着风速的增大,这种耦合振动的振幅增大;不同风向角和倾角下的柔性光伏支架位移时程存在一些差异。
随机选取一组工况的时程数据绘制概率密度分布图,如图8所示。图中竖向位移和扭转位移的概率密度分布情况基本符合正态分布,据此可进一步验证采用式(4)和(6)计算位移放大系数和扭转放大系数的有效性。
图9中各倾角下跨中竖向位移的平均值和脉动值均随着风速的增大而增大,说明风速越大,索偏离初始平衡位置的位移越远且振动越强烈;各倾角风吸时的平均值和脉动值在相同风速下明显大于风压情况。不同倾角下的风吸位移放大系数大于风压时的对应值。不同倾角下的竖向位移响应也有差异,风吸时倾角越大竖向位移响应越大。
风压时,索在风荷载作用下持续产生偏离平衡位置的位移,振动幅度增大,当达到一定风速后,索被张拉得更紧,结构刚度变大导致振动减小,使得风压时的竖向位移放大系数随风速先增大后稍有减小。风吸时,到达一定风速后索松弛,导致产生大幅度振动,使风吸时的竖向位移放大系数随风速的增大而一直增大。在β=0°和风速刚从0增大时,结构出现了振动,但是平均位移很小,导致竖向位移放大系数较大,因此该值并不宜作为动力放大效应的参考。
分析图10中扭转位移响应可以发现,发生扭转位移时的位移平均值和脉动值呈现的规律与发生竖向位移时基本一致,不同倾角之间的扭转位移响应也有差异,倾角越大扭转位移响应越大。β=10°和β=15°时的扭转位移放大系数在风压情况下更大,而β=22.5°时则相反,且倾角越大扭转位移放大系数越大。
风吸和风压时出现扭转位移响应的差异与扭矩系数有关。文献[14]中提到,风吸与风压相比荷载分布更加不均匀,这种情况在文献[15]中也得到了证实。因此,风吸时扭转位移更大。文献[13]中提到,模型振动时小倾角下的平均扭转系数与静止时趋势一致;模型静止时风吸情况下的扭转系数标准差与风压情况下相比稍大,当模型振动时扭转系数标准差随倾角增大而增大。因此,风吸时扭转位移脉动值更大,振动幅度更大。
图11给出了β=10°时两根索的索端力时程,图中显示随着风速的增加,索端力变化更剧烈。风压时,索2的索端力随风速变化比索1大;风吸时,索1的索端力随风速变化比索2大,因此在风压时选取索2进行分析,风吸时选取索1进行分析。
图12分析了随着风速的增大不同倾角下的索端力响应变化。风压时,索端力均值随风速的增大正向增长后迅速减小,脉动值一直随风速增大,表明索随风速增大先张紧后松弛且索端力变化幅度变大。风吸时,β=10°索端力均值负向减小,脉动值随风速的增大而增大,表明索松弛且索端力变化幅度变大。其他倾角下风吸时,为保护模型未进行更大风速的测试,但是索力出现了先减小后反向增大的趋势,表明索先松弛后张紧,可以预测β=10°风吸情况下,在风速继续增大后也会出现与β=15°和β=22.5°相似的规律。风压时的脉动值和索端力放大系数与风吸时相比明显更大,因此风压时的索端力受风速影响更大。
对索端力随风速的增大突然变化的原因进行了分析。如图13所示,选取索端力变化趋势突变点处的风速,分析此风速下的扭转位移响应,可以明显看出风压情况下,索端力突然减小时的风速与出现大幅扭转位移的风速基本一致,此时索2在扭转位移的作用下向上移动,导致索松弛,索端力均值减小。风吸情况下,索1在扭转位移的作用下向下移动,导致索张紧,索端力均值增大。因此,索端力响应与位移响应表现出了很好的一致性。
由于柔性光伏支架的风致振动是影响其使用安全的关键因素,因此采取抑振措施来控制风致振动。本研究采取在柔性支架跨中位置布置地锚索的方法去抑制风致振动,通过风洞试验验证其抑振效果,试验中地锚索采用鱼线模拟,采取抑振措施后的柔性支架示意图如图4所示。风压时,地锚索松弛后失效,因此只对风吸时的地锚索抑振效果进行研究。
由于在跨中采用地锚索,可以预测风吸时地锚索有效减小了测点2处竖向位移,测点1和3处的位移并未受到地锚索的直接影响。如表3所示,β=10°时有无地锚索措施的竖向位移均值和脉动值变化与预测基本一致。
图14显示了采取地锚索抑振措施后柔性光伏支架的扭转位移均值和脉动值变化。风吸时,增设地锚索后的扭转位移均值与无抑振措施时相比有所减小,β=22.5°时的扭转位移均值变化不明显;增设地锚索后,扭转位移脉动值和位移放大系数均有明显减小,且倾角越大越明显,说明振动幅度大幅减小。因此,采取地锚索抑振措施对风吸时的扭转位移有抑振效果,倾角越大,抑振效果越明显。
图15给出了风吸时采取地锚索抑振措施后柔性支架的索端力均值和脉动值变化。地锚索对平均索端力的影响并不相同,除β=10°的索2和β=15°的索1外,其他倾角下的索1和索2在增设地锚索后索力的均值与无措施相比稍有增大。对于脉动值,β=10°时索2的脉动值与无措施相比稍有增大,其他倾角下增设地锚索后索1和索2的脉动值均明显减小。索1和索2的索端力放大系数在增设地锚索后没有明显变化。因此,增设地锚索措施后可以有效减小索力的波动,且倾角越大,增设地锚索的效果越好。
考虑到风压作用下的索端力要远大于风吸作用下的对应值,并且地锚索对于索端力的影响规律比较复杂,因此,虽然整体上地锚索对索端力存在有利的影响,但在结构设计中并不会发挥决定性的作用。
本研究进行了一系列全气弹模型风洞试验,以研究不同风速、倾角和风向角下单层索柔性光伏支架的风致位移和索端力响应。采取了地锚索抑振措施,通过风洞试验验证了该措施的抑振效果。主要结论如下:
(1) 柔性光伏支架在风的作用下发生竖向和扭转耦合的振动,在较小风速下支架以竖向振动为主,随着风速的增大,支架在竖向振动的同时出现扭转振动,且竖向振动和扭转振动均随着风速的增大而增大。
(2) 风吸时柔性支架位移响应较大;风压时索端力响应较大。因此,对于柔性支架连接件设计而言,风吸时为不利工况;对于柔性支架立柱和基础设计而言,风压时为不利工况。
(3) 柔性光伏支架的位移响应和索端力响应密切相关,发生较大扭转位移时索端力也会有较大变化,索端力响应与位移响应表现出了很好的一致性。
(4) 柔性光伏支架结构的位移响应放大系数和索端力响应放大系数差别较大,考虑到柔性支架几何非线性的结构特征,索端力是结构设计中最重要的参数,因此索端力响应放大系数在实际设计中更加重要。
(5) 在风吸情况下,在跨中采取地锚索抑振措施可以有效地减小竖向位移响应和扭转位移响应,且组件倾角越大效果越明显。对于索端力而言,增设地锚索也对减小索端力的波动有一定的作用。
  • 河北省自然科学基金杰出青年基金资助项目(E2021210053)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311011
  • 接收时间:2023-11-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-05
  • 修回日期:2024-01-22
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河北省自然科学基金杰出青年基金资助项目(E2021210053)
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    1.石家庄铁道大学土木工程学院,河北 石家庄 050043;
    2.河北省风工程和风能利用工程技术创新中心,河北 石家庄 050043;
    3.中国电建集团河北省电力勘测设计研究院有限责任公司,河北 石家庄 050031

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马文勇(1981—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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