Article(id=1225751357576098234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689350400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-15, revisedDate=1694016000000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770171497005, onlineDateStr=2026-02-04, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770171497005, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770171497005, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770171497005, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1225751351125263080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='10', pageStart='2205', pageEnd='2462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770171495466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774228911890, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2369, endPage=2377, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225751358515622367, articleId=1225751357576098234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Research on diagnosis and identification of acoustic emission signals for non-contact rotary seal failures, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of unclear and challenging identification of non-contact rotating seal fault signals, this study established an experimental platform and acoustic emission testing system. It involved monitoring acoustic emission signals during various operational conditions, including normal operation and six typical fault scenarios of non-contact rotating seals. A total of 14000 feature samples were effectively collected. By applying the Bayesian optimization algorithm and incorporating continuous wavelet transform, an adaptive convolutional neural network classification model was constructed. Subsequently, the diagnostic performance of the fault recognition model was analyzed using confusion matrices and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding. The research results demonstrate that this model successfully classifies and identifies seven different operational conditions of non-contact rotating seals, including normal operation, dry friction, mixed lubrication, spring failure, end-face pitting, local spring failure, and end-face scratching, with an average recognition accuracy of 99.7023%. This achievement underscores the capability of effectively isolating and identifying seal fault sources from acoustic emission signals of non-contact rotating seals in non-stationary, complex, and overlapping environments, thereby establishing a solid theoretical foundation for practical engineering applications.

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针对非接触旋转密封故障信号不明晰和难以辨识的问题,本文搭建试验台和声发射测试系统,设置非接触旋转密封正常以及6种典型故障工况进行声发射信号监测,有效获取14000个特征样本;采用贝叶斯优化算法,结合连续小波变换,建立一个具有适应性的卷积神经网络分类模型,进而采用混淆矩阵和t分布随机近邻嵌入分析故障识别模型的诊断性能。研究结果表明:该模型实现了非接触旋转密封正常运行、干摩擦、混合润滑、弹簧失效、端面凹坑、弹簧局部失效以及端面划痕7种工况的有效分类识别,平均分类精确度达到了99.7023%,从而证明了非接触旋转密封声发射信号在非平稳性、复杂性和重叠性环境中,可以被有效地分离,用于密封故障源识别。

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陆俊杰(1990—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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陈金鑫(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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陈金鑫(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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The main components and performance parameters of the experimental system

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元器件名称元器件型号性能参数
驱动电机YE2-160M1-2额定转速:2940 r/min
气路控制系统CYTYF120-O2Q-00最大压力:16 MPa
非接触旋转密封试验台CYTYF015C-01-00额定功率:11 kW;最高转速:3000 r/min
声发射采集器最高采样率:2.5 MHz;频率带宽:13~1035 kHz
变频启动器Y500-X0150C3额定功率:15 kW
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试验系统主要元器件及其性能参数

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元器件名称元器件型号性能参数
驱动电机YE2-160M1-2额定转速:2940 r/min
气路控制系统CYTYF120-O2Q-00最大压力:16 MPa
非接触旋转密封试验台CYTYF015C-01-00额定功率:11 kW;最高转速:3000 r/min
声发射采集器最高采样率:2.5 MHz;频率带宽:13~1035 kHz
变频启动器Y500-X0150C3额定功率:15 kW
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Setting of conditions non-contact rotary seal signal acquisition tst

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运行工况类别试验用件简称样本数量转速/(r·min-1)索引标签
正常稳定运行SO200010000
启停故障干摩擦DF2000501
混合润滑ML20006002
结构故障弹簧失效(均布)SF200010003
动环端面凹坑EP200010004
弹簧局部失效PF200010005
静环端面划痕SC200010006
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非接触旋转密封信号采集试验工况设定

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运行工况类别试验用件简称样本数量转速/(r·min-1)索引标签
正常稳定运行SO200010000
启停故障干摩擦DF2000501
混合润滑ML20006002
结构故障弹簧失效(均布)SF200010003
动环端面凹坑EP200010004
弹簧局部失效PF200010005
静环端面划痕SC200010006
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Optimization ranges of hyperparameters

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序号超参数优化范围
1LR[0.0001,0.01]
2Epoch[30,100]
3GUOASGDM/Adam/RMSprop
4Batch size[8,64]
5Conv1的卷积核尺寸[3,7]
6Conv2的卷积核尺寸[3,7]
7Conv1的卷积核数量[1,20]
8Conv2的卷积核数量[10,30]
9FC1的输出单元数量[256,512]
10FC2的输出单元数量[32,256]
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超参数优化范围

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序号超参数优化范围
1LR[0.0001,0.01]
2Epoch[30,100]
3GUOASGDM/Adam/RMSprop
4Batch size[8,64]
5Conv1的卷积核尺寸[3,7]
6Conv2的卷积核尺寸[3,7]
7Conv1的卷积核数量[1,20]
8Conv2的卷积核数量[10,30]
9FC1的输出单元数量[256,512]
10FC2的输出单元数量[32,256]
), ArticleFig(id=1225751374382674191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751357576098234, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Optimization results of hyperparameters

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序号超参数优化结果
1LR0.00717
2Epoch87
3GUOASGDM
4Batch size27
5Conv1的卷积核尺寸4
6Conv2的卷积核尺寸5
7Conv1的卷积核数量4
8Conv2的卷积核数量29
9FC1的输出单元数量298
10FC2的输出单元数量108
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超参数优化结果

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序号超参数优化结果
1LR0.00717
2Epoch87
3GUOASGDM
4Batch size27
5Conv1的卷积核尺寸4
6Conv2的卷积核尺寸5
7Conv1的卷积核数量4
8Conv2的卷积核数量29
9FC1的输出单元数量298
10FC2的输出单元数量108
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CNN‑BOA network structure parameters

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层数参数激活函数
1Conv1 MaxPoolOC=4; KS=4
S=1; PAD=0
KS=2; S=2; PAD=0
Leaky ReLU
2Conv2 MaxPoolOC=29; KS=5
S=1; PAD=0
KS=2; S=2; PAD=0
Leaky ReLU
3FC1IF=4901; OF=298
4FC2IF=298; OF=108
5输出层IF=108; OF=7Softmax
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CNN‑BOA网络结构参数

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层数参数激活函数
1Conv1 MaxPoolOC=4; KS=4
S=1; PAD=0
KS=2; S=2; PAD=0
Leaky ReLU
2Conv2 MaxPoolOC=29; KS=5
S=1; PAD=0
KS=2; S=2; PAD=0
Leaky ReLU
3FC1IF=4901; OF=298
4FC2IF=298; OF=108
5输出层IF=108; OF=7Softmax
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非接触旋转密封故障声发射信号的诊断与识别研究
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陈金鑫 1, 2 , 陆俊杰 1 , 丁雪兴 2 , 徐洁 2 , 丁俊华 2 , 高德 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(10): 2369-2377
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(10): 2369-2377
非接触旋转密封故障声发射信号的诊断与识别研究
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陈金鑫1, 2 , 陆俊杰1 , 丁雪兴2, 徐洁2, 丁俊华2, 高德1
作者信息
  • 1.浙大宁波理工学院宁波市极端密封重点实验室,浙江 宁波 315000;
  • 2.兰州理工大学石油化工学院,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 陈金鑫(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陆俊杰(1990—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Research on diagnosis and identification of acoustic emission signals for non-contact rotary seal failures
Jinxin CHEN1, 2 , Junjie LU1 , Xuexing DING2, Jie XU2, Junhua DING2, De GAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Ningbo Key Laboratory of Advanced Seal Technology, University of NingboTech, Ningbo 315000, China
  • 2.School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307046
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针对非接触旋转密封故障信号不明晰和难以辨识的问题,本文搭建试验台和声发射测试系统,设置非接触旋转密封正常以及6种典型故障工况进行声发射信号监测,有效获取14000个特征样本;采用贝叶斯优化算法,结合连续小波变换,建立一个具有适应性的卷积神经网络分类模型,进而采用混淆矩阵和t分布随机近邻嵌入分析故障识别模型的诊断性能。研究结果表明:该模型实现了非接触旋转密封正常运行、干摩擦、混合润滑、弹簧失效、端面凹坑、弹簧局部失效以及端面划痕7种工况的有效分类识别,平均分类精确度达到了99.7023%,从而证明了非接触旋转密封声发射信号在非平稳性、复杂性和重叠性环境中,可以被有效地分离,用于密封故障源识别。

故障诊断  /  声发射  /  非接触旋转密封  /  状态识别  /  深度学习

To address the issue of unclear and challenging identification of non-contact rotating seal fault signals, this study established an experimental platform and acoustic emission testing system. It involved monitoring acoustic emission signals during various operational conditions, including normal operation and six typical fault scenarios of non-contact rotating seals. A total of 14000 feature samples were effectively collected. By applying the Bayesian optimization algorithm and incorporating continuous wavelet transform, an adaptive convolutional neural network classification model was constructed. Subsequently, the diagnostic performance of the fault recognition model was analyzed using confusion matrices and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding. The research results demonstrate that this model successfully classifies and identifies seven different operational conditions of non-contact rotating seals, including normal operation, dry friction, mixed lubrication, spring failure, end-face pitting, local spring failure, and end-face scratching, with an average recognition accuracy of 99.7023%. This achievement underscores the capability of effectively isolating and identifying seal fault sources from acoustic emission signals of non-contact rotating seals in non-stationary, complex, and overlapping environments, thereby establishing a solid theoretical foundation for practical engineering applications.

fault diagnosis  /  acoustic emission  /  non-contact rotary seal  /  condition recognition  /  deep learning
陈金鑫, 陆俊杰, 丁雪兴, 徐洁, 丁俊华, 高德. 非接触旋转密封故障声发射信号的诊断与识别研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2369 -2377 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307046
Jinxin CHEN, Junjie LU, Xuexing DING, Jie XU, Junhua DING, De GAO. Research on diagnosis and identification of acoustic emission signals for non-contact rotary seal failures[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2369 -2377 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307046
密封装置直接决定了重大装备的热控效果和运行效率,其中机械密封在先进工业设备密封装置中的使用率达到约90%[1]。在设备作业期间,一般通过观察密封装置的泄漏率、温升或压力等参数间接判断其运行风险,但这些参数并不能准确地体现故障或失效情况,且需要设置较大的安全裕量。这种基于传统的间接故障诊断方法无法直观地探测密封设备当前健康状态,难以做到预知性维修。
近年来,得益于新一代人工智能技术的迅速发展,国内外学者结合信号数据驱动、自动数据处理、特征提取以及模式识别发展了诸多深度学习健康监测诊断方法,并应用于旋转机械故障诊断领域,如深度信念网络[2]、深度自编码网络[3]、递归神经网络[4]、卷积神经网络[5]、长短期记忆网络[6],受到了国内外学者的广泛关注[78]。BHADANE等[9]将CNN(convolutional neural network)模型作为轴承故障监测的后端分类器,并采集轴承3种不同状态下的振动数据,提取其统计特征作为模型的输入,试验结果表明了CNN在轴承故障诊断领域的可靠性。但由于CNN在处理信号数据的过程中,只能提取信号的局部特征,导致模型精度和泛化能力较低,基于上述问题,ZHANG等[10]将长短期记忆网络引入CNN网络用于提取全局特征,同时构建了局部特征学习模块,将提取的深层特征用于轴承故障分类,提高了模型分类精度和泛化能力。但他们并未考虑到模型超参数对于诊断性能的作用和基于时频的诊断技术无法保证高精度的问题。KE等[11]将多电平转换器的子模型故障时频信号转化为二维时频图作为诊断模型的输入数据,同时利用遗传算法对模型关键超参数进行优化,提高了所提故障诊断框架的可视性和适用性。SHAO等[12]采用粒子群优化确定深度置信网络的最优结构,然后将优化后的网络应用于滚子轴承故障诊断。TANG等[13]为了摆脱手动特征提取和人工超参数优化,通过连续小波变换将原始声信号转化为二维时频图作为CNN的输入,结合贝叶斯优化算法自适应调整超参数,构建了一个具有较高准确率和较好鲁棒性的CNN模型用于液压柱塞泵的故障诊断。WANG等[14]提出了一种自适应深度CNN模型用于滚动轴承故障诊断,其主要超参数由粒子群优化确定。
大多数学者基于深度学习的旋转机械故障诊断的研究,主要集中在齿轮、变速箱、电机、转子和轴承上。而由于非接触旋转密封故障类型不明晰、状态难以量化、数据库不完善等原因,其智能故障诊断相关研究报道较为稀缺。鉴于上述问题,本文搭建非接触旋转密封声发射(acoustic emission,AE)试验台对其进行直接测量并采集非平稳AE信号,提出一种可融合连续小波变换和贝叶斯优化的深度CNN模型,对非接触旋转密封的多故障状态进行分类识别。为在具有高度非平稳特性、复杂性和重叠性的AE信号环境中实现密封故障源识别提供了可行性证明。
本文测试对象为非接触旋转密封,其结构如图1所示。非接触旋转密封运行期间,螺旋槽依据转速高低变化所产生的强弱动压效应使得旋转环和补偿环端面发生3种摩擦学状态:干摩擦、混合润滑以及流体动力润滑。在流体动力润滑状态下(也是非接触旋转密封理想运行状态),旋转环和补偿环端面间隙具有一层仅有几微米的气膜,介质气体不断地沿槽向中心泵送,通过极薄气膜厚度产生极高的气膜刚度,从而达到密封效果。
非接触旋转密封AE信号采集试验系统如图2所示。试验系统主要由传动系统、供气系统、控制系统、密封系统和测试系统组成,主要元器件及其性能参数如表1所示。模型的训练和验证使用了基于Pytorch 1.10.2和Python 3.6的深度学习框架。工作站为华硕FA506QM,配置AMD RyzenTM 7‑5800H处理器,英伟达显卡RTX3060(16 GB)。
非接触旋转密封信号采集试验工况设定如表2所示。所有工况均在0.1 MPa压力下进行,4种结构故障和正常运行信号数据均在电机转速1000 r/min时采集,在密封环为正常环时,测取电机转速为50和600 r/min时的数据作为启停故障信号数据。
为了提高试验系统测试精度,本次试验采用双通道AE传感器,通过磁力将两个传感器呈45°安装在密封压盖的径向平面上,尽可能靠近被测密封环。采样系统采样率设置为1.25 MHz,启动电机通过变频启动器控制。
根据1.1节所述的非接触旋转密封的工作原理,非接触旋转密封运行期间所经历的3种摩擦学状态具体取决于Stribeck曲线所表征的操作条件。其最佳工作区域是从混合润滑到流体动力润滑状态的过渡点附近,此时摩擦和泄露最小[1516]
文献[1721]的研究表明,在密封端面之间的滑动接触中,AE信号参数中的均方根(root mean squared,RMS)值与AE源机制的多重相互作用之间存在显著的交互关系。这种相关性已在FAN等[22]的工作中得到了理论证明。
信号均方根计算公式为:
RMS=1ΔT0ΔTV2(τ)dτ
式中,ΔT为时间常数;V(τ)为信号在τ时刻的电压。
LeNet‑5是深度学习中经典CNN模型,它利用自动特征学习的潜力对数据进行分类和识别[23]。本文基于LeNet‑5构建了一个适用于非接触旋转密封故障信号数据的改进CNN模型,其整体结构由一个输入层、两个卷积层、两个池化层、两个全连接层以及一个输出分类层构成。
CNN模型选择相对较小的卷积核作为特征提取器,用于平衡较强的特征表示和较低的网络模型复杂度。CNN中的激活函数为Leaky ReLU,池化层采用最大池化(max pooling,MaxPool),通过下采样减少特征维度,Softmax函数用于完成预测和分类。
贝叶斯优化(bayesian optimization algorithm,BOA)自从被提出用于机器学习以来,已被证实在超参数调整方面的有效性[2426],其在本文中被用于自动超参数(hyperparameters,HPs)优化,以解决HPs手动优化的局限性。
BOA优化流程图如图3的步骤4所示,每个HP都设置优化范围,随后利用高斯过程(Gaussian process,GP)确定代理模型,从而对目标函数建模并定义其先验分布,其次给定一组观察值用于函数评估,再次利用GP确定目标函数得到后验分布,最后使用采集函数(acquisition function,AF)根据后验分布信息指引采样以确定下一个采样点。主要的AFs有EI(expected Improvement),PI(probability of improvement)以及UCB(upper confidence bound)等。EI因其良好的实用性和简单的计算方式,已成为当前最流行和最常用的策略之一,同时考虑到噪音对结果产生的影响,本文选择Noisy EI作为采集函数,保证优化时额外结果的稳定性。优化目标是非接触旋转密封不同运行状态测试数据集上的状态识别准确率。目标函数则用于表示识别准确率与HP的关系。
利用声发射传感器采集非接触旋转密封状态数据,随后在构建的CNN模型基础上,引入BOA优化CNN模型,并用于非接触旋转密封运行状态识别,其识别方法流程如图3所示。
具体方法实现主要包括以下5个步骤:
(1)通过AE传感器获取非接触旋转密封不同运行状态下的AE信号。
(2) 将获取的一维AE信号进行切片处理,并通过连续小波变换(continuous wavelet transform,CWT)将其转换为时频图并作为分类模型的输入。
(3) 考虑模型输入数据的数量及维度,设置其初始HPs的值,构建一个初步的深度CNN模型。
(4) 使用BOA算法对CNN模型的HPs进行优化。首先,确定需要优化的HPs;其次,选择被优化的HPs的优化范围;进而,BOA依据评估函数进行迭代,优化目标为寻找能够达到模型最佳性能的超参数组;然后,对具有最优HPs的CNN模型进行训练及测试;最后,构建出一个具有适应性的CNN模型(CNN‑BOA)。
(6) 将通过BOA优化的深度CNN性能最优模型应用于非接触旋转密封故障诊断。
在机械故障诊断中,用于原始信号时频分析的常见方法有很多,包括短时傅里叶变换、S变换、小波同步压缩变换、CWT、希尔伯特‑黄变换等[27]。本文采用CWT时频分析方法并选用Morlet小波作为母小波函数,对于非稳态信号,CWT通过伸缩和平移运算可以对信号进行多尺度细化分析,从而能够有效地从信号中提取时频信息。进一步地,可以将原始一维信号映射到二维空间表示其时频特征[28]
模型中HPs的优化范围如表3所示。设置HPs的优化范围可以减少BOA的搜索范围,节省模型训练时间。模型的输入数据为时频图,激活函数为Leaky ReLU,需要被优化的HPs包括学习率(learning rate,LR)、迭代次数(Epoch)、批次尺寸(Batch size)、第一个卷积层(convolutional layer 1,Conv1)和第二个卷积层(convolutional layer 2,Conv2)的卷积核尺寸以及卷积核的数量、第一个全连接层(fully connected layer 1,FC1)和第二个全连接层(Fully connected layer 2,FC2)的输出单元数量、梯度更新优化算法(gradient updata optimization algorithm,GUOA),其中GUOA包括SGDM(stochastic gradient descent with momentum),Adam(adaptive moment estimation)以及RMSprop(root mean square prop)这3种典型优化算法。卷积核则用来提取高维特征,卷积核的大小影响到感受野的大小,且较小的卷积核可以减少计算量。因此,卷积核尺寸的上限被设定为7×7。
通过CWT将其转换为二维时频图,如图4所示。每类状态原始数据包含2000个样本,将原始数据转化为时频图后得到了14000个时频图,时频图尺寸为64×64。为了保证模型的泛化能力,同时将每类时频图中的70%作为模型训练样本集,其余30%作为模型测试样本集,每次模型训练时只有训练样本集被用来训练模型,训练完成后的模型直接应用于测试样本集。
分类精确度随BOA优化次数变化的曲线如图5所示,在第2次BOA优化时其模型分类精确率已超过了99%,在第85次优化时分类精确率达到了最高值。HPs优化结果如表4所示,最终确定的CNN模型网络结构参数如表5所示。
模型训练过程中,随着训练次数的增加,损失函数收敛过程如图6(a)所示,分类精确度如图6(b) 所示。损失函数值和分类精确度均在第15次训练后出现波动,在训练次数超过60次后,训练损失函数值逐步趋于零,测试集损失函数值则收敛于区间[181.6,181.7]。训练精确度和测试精确度没有明显差异。因此,CNN‑BOA模型收敛速度较快且稳定性良好。
为了观察确定的CNN‑BOA模型在非接触旋转密封不同运行状态上的分类表现,使用混淆矩阵计算了CNN‑BOA模型与超参数优化使用随机搜索优化算法(random research,RR)的CNN模型(CNN‑RR)、使用SGDM梯度优化算法的LeNet‑5(LeNet‑5‑SGDM)模型、使用Adam梯度优化算法的LeNet‑5(LeNet‑5‑Adam)模型以及使用RMSprop优化的LeNet‑5(LeNet‑5‑RMSprop)模型识别分类不同状态的正类数、召回数以及精确度。如图7(a)所示,CNN‑BOA模型对于EP和SC状态的分类精确率率达到了100%,DF和ML状态样本分别只有一个被误识别为了SF,此外,7个SF状态样本被误判为PF,5个PF状态样本被误判为SF。这表明CNN‑BOA模型的状态识别性能明显优于其他对比模型,尤其是对EP和SC状态的特征提取和识别能力最为出色。另外4种状态分类模型对于SF和PF状态的分类精确度同样明显低于另外5种状态,说明SF和PF状态的时频特征极为相似,即使利用深度学习模型对其进行深层次的特征提取也难以达到100%分类精确度。
本文所提CNN‑BOA模型以及4种对比模型均进行了10次重复试验,避免了单一模型出现随机性的问题。如图8所示,10次重复试验的CNN‑BOA模型和CNN‑RR 模型的分类精确度没有显著差异,而基于人工调参的LeNet‑5模型的分类精确度有着明显差异,说明其稳定性较差。平均分类精确度最高和标准差最小的分类模型均为CNN‑BOA模型,且其标准差远小于其他分类模型。作为同样使用机器超参数调整算法的CNN‑RR模型的平均分类精确度也达到了99%以上,但其标准差较大,稳定性较差,一个主要原因是RR优化算法对于超参数的采样是随机的。而在3种基于人工调参的分类模型中,LeNet‑5‑SGDM的平均分类精确度最高,标准差较低,CNN‑BOA最终确定的梯度更新优化算法也为SGDM,进一步说明对于基于时频图的非接触旋转密封故障诊断模型,使用SGDM优化算法的训练效果要优于Adam以及RMSprop优化算法。基于以上分析,CNN‑BOA模型相比于使用RR优化的CNN模型以及人工调参的CNN模型,其分类识别性能和鲁棒性都更为出色。
为了直观地分析CNN‑BOA模型各层特征提取器对密封状态数据集分类的有效性,使用t分布随机近邻嵌入(t‑distributed stochastic neighbor embedding,t‑SNE)技术,将高维特征映射到二维空间进行可视化处理。
图9所示,原始输入数据的二维特征相互交融,无法有效分类识别,其中ML、SO、SF和PF状态重叠最为严重。经过Conv1和Conv2的特征提取之后,相同运行状态数据的低维特征开始聚类,但7种状态特征仍有部分具有交融现象。在经过FC1和FC2 线性映射后,相同状态的特征概率分布更加接近,不同状态的特征也被辨别开来。而在经过分类层之后,各相同状态的分布更加紧凑,不同状态簇之间的间距也更大,分组效果更为明显,7种状态数据低维特征被明显分离。因此,基于AE信号时频图的CNN‑BOA可以对非接触旋转密封运行状态进行有效识别。
鉴于非接触旋转密封故障类型无法明晰、状态难以量化以及故障数据不完备的问题,本文搭建非接触旋转密封声发射试验台用于采集非平稳信号,并提出一种可融合连续小波变换和贝叶斯优化的深度CNN模型用于非接触旋转密封故障诊断,希望非接触密封运行信号在非平稳性、复杂性和重叠性环境中,可以被有效地分离,并用于密封故障源识别,进一步完善密封故障诊断的准确性。主要结论如下:
(1) 利用AE技术可以有效监测非接触旋转密封多源故障状态信号,且能够通过CNN模型对状态信号数据进行特征提取及分类识别。
(2) CNN‑BOA对密封运行状态的平均分类精确度为99.7023%,略高于CNN‑RR模型的99.3760%,高于人工调参模型的97.5529%。
(3) 将t‑SNE用于模型各层特征降维并可视化。结果表明,非接触旋转密封AE时频图经过CNN‑BOA模型各层特征提取器之后,不同运行状态的属性特征被有效保留,且可被精准辨识。
  • 宁波市自然科学基金-青年博士创新研究项目(2022J152)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LY22E050010)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51905480)
  • “科技创新2025”重大专项(2022Z007; 2022Z054)
  • 固体润滑国家重点实验室基金资助项目(LSL-1912)
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2025年第38卷第10期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307046
  • 接收时间:2023-07-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-15
  • 修回日期:2023-09-07
基金
宁波市自然科学基金-青年博士创新研究项目(2022J152)
浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LY22E050010)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51905480)
“科技创新2025”重大专项(2022Z007; 2022Z054)
固体润滑国家重点实验室基金资助项目(LSL-1912)
作者信息
    1.浙大宁波理工学院宁波市极端密封重点实验室,浙江 宁波 315000;
    2.兰州理工大学石油化工学院,甘肃 兰州 730050

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陆俊杰(1990—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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