Article(id=1225751357408330601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691942400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-14, revisedDate=1699545600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770171496965, onlineDateStr=2026-02-04, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770171496965, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770171496965, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770171496965, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1225751351125263080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='10', pageStart='2205', pageEnd='2462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770171495466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774228911890, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2339, endPage=2349, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225751359044109244, articleId=1225751357408330601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Intelligent identification method for aging state of viscoelastic sandwich structure based on SSA-VMD and ANFIS, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the difficulties that the vibration response signal of the viscoelastic sandwich structure is strongly non-stationary and the change of vibration response signal caused by the change of aging state is weak, this paper proposes an intelligeat identification method for the aging state of the viscoelastic sandwich structure based on sparrow search algorithm (SSA) optimized variational mode decomposition (VMD) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The vibration response signals of different aging states of the viscoelastic sandwich structure are decomposed by the parameter-optimized VMD, and several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) are obtained; The permutation entropy (PE) features of the obtained IMF components are computed, which are used to reflect the structural aging state change; The obtained permutation entropy features are constructed into feature vectors as inputs of ANFIS to realize the aging state intelligent iclentification of viscoelastic sandwich structure. The effectiveness of the method was verified through experiments, and compared with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and ANFIS, parameter optimized VMD and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) methods. The results show that the proposed method in this paper can more accurately identify the aging state of viscoelastic sandwich structure.

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针对黏弹夹层结构的振动响应信号表现为强非平稳性,以及老化状态变化引起的振动响应信号变化具有微弱性的难题,本文提出了一种基于麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)优化变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)和自适应神经模糊推理系统(adaptive neuro‑fuzzy inference system,ANFIS)的黏弹夹层结构老化状态智能识别方法。对黏弹夹层结构不同老化状态的振动响应信号进行参数优化的VMD分解,得到若干个本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF);计算得到IMF分量的排列熵特征,用于反映结构老化状态的变化;将得到的排列熵特征构建成特征向量,作为ANFIS的输入实现黏弹夹层结构老化状态的智能识别。通过试验验证了该方法的有效性,并将该方法与经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)和ANFIS、参数优化VMD和径向基函数神经网络(radial basis function neural network,RBFNN)方法进行比较。结果表明,本文所提方法可以更加准确地识别黏弹夹层结构的老化状态。

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瞿金秀(1988—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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ArticleFig(id=1225751376718906020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751357408330601, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

The optimal parameter pairs of vibration response signals for each aging state

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化状态最优参数对
1[10,136]
2[9,2423]
3[10,190]
4[10,1527]
5[10,100]
6[9,142]
7[8,178]
8[10,2013]
9[8,940]
), ArticleFig(id=1225751376819569319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751357408330601, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各老化状态振动响应信号的最优参数对

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化状态最优参数对
1[10,136]
2[9,2423]
3[10,190]
4[10,1527]
5[10,100]
6[9,142]
7[8,178]
8[10,2013]
9[8,940]
), ArticleFig(id=1225751376924426923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751357408330601, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of classification accuracy using different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法分类准确率
SSA-VMD-ANFIS99.04%
VMD-ANFIS87.74%
EMD-ANFIS46.36%
SSA-VMD-RBFNN85.44%
), ArticleFig(id=1225751377016701615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751357408330601, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同方法分类准确率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法分类准确率
SSA-VMD-ANFIS99.04%
VMD-ANFIS87.74%
EMD-ANFIS46.36%
SSA-VMD-RBFNN85.44%
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基于SSA‑VMD和ANFIS的黏弹夹层结构老化状态智能识别方法
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瞿金秀 1 , 史小伟 1 , 石长全 2 , 黄家琦 1 , 白玉梅 1 , 吴佳燕 1 , 柯非 1 , 曹蔚 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(10): 2339-2349
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(10): 2339-2349
基于SSA‑VMD和ANFIS的黏弹夹层结构老化状态智能识别方法
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瞿金秀1 , 史小伟1, 石长全2, 黄家琦1, 白玉梅1, 吴佳燕1, 柯非1, 曹蔚1
作者信息
  • 1.西安工业大学机电工程学院,陕西 西安 710021;
  • 2.西安交通大学精密微纳制造技术全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

瞿金秀(1988—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Intelligent identification method for aging state of viscoelastic sandwich structure based on SSA-VMD and ANFIS
Jinxiu QU1 , Xiaowei SHI1, Changquan SHI2, Jiaqi HUANG1, Yumei BAI1, Jiayan WU1, Fei KE1, Wei CAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechatronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308028
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针对黏弹夹层结构的振动响应信号表现为强非平稳性,以及老化状态变化引起的振动响应信号变化具有微弱性的难题,本文提出了一种基于麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)优化变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)和自适应神经模糊推理系统(adaptive neuro‑fuzzy inference system,ANFIS)的黏弹夹层结构老化状态智能识别方法。对黏弹夹层结构不同老化状态的振动响应信号进行参数优化的VMD分解,得到若干个本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF);计算得到IMF分量的排列熵特征,用于反映结构老化状态的变化;将得到的排列熵特征构建成特征向量,作为ANFIS的输入实现黏弹夹层结构老化状态的智能识别。通过试验验证了该方法的有效性,并将该方法与经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)和ANFIS、参数优化VMD和径向基函数神经网络(radial basis function neural network,RBFNN)方法进行比较。结果表明,本文所提方法可以更加准确地识别黏弹夹层结构的老化状态。

黏弹夹层结构  /  变分模态分解  /  特征提取  /  自适应神经模糊推理系统  /  老化状态智能识别

Aiming at the difficulties that the vibration response signal of the viscoelastic sandwich structure is strongly non-stationary and the change of vibration response signal caused by the change of aging state is weak, this paper proposes an intelligeat identification method for the aging state of the viscoelastic sandwich structure based on sparrow search algorithm (SSA) optimized variational mode decomposition (VMD) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The vibration response signals of different aging states of the viscoelastic sandwich structure are decomposed by the parameter-optimized VMD, and several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) are obtained; The permutation entropy (PE) features of the obtained IMF components are computed, which are used to reflect the structural aging state change; The obtained permutation entropy features are constructed into feature vectors as inputs of ANFIS to realize the aging state intelligent iclentification of viscoelastic sandwich structure. The effectiveness of the method was verified through experiments, and compared with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and ANFIS, parameter optimized VMD and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) methods. The results show that the proposed method in this paper can more accurately identify the aging state of viscoelastic sandwich structure.

viscoelastic sandwich structure  /  variational mode decomposition  /  feature extraction  /  adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system  /  intelligent recognition of aging state
瞿金秀, 史小伟, 石长全, 黄家琦, 白玉梅, 吴佳燕, 柯非, 曹蔚. 基于SSA‑VMD和ANFIS的黏弹夹层结构老化状态智能识别方法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2339 -2349 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308028
Jinxiu QU, Xiaowei SHI, Changquan SHI, Jiaqi HUANG, Yumei BAI, Jiayan WU, Fei KE, Wei CAO. Intelligent identification method for aging state of viscoelastic sandwich structure based on SSA-VMD and ANFIS[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2339 -2349 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308028
黏弹夹层结构是一种将黏弹性材料通过预紧力约束在弹性面板之间的特殊结构。该结构具有优良的减振、降噪等性能,因此被广泛应用于航空、航天、车辆、建筑等众多领域的机械装备中[13]。机械装备在长期运转和储存的过程中,由于受温度、湿度、腐蚀、机械应力等因素及其变化的影响,结构中嵌入的黏弹性材料会不可避免地发生发黏、发硬、龟裂或微裂纹等老化现象(不同种类橡胶的老化现象不同),导致其物理及化学性能下降,从而影响整台机械装备的运行安全[46]。现有的黏弹夹层结构老化状态检测方法大都具有破坏性,检测效率低且无法在线检测。结构的动态响应信号含有丰富的结构状态信息,动态响应检测法具有信号容易采集、检测速度快、能够反映结构的全局特性,可用于在线定量检测等特点。为了监测结构的健康状态,经常通过采集结构的振动响应信号进行分析研究[2]。因此,开展基于振动响应信号的黏弹夹层结构老化状态智能识别研究,以实现黏弹夹层结构老化状态的检测,对保障机械装备运行安全、避免灾难性事故意义重大。
基于振动响应信号的黏弹夹层结构老化状态智能识别,主要包括采集信号、老化特征提取以及老化状态分类三步,其中,老化特征提取是关键,老化状态分类是核心。然而黏弹夹层结构的振动响应信号表现为强非平稳性,而且由老化状态变化引起的振动响应信号变化很微弱,这使得老化特征提取和老化状态分类很难顺利完成。因此,选择合适的特征提取方法以及智能分类方法尤为重要。
目前针对非平稳振动信号进行特征提取多采用信号分解结合特征量化的形式,其中小波变换、经验模态分解(EMD)等方法应用广泛。但是这些方法仍然存在一定缺陷,小波变换高度依赖小波基函数的选取,无自适应性;EMD虽然具有自适应性,但该方法属于递归模式分解,存在端点效应,对频率相近的分量无法正确分离。DRAGOMIRETSKIY等[7]提出了一种非递归信号分解方法,变分模态分解(VMD),该方法不仅可以实现非平稳信号的自适应分解,而且克服了模式混叠和端点效应的缺点,具有更高的收敛速度和精度[89]。在黏弹夹层结构的老化过程中,振动响应信号的能量结构会随着黏弹夹层结构老化程度的变化而发生变化,而采用VMD分解可以实现将原始信号无冗余地进行正交分解,得到的模态分量可以分别表征原信号在不同频带上的特征。
但VMD对信号分解的结果受算法中模态个数K和惩罚参数α的影响很大,当K值过大时,分解结果可能掺杂虚假分量,导致模态混叠;当K值过小时,可能导致欠分解,忽略掉信号中的重要信息。而α对模态分量的带宽有很大影响,即α越小,带宽越大;反之,带宽越小[1014]。过去学者往往依靠经验知识确定该参数的数值,但仅凭经验很难选择到最优的Kα。麻雀搜索算法(SSA)是一种模仿麻雀觅食和反哺食行为的群体优化算法,该算法具有良好的局部最优规避和寻优能力。因此,本文引入SSA智能寻优变分模态分解参数,建立以平均包络熵为适应度函数的SSA‑VMD模型,对黏弹夹层结构振动响应信号进行分解,从而实现最优的分解效果[15]
排列熵是由BANDT等[16]提出的一种表征信号复杂度的算法,由于该算法计算简单、鲁棒性强以及对信号变化具有较高的敏感性[1719],因此可以有效地检测和放大信号的动态变化,同时检测出复杂系统的动力学突变。当黏弹夹层结构的老化状态发生变化时,其动力学特性也会随之改变,所表现的振动响应信号复杂度相应地产生变化。因此,利用排列熵有望实现黏弹夹层结构老化状态变化的有效表征。
为了摆脱对专业技术人员的依赖,需要对黏弹夹层结构老化状态实现高效、可靠的智能识别。黏弹夹层结构老化状态智能识别本质上属于模式识别,目前已有许多人工智能算法被应用于模式识别领域,主要包括人工神经网络、模糊推理等。其中神经网络具有较好的学习机制,数据预测能力强,但是推理能力差;模糊推理语言推理能力强,但是数据学习能力不足。为此自适应神经模糊推理系统(ANFIS)被提出,它将这两种方法巧妙结合,同时兼顾神经网络的学习能力和推理系统的推理能力,具有学习能力强、收敛速度快、分类精度高等优点[2021]。本文将ANFIS应用于黏弹夹层结构的老化状态识别中,以实现智能识别。
本文提出了一种将SSA‑VMD和ANFIS相结合的方法对黏弹夹层结构老化状态进行智能识别。首先通过麻雀搜索算法优化变分模态分解参数,然后用优化后的VMD对黏弹夹层结构的原始振动响应信号进行分解,得到若干IMF分量,进而计算得到IMF分量的排列熵特征,用于反映结构老化状态的变化,将得到的排列熵特征构建成特征向量作为ANFIS的输入,以实现黏弹夹层结构老化状态的智能识别。
黏弹夹层结构振动响应信号具有非平稳性、反映结构状态变化的特性信息比较微弱的特点,常规的信号处理方法难以满足特征信息准确提取的需要。VMD不仅可以实现非平稳信号的自适应分解,而且克服了模式混叠和端点效应的缺点,具有更高的收敛速度和精度。因此,本文采用VMD处理黏弹夹层结构的振动响应信号,以实现特征信息的准确提取。
VMD是一种自适应、完全非递归的信号处理方法,该方法通过不断地循环迭代搜寻变分模型最优解,将复杂的原信号f分解为若干本征模态函数(IMF)分量uk(t),该方法的变分约束模型如下[12]
min{uK},{ωK}{kt[(δ(t)+jπt)*uk(t)]e-jωkt22}s.t.k=1Kuk=f(t)
式中,K为IMF分量的个数;{uK}={u1,u2,,uk}{ωK}={ω1,ω2,,ωk}分别表示K个模态分量以及对应的中心频率;t为函数对时间的导数;δ(t)为狄利克雷分布函数;*为卷积运算;22表示梯度平方L2范数;f(t)为被分解的原始信号。
为了求解变分约束问题,引入二次惩罚因子α和拉格朗日惩罚算子λ(t),得到增广拉格朗日函数:
L({uK},{ωK},λ)=αk=1Kt[(δ(t)+jπt)*uk(t)]e-jωkt22+f(t)-k=1Kuk(t)22+λ(t),f(t)-k=1Kuk(t)
运用交替方向乘子法,通过更新ukn+1ωkn+1λkn+1计算求得式(2)中的鞍点,其中n为迭代次数,表达式如下:
{u^kn+1(ω)=(f^(ω)-iku^i+λ^(ω)2)11+2α(ω-ωk)2ωkn+1=0ω|u^k(ω)|2dω0|u^k(ω)|2dωλ^n+1(ω)=λ^n(ω)+τ(f^(ω)-ku^n+1(ω))
式中,u^k为残余量滤波结果;λ^(ω)为对λ(t)做FFT变换并进行微分后的结果。
由于VMD对信号分解的结果受算法中模态个数K和惩罚参数α的影响很大,所以本文引入麻雀搜索算法智能寻优变分模态分解参数,选取平均包络熵作为适应度函数,通过不断迭代寻找平均包络熵的最小值,得到VMD的最优参数对[K,α],从而对黏弹夹层结构振动响应信号进行分解,得到最优的分解效果。
XUE等[15]提出了一种群体优化算法——麻雀搜索算法,其在生活中注意到了麻雀觅食行为和反捕食行为,并深受启发,从而提出该算法,并将群体分为发现者、加入者和侦察者。根据文献[15]可知,各种群成员的位置更新公式如下:
发现者为群体中具有良好适应性的麻雀,负责不断寻找食物并为加入者提供方向,其位置更新公式为:
Xi,jd+1={Xi,jdexp(-iαD),R2<TXi,jd+QL,R2T
式中,d为当前迭代次数;D为最大迭代次数;Xij表示第i只麻雀处在j维度的位置;α为[0,1]之间均匀分布的随机数;Q为服从标准正态分布的随机数;L为元素均为1的1×j维矩阵;R2T分别表示警戒值和安全阈值。
加入者的位置更新公式为:
Xi,jt+1={Qexp(Xworstt-Xi,jti2),i>n2Xpt+1+|Xi,jt-Xpt+1|A+L,in2
式中,Xp为发现者类型中的最佳位置;Xworst为发现者类型中的最差位置;A+=AT(AAT)-1,其中A为元素随机赋值为1或-1的1×j维的矩阵。
该算法中,侦察者是随机选择而得到的,占麻雀种群数量的10%~20%,其位置更新公式为:
Xi,jt+1={Xbestt+β|Xi,jt-Xbestt|,fi>fgXi,jt+C[|Xi,jt-Xworstt|(fi-fw)+ε],fi=fg
式中,Xbest为侦察者类型的最佳位置;β为步长控制参数,服从标准正态分布;C为[-1,1]之间的一个随机数;fiXi,jt的适应度值;fg为最优适应度值;fw为最差适应度值。
SSA算法搜索VMD分解最优参数时,需确定一个适应度函数,用来评价寻优参数是否最优,适应度函数选取的优劣决定着SSA寻优VMD参数的好坏。平均包络熵是指VMD在分解参数为[k0,α0]时,将振动信号分解后所得的每个IMF分量包络熵的平均值,该值在评价信号稀疏特性方面有着卓越的优势。如果IMF分量中包含的噪声较多,与老化特征相关的周期性波动不明显,则说明IMF分量信号的稀疏性较弱,平均包络熵的值较大;反之,如果IMF分量中包含的老化特征信息较多,则信号的稀疏特性较强,平均包络熵的值较小。平均包络熵的计算方式为:
<k^,α^>=argmin(k,α){1k^i=1k^Ep(i)}
式中,k^α^为最佳参数组合;Ep(i)为每个IMF分量经希尔伯特解调后的包络熵,Ep(i)的计算公式为:
Ep(i)=-i=1Npilgpi
其中:
pi=a(i)/i=1Na(i)
式中,i=1,2,,N,其中N为采样点数;pia(i)的归一化形式;a(i)为包络信号。
本文选取平均包络熵为适应度函数,平均包络熵的最小值为寻优目标,从而得到最优参数对[K,α]。SSA优化VMD算法的流程图如图1所示,首先将黏弹夹层结构不同老化状态的振动响应信号导入,作为数据样本。然后对SSA和VMD算法的参数进行初始化,产生种群,并随机生成Kα,最终通过预设条件完成参数寻优,输出最优参数对[K,α]
黏弹夹层结构的振动响应信号反映结构状态变化的特性信息比较微弱。而排列熵在动力学突变检测方面具有显著的优势,该算法不仅计算简单、鲁棒性强,而且可以很好地放大系统的微变信号,同时检测出复杂系统的动力学突变。对于黏弹夹层结构来说,不同老化状态的振动响应信号会表现出不同的复杂性,其动力学特性也会发生变化,因此本文通过提取排列熵特征来反映结构老化状态的微弱变化。
排列熵算法的原理如下:假设一组数据长度为N的黏弹夹层结构老化状态的振动响应信号为{xi|i=1,2,,N},并进行相空间重构,则有Xi=[xi,xi+τ,,xi+(m-1)τ],其中,m为嵌入维数,τ为时延。将以上序列按升序排列,即Xi=[xi|xi<xi+r1τ<xr(m-1)τ]
对于每一个Xi都有m!种排列方式,用ω表示任意一种排列方式,T(ω)表示出现的次数,则相对出现频率为:
P(ω)=T(ω)N-(m-1)τ
因此,可将排列熵定义为:
HPE=-P(ω)lnP(ω)
归一化后排列熵为:
PE=HPEln(m!)
黏弹夹层结构老化状态识别具有特征信息变化较小、要求识别能力强、精度高的特点。而ANFIS自适应能力强,并且具有并行处理的能力,泛化能力极强。因此,本文采用ANFIS解决黏弹夹层结构老化状态识别的问题。具有两个输入的ANFIS网络的结构如图2所示,输入分别为x1x2f为输出,网络共由5层构成,节点分为自适应节点和固定节点,自适应节点用正方形表示,固定节点用圆形表示。每一层的功能如下:
(1)第1层中每个节点都是自适应节点,由隶属度函数AiBi组成,x1x2为系统输入,也是该层中每个结点的输入。第一层各个节点的输出为:
{O1,i=μAi(x1);i=1,2O1,i=μBi(x2);i=3,4
式中,μAiμBi为成员函数。
(2)第2层的节点均为被标记为的固定节点,该层的主要作用是对上层的隶属度函数进行乘积运算,这些节点的输出为:
O2,i=Wi=μAi(x1)μBi(x2);i=1,2
式中,Wi为第i条规则的权重。
(3)第3层的节点均为被标记为M的固定节点,其主要实现对上一层模糊规则强度的归一化,该层节点的输出为:
O3,i=Wi¯=WiW1+W2;i=1,2
式中,Wi¯为正规化激励强度。
(4)第4层的节点为自适应节点,该层每个结点的输出为归一化的模糊规则强度和一节多项式的乘积,该层的输出为:
O4,i=Wi¯fi=Wi¯(pix1+qix2+ri);i=1,2
(5)第5层只有一个节点,为固定节点,是用来执行所有传入信号的求和,实现整个模型的最终输出。因此,模型的总体输出为:
O5,i=iWi¯fi=iWifiiWi
每个节点中的piqiri组成结论参考集,通过训练来确定。
本文利用参数优化VMD方法和排列熵提取黏弹夹层结构不同老化状态的特征,并通过ANFIS实现黏弹夹层结构不同老化状态的智能分类识别,老化状态识别流程图如图3所示。具体步骤如下:
(1)对黏弹夹层结构进行振动响应信号采样,得到不同老化状态下的振动响应信号。
(2)采用麻雀搜索算法优化VMD的参数,得到最优参数对[K,α]
(3)用参数优化后的VMD对黏弹夹层结构不同老化状态下的振动响应信号进行分解,得到若干个IMF。
(4)计算各IMF分量的排列熵特征,并构建特征向量。
(5)随机选择每种老化状态80%的样本即232个样本作为训练集,剩下20%的样本即58个样本作为测试集输入ANFIS分类器中进行训练、测试,进而识别出黏弹夹层结构的老化状态。
首先通过热空气加速老化试验制备不同老化状态的黏弹性材料试样,然后搭建随机激励试验系统采集黏弹夹层结构不同老化状态的振动响应信号;通过参数优化的VMD方法分解振动响应信号,对分解得到的各IMF分量求取排列熵特征,并经过分析研究验证了该老化特征提取方法的有效性。然后将得到的排列熵特征构建为多维特征向量,作为ANFIS分类器的输入,进行老化状态识别,从而验证了本文所提方法的有效性和可行性。
研究黏弹夹层结构的不同老化状态,本质上是研究结构中嵌入的黏弹性材料的老化状态。材料的自然老化过程是一个漫长的过程,本文通过对黏弹性材料进行热空气加速老化试验来制备不同老化状态的黏弹夹层结构,试验设备采用热空气老化试验箱,该试验箱具有温度控制、鼓风控制以及进排气控制等主要功能,以保证老化环境的稳定。试验过程参照国家标准[22],保持老化温度恒定(设置为115 ℃),在不同老化时间取出一组试样,记录为一种老化程度。本文选用方便易得、便于高温处理、能够承受较大拉压应力、厚度为2 mm的丁腈橡胶裁制黏弹夹层试样、拉伸和压缩试样,如图4(a)所示。
试样采用悬挂、分层布置的方式置于老化箱,如图4(b)所示。分别在试验0、1、2、3、5、6、7、8和9 d时取出一组试样,包括2个黏弹夹层试样,3个拉伸和压缩试样,如图4(a)所示。为了表征获取试样的老化程度,按照国家标准[2325],进行了拉伸、压缩和硬度测试,相应的拉伸弹性模量、压缩弹性模量以及邵氏硬度如图5所示。从图5中可以看出,随着老化天数的增加,黏弹性材料的拉伸、压缩弹性模量和邵氏硬度均呈现逐渐增大的趋势,这表明黏弹性材料的老化程度随老化时间的延长逐渐加深。
本文采用随机激励试验采集黏弹夹层结构各老化状态的振动响应信号,所研究的黏弹夹层结构为螺栓连接结构,通过多层金属层与夹在中间的两层黏弹层构成,搭建的随机激励试验系统如图6所示。该试验系统主要由振动台、振动控制系统、数据采集系统、冷风机、加速度传感器(灵敏度为100 mV/g,量程为100g)等组成,其中通道1~4的传感器均匀地布置于黏弹夹层结构的上端盖,测量该结构在各种老化状态的振动响应信号,并将其存储于数据采集系统中;通道5的传感器布置于黏弹夹层结构的底座,起控制作用。通过热空气加速老化试验制备了9种不同老化状态的黏弹夹层试样,每次随机激励试验分别将一种状态的黏弹夹层试样放入黏弹夹层结构试验装置中。试验时,将黏弹夹层结构试验装置通过底座螺栓固定于振动台,振动台对试验装置施加随机激励,施加的随机激励功率谱如图7所示,通过数据采集系统采集加速度传感器传来的信号。采样频率设置为10240 Hz,采集未老化以及老化了1、2、3、5、6、7、8和9 d 共9种老化状态的振动响应信号,通道1~4的传感器,均得到9个数据子集,分别对应以上9种不同老化状态。本文以通道1传感器采集到的振动信号为研究对象,每种老化状态取290个样本,每个样本的样本长度为8192,合计2610组。通道1传感器采集到的黏弹夹层结构处于9种老化状态下的振动响应信号,它们的时域波形如图8所示。从图8中可以看出,黏弹夹层结构在不同老化状态下,振动响应信号之间的差别非常微弱,直接根据振动响应信号来识别结构的9种老化状态几乎是不可能的。因此,为了识别黏弹夹层结构的老化状态,寻找一种有效的识别方法是非常有必要的。另外需要说明的是,由于只需要使用一个通道传感器的数据,因此也可以使用其他通道的振动响应信号来验证。
针对黏弹夹层结构振动响应信号非平稳的特性,以及由老化状态变化引起的振动响应信号变化很微弱的难题,本文提出了基于参数优化变分模态分解和排列熵的特征提取方法。通过麻雀搜索算法迭代、寻优,得到了各老化状态振动响应信号的最优参数对[K,α],如表1所示。
以老化状态1为例,设置[K,α]=[10,136],然后通过VMD算法分解黏弹夹层结构的振动响应信号。则老化状态1的每一个试验样本都被分解为10个IMF分量,其中一个样本被分解为10个IMF的时域图如图9所示。通过观察,IMF9、IMF10信号分量较微弱,且其余老化状态均和老化状态1分解状况类似。为减少分类算法的运行负担,在计算排列熵时,取前8个IMF分量计算,则构建含有8个排列熵的特征向量,用于反映结构老化状态的变化。
分别计算每种老化状态下的所有样本经VMD分解得到的IMF分量排列熵特征的平均值,得到了9种老化状态下各IMF分量排列熵平均值的分布图,如图10所示。可以看出,当黏弹夹层结构处在不同老化状态时,各IMF对应的排列熵特征均有其独自特有的分布形式,这表明基于SSA参数优化VMD提取的8个排列熵特征对结构老化状态变化很敏感,从而验证了该老化特征提取方法的有效性。
分别计算每种老化状态下的所有样本经VMD分解得到的IMF分量排列熵特征的标准差,得到了9种老化状态下各IMF分量排列熵标准差的分布图,如图11所示。可以看出,每种老化状态下的IMF分量排列熵标准差均小于等于0.08,这表明基于SSA参数优化VMD提取的8个排列熵特征鲁棒性较强,从而表明了该老化特征提取方法的稳定性。
当黏弹夹层结构处于不同老化状态时,虽然基于SSA参数优化VMD提取的8个排列熵特征都存在明显的变化,可以很好地将黏弹夹层结构不同老化状态区分开,但是这些变化缺乏一定的规律,仅通过这些变化很难人为地识别出不同的老化状态,那么这就需要借助于智能分类方法来实现。
鉴于ANFIS智能分类器极高的泛化能力、对数据快速训练和处理的能力以及超强的推理能力,所以本文选用ANFIS来实现黏弹夹层结构老化状态的智能识别。将上述构建的特征向量作为ANFIS的输入,每种老化状态各有290个样本,共2610个样本,随机选择每种状态80%的样本即232个样本作为训练集,剩下20%的样本即58个样本作为测试集,样本标签设置为1~9,其中未老化的状态设置为标签1,加速老化1 d的状态设置为标签2,直到加速老化9 d的状态设置为标签9。其测试识别结果如图12所示,测试分类准确率高达99.04%,从而验证了本文所提方法的有效性和可行性。测试分类准确率是用被正确分类的测试样本除以参与分类的总测试样本得到的,为了体现出分类识别的准确性将分类准确率精确到了小数点后两位。另外,经过查阅大量文献,目前大多数学者对分类识别的准确率是精确到小数点后两位的。
为了进一步验证本文所提方法的有效性和可行性,做了如下对比分析研究:
(1)为了分析VMD参数优化是否影响黏弹夹层结构老化状态的识别,取模态个数K=6,惩罚参数α=2500进行VMD分解,对分解得到的IMF求取排列熵特征并构建特征向量,按照相同的方法输入到ANFIS分类器中,其中控制VMD其他的参数不变以及排列熵、ANFIS的参数均保持一致,其测试识别结果如图13所示,得到的测试分类准确率为87.74%,与本文所提方法相比,测试分类准确率低了11.3%。
(2)为了对比VMD方法在黏弹夹层结构老化状态识别中的作用,对上述黏弹夹层结构不同老化状态的振动响应信号采用经验模态分解(EMD)。为了方便对比,选取EMD分解得到的前8个IMF分量,并对各IMF分量求取排列熵特征并构建特征向量,按照相同的方法输入ANFIS分类器中,其中控制排列熵、ANFIS的参数均保持一致,其测试识别结果如图14所示,得到的测试分类准确率为46.36%,与本文所提方法相比,测试分类准确率降低了52.68%。
(3)为了显示ANFIS分类器在黏弹夹层结构老化状态识别中的优势,采用径向基函数神经网络(RBFNN)分类器进行黏弹夹层结构老化状态识别。将上述采用参数优化VMD方法和求取排列熵特征构建的特征向量集输入RBFNN,其测试识别结果如图15所示,得到的测试分类准确率为85.44%,与本文所提方法相比,测试分类准确率低了13.6%。
以上结果,如表2所示,通过比较不同方法得到的分类准确率可以看出,本文提出的基于参数优化VMD和ANFIS的方法对于黏弹夹层结构老化状态识别的效果最好,从而进一步验证了本文所提方法的有效性和可行性。
本文针对黏弹夹层结构老化状态振动响应信号非平稳的特性,为解决由老化状态变化引起的振动响应信号变化很微弱的难题,提出了一种基于参数优化变分模态分解和自适应神经模糊推理系统的黏弹夹层结构老化状态智能识别方法,得到以下结论:
(1)采用麻雀搜索算法优化变分模态分解的参数,得到最优参数对[K,α],提高了黏弹夹层结构老化状态识别的准确率。
(2)采用参数优化变分模态分解的方法处理黏弹夹层结构老化状态的振动响应信号并进一步提取的排列熵特征对结构老化状态变化更敏感,该老化特征提取方法的鲁棒性更强。
(3)采用参数优化VMD和ANFIS来实现黏弹夹层结构老化状态的智能识别,分类准确率高达99.04%,并通过对比分析表明了本文所提方法效果更好。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51905406; 52175113)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2024JC-YBMS-379; 2017JQ5017)
  • 陕西省高校科协青年人才托举计划项目(20220466)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划-国际科技合作计划重点项目(2023-GHZD-36)
  • 陕西省教育厅专项科研计划项目(19JK0405)
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文章信息
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308028
  • 接收时间:2023-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-14
  • 修回日期:2023-11-10
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51905406; 52175113)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2024JC-YBMS-379; 2017JQ5017)
陕西省高校科协青年人才托举计划项目(20220466)
陕西省重点研发计划-国际科技合作计划重点项目(2023-GHZD-36)
陕西省教育厅专项科研计划项目(19JK0405)
作者信息
    1.西安工业大学机电工程学院,陕西 西安 710021;
    2.西安交通大学精密微纳制造技术全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

瞿金秀(1988—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308028
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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