Article(id=1225751356795957683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202403020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709827200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-08, revisedDate=1715270400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770171496819, onlineDateStr=2026-02-04, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770171496819, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770171496819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770171496819, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1225751351125263080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='10', pageStart='2205', pageEnd='2462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770171495466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774228911890, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2452, endPage=2462, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225751358125552070, articleId=1225751356795957683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Research on the response characteristics of cut-off walls in deep overburden dam foundctions under spatial arbitrary angle incidence, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The non-uniform input of ground motion has a significant effect on the dynamic response of a concrete cut-off wall in deep overburden. In order to explore the response characteristics of the cut-off wall under non-uniform ground motion input at the overburden site, this study establishes the input method of P-wave three-dimensional oblique incident wave motion under any incident angle in space based on the wave field decomposition method and the viscoelastic artificial boundary method, and validates the input method. Nine non-uniform input conditions were designed to investigate the influence of different azimuthal and oblique incidence angles on the dynamic response of the cut-off wall under a combination of incidence. The results show that the maximum acceleration in the down-river direction of the cut-off wall at α=60° and γ=0° incidence is 3.89 times that of vertical incidence, and the maximum acceleration in the axial direction of the dam at α=60° and γ=90° incidence is 8.93 times that of vertical incidence. Non-uniform input causes a significant increase in the transverse riverward tensile stresses in the impermeable wall, up to 3.53 times that of the vertical incidence, with a significant change in the peak distribution region, and the vertical compressive stresses are significantly reduced at an oblique incidence angle of 90° incidence compared to the vertical incidence. The traditional vertical incidence method can ignore the expansion area of tensile stress of the cutoff wall under non-uniform input, so the non-uniformity of ground motion should be considered when analyzing the dynamic response of the cutoff wall in a deep overburden layer.

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地震动非一致输入对深厚覆盖层中混凝土防渗墙的动力响应有显著影响。为探讨防渗墙在覆盖层场地地震动非一致输入下的响应规律,基于波场分解法和黏弹性人工边界方法,建立了空间任意入射角度下的P波三维斜入射波动输入方法,并对输入方法进行了验证。设计9种非一致输入工况,研究不同方位角和斜入射角组合入射对防渗墙动力响应的影响规律。结果表明:α=60°、γ=0°入射时防渗墙顺河向最大加速度是垂直入射的3.89倍,α=60°、γ=90°入射时坝轴向最大加速度是垂直入射的8.93倍;非一致输入会造成防渗墙横河向拉应力明显增大,最大是垂直入射的3.53倍,峰值分布区域显著改变,竖向压应力在斜入射角90°入射时相比垂直入射明显减小。传统的垂直入射方法会忽视非一致输入下防渗墙拉应力扩大区域,因此分析深厚覆盖层中防渗墙动力响应时应考虑场地地震动的非一致性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宋志强(1981—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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李香江(2000—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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李香江(2000—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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李香江(2000—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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Mechanical parameters for static and dynamic calculations of nonlinear materials

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材料名称静力计算力学参数动力计算力学参数
ρ/(g·cm-3)KnRfc/kPaφ/(°)kbmk1k2nνλmax
覆盖层1.1010310.360.93553.5810-0.1616.238950.460.350.1
沥青混凝土2.413342.70.180.622527.821340.29201979.40.40.3450.2
过渡料2.210000.60.873038700-0.115.714500.6270.3280.22
堆石料2.119500.5620.894036600-0.07617.116570.5710.350.21
), ArticleFig(id=1225751374252650763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751356795957683, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

非线性材料静、动力计算力学参数

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材料名称静力计算力学参数动力计算力学参数
ρ/(g·cm-3)KnRfc/kPaφ/(°)kbmk1k2nνλmax
覆盖层1.1010310.360.93553.5810-0.1616.238950.460.350.1
沥青混凝土2.413342.70.180.622527.821340.29201979.40.40.3450.2
过渡料2.210000.60.873038700-0.115.714500.6270.3280.22
堆石料2.119500.5620.894036600-0.07617.116570.5710.350.21
), ArticleFig(id=1225751374378479889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751356795957683, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Input conditions of ground motion

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工况α/(°)γ/(°)工况α/(°)γ/(°)
10063090
230076090
36008900
4304599045
56045109090
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地震动输入工况

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工况α/(°)γ/(°)工况α/(°)γ/(°)
10063090
230076090
36008900
4304599045
56045109090
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空间任意角度入射下深厚覆盖层坝基防渗墙响应特性研究
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李香江 , 宋志强 , 李闯 , 刘云贺
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(10): 2452-2462
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(10): 2452-2462
空间任意角度入射下深厚覆盖层坝基防渗墙响应特性研究
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李香江 , 宋志强 , 李闯, 刘云贺
作者信息
  • 西安理工大学旱区水工程生态环境全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710048
  • 李香江(2000—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

宋志强(1981—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
Research on the response characteristics of cut-off walls in deep overburden dam foundctions under spatial arbitrary angle incidence
Xiangjiang LI , Zhiqiang SONG , Chuang LI, Yunhe LIU
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Weter Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202403020
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地震动非一致输入对深厚覆盖层中混凝土防渗墙的动力响应有显著影响。为探讨防渗墙在覆盖层场地地震动非一致输入下的响应规律,基于波场分解法和黏弹性人工边界方法,建立了空间任意入射角度下的P波三维斜入射波动输入方法,并对输入方法进行了验证。设计9种非一致输入工况,研究不同方位角和斜入射角组合入射对防渗墙动力响应的影响规律。结果表明:α=60°、γ=0°入射时防渗墙顺河向最大加速度是垂直入射的3.89倍,α=60°、γ=90°入射时坝轴向最大加速度是垂直入射的8.93倍;非一致输入会造成防渗墙横河向拉应力明显增大,最大是垂直入射的3.53倍,峰值分布区域显著改变,竖向压应力在斜入射角90°入射时相比垂直入射明显减小。传统的垂直入射方法会忽视非一致输入下防渗墙拉应力扩大区域,因此分析深厚覆盖层中防渗墙动力响应时应考虑场地地震动的非一致性。

混凝土防渗墙  /  堆石坝  /  P波三维斜入射  /  非一致输入  /  深厚覆盖层

The non-uniform input of ground motion has a significant effect on the dynamic response of a concrete cut-off wall in deep overburden. In order to explore the response characteristics of the cut-off wall under non-uniform ground motion input at the overburden site, this study establishes the input method of P-wave three-dimensional oblique incident wave motion under any incident angle in space based on the wave field decomposition method and the viscoelastic artificial boundary method, and validates the input method. Nine non-uniform input conditions were designed to investigate the influence of different azimuthal and oblique incidence angles on the dynamic response of the cut-off wall under a combination of incidence. The results show that the maximum acceleration in the down-river direction of the cut-off wall at α=60° and γ=0° incidence is 3.89 times that of vertical incidence, and the maximum acceleration in the axial direction of the dam at α=60° and γ=90° incidence is 8.93 times that of vertical incidence. Non-uniform input causes a significant increase in the transverse riverward tensile stresses in the impermeable wall, up to 3.53 times that of the vertical incidence, with a significant change in the peak distribution region, and the vertical compressive stresses are significantly reduced at an oblique incidence angle of 90° incidence compared to the vertical incidence. The traditional vertical incidence method can ignore the expansion area of tensile stress of the cutoff wall under non-uniform input, so the non-uniformity of ground motion should be considered when analyzing the dynamic response of the cutoff wall in a deep overburden layer.

concrete cut-off wall  /  rockfill dam  /  three-dimensional oblique incidence of P-wave  /  non-uniform input  /  deep overburden layer
李香江, 宋志强, 李闯, 刘云贺. 空间任意角度入射下深厚覆盖层坝基防渗墙响应特性研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2452 -2462 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202403020
Xiangjiang LI, Zhiqiang SONG, Chuang LI, Yunhe LIU. Research on the response characteristics of cut-off walls in deep overburden dam foundctions under spatial arbitrary angle incidence[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2452 -2462 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202403020
中国西南地区高山峡谷众多,建坝必须面对河床覆盖层深厚、强震频发等复杂问题。沥青混凝土心墙坝具有适应复杂地形能力强、防渗性能好和建设成本低等优点,成为深厚覆盖层场地建坝的优选坝型[1]。其中坝基的防渗主要采用混凝土防渗墙,与心墙、基座一起构成坝体的整个防渗体系。坝基混凝土防渗墙与周围覆盖层土体的材料性能差异大,同时受到多种外部载荷,并且防渗墙底部插入基岩,受到基岩的约束和顶托作用,这些因素造成防渗墙的空间应力状态极其复杂[23]。此外,防渗墙作为地下隐蔽结构,一旦在地震中受损开裂导致渗漏,其修复将极为困难,防渗功能的丧失可能引发灾难性后果。因此,开展深厚覆盖层坝基混凝土防渗墙的抗震性能研究至关重要。
部分学者对防渗墙开展了静力行为研究,WEN等[45]研究了基础河谷形状和地基渗流⁃徐变耦合效应对防渗墙静力力学行为的影响。YU等[6]采用线弹性和塑性损伤模型研究了沥青心墙坝下混凝土防渗墙的应力变形行为和损伤分布。GUAN等[7]采用塑性损伤模型研究了心墙土石坝下局部断层对防渗墙损伤行为的影响。由于针对防渗墙静力行为的研究只能保证正常运行工况下防渗墙的安全,当遭遇强震时防渗墙的安全运行不能保证。学者们开展了防渗墙的抗震性能研究,冯蕊等[89]、周小溪等[10]采用子模型技术、无质量地基输入的方式,研究了深厚覆盖层上心墙坝防渗系统的抗震安全性。WANG等[11]基于二维地震波动输入方法研究了高聚物防渗墙在强震作用下的响应,结果表明考虑地震动的斜入射对准确评估堤坝防渗墙动力响应特性有重要意义。
防渗墙整体位于地下,具有显著的三维特性,对防渗墙抗震性能的研究应基于三维模型下的地震波空间斜入射。近几年已有学者采用非一致输入的方式开展了许多关于坝体结构响应的研究。李明超等[12]采用基于黏弹性边界的地震波动输入方法,研究了不同入射角度下地震P波和SV波对重力坝的动力响应,结果表明地震波斜入射角对重力坝影响较大。何卫平等[13]以确定非一致地震动场和波动输入方法为基础,研究了重力坝在确定性地震动空间差异下的响应。周晨光等[14]将波动输入方法引入土石坝动力计算,结果表明地震波动输入方法能较好地反映坝体与地基间的相互作用。姚虞等[15]采用半解析的波函数组合法研究了不同入射角度下面板堆石坝在非一致输入下的动力响应。SONG等[16]、WANG等[17]研究了近断层P波斜入射对水电站厂房的显著影响。李闯等[18]基于二维地震波反演确定入射P波和SV波时程,研究了波动输入方法下地震动场空间一致输入和非一致输入对沥青心墙坝的响应,结果表明一致输入可能低估坝体的动力响应,在分析时要考虑地震动的空间差异性。以上学者的研究在地震输入时都没有考虑地震波入射方位对结构响应的影响,而实际震源与局部场地的相对位置并不明确[19]。理论上,地震波可以从任意角度入射大坝,地震波的空间斜入射会造成显著的场地地震动非一致性。
深厚覆盖层中防渗墙的抗震安全性非常重要,但其在场地地震非一致输入下的动力响应研究尚还欠缺。因此,本文对典型沥青混凝土心墙坝及坝基防渗墙进行三维非线性动力有限元分析,首先基于波场分解法和黏弹性人工边界,建立可以任意角度入射的P波三维斜入射波动输入方法,并对输入方法进行验证;其次从加速度、动位移和动应力3个方面对比分析垂直入射与非一致输入下防渗墙动力响应的差异,研究不同入射方位角和斜入射角组合入射下防渗墙的动力响应规律,更加全面真实地反映防渗墙的抗震特性。
地震波在从震源传到局部场地过程中,会产生复杂的波形转换,场地中任意一点都同时受到入射波、反射波和散射波共同作用。本文研究P波三维斜入射情况,P波以平面波形式传播至自由表面时会产生反射P波和SV波。图1为P波三维斜入射示意图,图中XY轴代表两个水平方向,Z轴表示竖向。P波入射方向与Z轴的夹角定为斜入射角α;P波入射方向在XOY平面的投影与X轴正方向的夹角定为入射方位角γ
结构近域地基模拟地震动输入时需考虑地基辐射阻尼效应,本文采用黏弹性人工边界模拟[20]。黏弹性人工边界通过在模型边界的每个单元结点3个自由度上施加并联的弹簧⁃阻尼系统实现,其中弹簧可以模拟地基的弹性恢复作用;阻尼能够吸收外行散射波,模拟远域地基的辐射阻尼。刘晶波等[21]将有限域地震动输入问题转化为波源问题,将地震荷载转换为截断边界结点上的等效节点力来实现地震的波动输入。在地震荷载下,空间波场组成复杂,其中入射波场和反射波场构成自由场,局部场地效应产生的散射场由黏弹性边界完全吸收,此时波动输入问题转化为人工边界结点作用自由场问题[19]。故等效节点力计算公式如下:
Fli=(KliuliF+Cliu˙liF+σliF)Al
式中,Fli为结点l、自由度i方向的等效节点力;KliCli分别为结点l、自由度i方向的弹簧刚度系数和阻尼系数;uliFu˙liF分别为边界结点自由场位移和速度;σliF为边界结点自由场应力;Al为结点l的影响面积。
图1所示,P波零时刻波阵面与坐标原点O相交,为便于分析,定义外法向为X轴正向的面为XP面,外法向为X轴负向的面为XN面,同理得到YP面和YN面,底部边界面为Z面。以XN面上点m(x0,y0,z0)为例,点m的自由场位移由入射P波、反射P波和反射SV波共同构成。
零时刻波阵面入射P波位移为u(t),点m处入射P波产生位移为u(t-Δt1),反射P波产生位移为A1u(t-Δt2),反射SV波产生位移为A2u(t-Δt3)。可以求得点m(x0,y0,z0)处自由场三向位移分量为[19]
{um(x,y,z,t)vm(x,y,z,t)wm(x,y,z,t)}=[sinαcosγsinαcosγcosβcosγsinαsinγsinαsinγcosβsinγcosα-cosαsinβ]{u(t-Δt1)A1u(t-Δt2)A2u(t-Δt3)}
式中,β为反射SV波的反射角,由Snell定律可得,β=arcsin(cSsinα/cP),其中,cS为SV波波速,cP为P波波速;A1A2分别为反射P波、反射SV波振幅与入射P波振幅比,如下式所示:
{A1=cS2sin(2α)sin(2β)-cP2cos2(2β)cS2sin(2α)sin(2β)+cP2cos2(2β)A2=2cPcSsin(2α)cos(2β)cS2sin(2α)sin(2β)+cP2cos2(2β)
Δt1Δt2Δt3分别为入射P波、反射P波和反射SV波从零时刻波阵面传播到点m的延迟时间[19],如下式所示:
{Δt1=y0sinγsinα+z0cosαcPΔt2=y0sinγsinα+(2H-z0)cosαcPΔt3=y0sinγsinα+Hcosα-(H-z0)sinαtanβcP+H-z0cScosβ
式中,H为有限域高度。
m自由场速度通过对式(2)求导得到,其余4个面上结点自由场位移计算公式与式(2)一致,只是延迟时间不同,这里不再陈述。
自由场应力的求解需要根据位移势函数、位移、应变和应力之间的关系,参考周晨光[22]波场分离的方法求解边界结点的自由场应力,其中入射P波产生的自由场应力为:
{σxP=-λ+2Gsin2αcos2γcPgP(t,x,y,z)tσyP=-λ+2Gsin2αsin2γcPgP(t,x,y,z)tσzP=-λ+2Gcos2αcPgP(t,x,y,z)tτxyP=-Gsin2αsin2γcPgP(t,x,y,z)tτyzP=-Gsin2αsinγcPgP(t,x,y,z)tτzxP=-Gsin2αcosγcPgP(t,x,y,z)t
式中,λ为拉梅常数;G为剪切模量;σxPσyPσzP分别表示入射P波产生的xyz方向的正应力;τxyPτyzPτzxP分别表示入射P波产生的xyz方向的切应力;gP表示入射P波引起的自由场位移。
反射P波和SV波的自由场应力同理得到。将式(2)~(5)所求各边界面的自由场位移、速度和应力代入式(1),即得到边界节点的等效节点力。
为验证P波波动输入方法的正确性及黏弹性边界吸收散射波的效果,如图2所示,建立一个尺寸为600 m×600 m×300 m的模型,模型网格尺寸为10.0 m,密度ρ=2.4 g/cm3,弹性模量E=5 GPa,泊松比ν=0.2,P波和SV波波速计算公式为:
cP=(1-ν)E(1+ν)(1-2ν)ρ
cS=E2(1+ν)ρ
ρEν代入上式可得到P波波速为1521 m/s,SV波波速为932 m/s。图3为单位位移脉冲波,持时2 s,时间步长0.01 s,以入射方位角γ=45°和斜入射角α=30°输入模型,选取不同位置点A(300,300,300)、B(300,300,150)与理论解对比位移响应,脉冲波位移表达式为:
u(t)={sin(4πt),0t0.250,0.25<t2
图45分别为P波以α=30°、γ=45°入射模型时点A和B的位移理论解与数值解对比。可以得到点A和B的X向位移振幅理论解分别为0.839和0.555;数值解分别为0.840和0.543;误差分别为0.1%和2.2%。点A和B的Z向位移振幅理论解分别为1.653和0.864;数值解分别为1.664和0.865;误差分别为0.7%和0.1%。可以看出两点的位移振幅误差很小,满足工程方面精度要求。图中两点的各向位移时程曲线形状不同,幅值不同,是由于空间中各点响应由入射波和反射波叠加得到,入射P波会产生反射P波和SV波,并且P波和SV波波速不同,所以不同位置点叠加方式不同。图中各时刻位移响应与理论解吻合良好,证明了本文建立的P波波动输入方法的正确性。
本文以典型沥青混凝土心墙坝为研究对象,模型X轴为顺河向,Y轴为坝轴向,Z轴为竖向,坝高为80 m,坝顶宽为10 m,坝轴向长为370 m,上、下游坝面坡度为1∶2,上游水位为75 m,下游库内无水,心墙形式为渐变式,厚度从底部1.2 m递减到顶部0.7 m,底部与混凝土基座固结,基座宽为2.0 m,心墙上、下游两侧设置2 m厚过渡层,坝体其余部分为堆石料。坝底覆盖层深度为80 m,在基座下设置1.2 m厚混凝土防渗墙作为地基防渗体,防渗墙插入底部基岩1 m,心墙、基座和防渗墙联合构成整个防渗体系。沿上、下游坝坡底部各延伸300 m作为上、下游边界,沿坝体左、右岸各延伸100 m作为侧向边界,沿覆盖层底部延伸20 m作为底部边界。
模型的建立及非线性计算在ABAQUS软件中进行,建立的三维有限元模型及网格划分如图6所示。坝体、地基和防渗墙都采用C3D8单元划分,模型单元总数为235244个,结点总数为248585个。为准确反映防渗墙的动力响应,对防渗墙网格加密,沿厚度方向划分6层,单元数为9660个,结点数为11330个。为获得动力计算的初始围压,计算模拟了静力工况全过程,分10步将坝体从建基面填筑至坝顶,在填筑第2步的同时替换激活覆盖层中防渗墙,上、下游库水压力以压强形式施加于防渗系统的上、下游面,上游水压分10步施加到75 m,在上游库区的基岩外表面施加静水压力。
为准确模拟防渗墙与覆盖层、基岩之间的接触,以及心墙和基座与过渡料之间的接触,本文采用设置薄层单元的方式模拟,可以更好地反映防渗体系与周围土体之间的剪切错动[23],单元厚度取为0.1 m,具体设置方式如图7所示。
坝体堆石料、沥青混凝土心墙和覆盖层土料的静力计算采用邓肯⁃张模型[24],动力计算采用等效线性黏弹性模型[25]模拟土体应力⁃应变关系。材料力学参数如表1所示,材料参数取自某实际土石坝工程的试验结果[26]表1中,ρ为土体材料密度;K为静力变形模量系数;n为静力变形模量指数;Rf为破坏比;c为凝聚力;φ为内摩擦角;kbm为体积模量参数;k1k2n为由试验确定的动力计算材料参数;ν为泊松比;λmax为最大阻尼比。坝体上游堆石采用浮容重,密度为1.11 g/cm3;下游堆石采用干容重,密度为2.11 g/cm3
混凝土防渗墙、基座和基岩采用线弹性模型,混凝土力学参数:密度ρ=2.4 g/cm3,弹性模量E=30 GPa,泊松比ν=0.167;基岩力学参数:密度ρ=2.4 g/cm3,弹性模量E=10 GPa,泊松比ν=0.28。
以1940年美国发生的Imperial Valley⁃02地震中El⁃Centro Array9#台站记录到的实测地震动作为本次动力计算的输入地震波,地震峰值加速度为0.21g,将地震波PGA调幅为0.3g,调幅后地震波的加速度、速度、位移时程如图8所示。
考虑到实际地震波可能从顺河向与坝轴向之间的任意方位角入射,因此,为对比地震动垂直入射与非一致输入对防渗墙动力响应的影响,本文设计了10种工况,其中入射方位角分别取为0°、45°和90°,0°即垂直坝轴向入射,90°即沿坝轴向入射,斜入射角分别取为0°、30°、60°和90°,两角度都为0°时为垂直入射,其余角度两两组合共9种情况为非一致输入,具体工况组合如表2所示。
图9为各工况下防渗墙三向峰值加速度统计图。从图9中可以看出,垂直入射与非一致输入下防渗墙各向加速度都有显著差异,不同方位角和斜入射角入射下对防渗墙加速度的影响不同。图9(a)为顺河向峰值加速度统计图,γ为0°和45°时,顺河向加速度随斜入射角α的增大先增大再减小,γ为90°时,顺河向加速度随α的增大而减小;在不同斜入射角α下,顺河向加速度随γ的增大而减小。在工况3(α=60°,γ=0°)顺河向加速度达到最大3.66 m/s2,是垂直入射0.94 m/s2的3.89倍;在工况10(α=90°,γ=90°)顺河向加速度达到最小0.28 m/s2,是垂直入射的0.30倍。
坝轴向峰值加速度在不同入射情况下差异明显,如图9(b)所示。在0°方位角入射下,P波入射方向垂直坝轴向,不同斜入射角下坝轴向加速度基本一致;在非零方位角入射下,坝轴向加速度随斜入射角α的增大先增大再减小。在工况7(α=60°,γ=90°)坝轴向加速度达到最大4.11 m/s2,是垂直入射0.46 m/s2的8.93倍。
图9(c)为竖向峰值加速度统计图,可见在不同方位角γ下,竖向加速度均随斜入射角α的增大而减小;相同α下,不同方位角γ对竖向加速度的影响不显著。在垂直入射时竖向加速度达到最大5.62 m/s2,在工况8(α=90°,γ=0°)竖向加速度达到最小1.21 m/s2,是垂直入射的0.22倍。
图10分别给出了垂直入射工况1与非一致输入工况3和5下防渗墙中部纵剖面三向峰值加速度的包络图对比。从图10中可以看出,垂直入射时防渗墙顺河向加速度在顶部中心达到峰值,从中心向四周逐步衰减;坝轴向加速度呈左右对称分布,从防渗墙中部向左、右岸递增;竖向加速度在防渗墙顶部达到峰值,从顶部到底部呈先减小再增大的趋势。随着斜入射角α的增大,防渗墙顺河向加速度整体增大,在顶部出现了两个小区域峰值,向四周递减趋势与垂直入射基本一致;坝轴向加速度与垂直入射的变化趋势基本一致,数值上有略微减小;竖向加速度整体减小,呈左右对称分布,从顶部中心向底部先减小再小幅度增大。
当入射方位角γ和斜入射角α同时增大,防渗墙各向加速度分布规律发生显著变化。顺河向加速度明显增大,峰值出现在防渗墙顶部偏右侧,并从顶部右侧向防渗墙左侧底部递减;坝轴向峰值加速度出现在防渗墙右侧顶部,并从右侧顶部向防渗墙左下角递减,数值相比垂直入射显著增大;竖向加速度整体减小,峰值出现在顶部中心,并从中心向底部递减。
综上,地震动非一致输入相比垂直入射会造成防渗墙加速度分布规律和数值的显著变化。考虑地震波的空间入射角,能更加全面真实地反映防渗墙的加速度响应,有助于深入理解其在复杂受力状态下的动力特性。
中部防渗墙底部插入基岩,两侧是覆盖层,受到较强约束,在防渗墙墙顶的位移反应最强烈,图11为不同工况下防渗墙墙顶与左岸墙顶点的顺河向和竖向相对位移峰值。从图11中可以看出,不同工况下墙顶顺河向和竖向相对位移差异明显,非一致输入和垂直入射造成的竖向相对位移总体不大。
在静力作用下,防渗墙顺河向最大位移为20.2 cm,在(0.05%~0.28%)D之间,竖向最大沉降为15.8 cm,在(0.10% ~0.24%)D之间,D为防渗墙高度,符合文献[2]统计的防渗墙变形一般规律。在动力作用下,垂直入射和方位角γ=90°入射下顺河向相对位移分布规律有变化,但总体偏小,最大顺河向相对位移小于1 cm;在方位角γ=45°、斜入射角α≤60°入射时,顺河向相对位移相比垂直入射显著增大,从左岸至右岸顺河向相对位移先小幅减小再明显增大,随斜入射角α的增大而增大,最大相对位移为4.9 cm,出现在右岸墙顶,是由于地震波从右岸斜输入造成。竖向相对位移在工况10(α=90°,γ=90°)入射下最大,最大值为1.3 cm,出现在墙顶右侧;在α=90°入射时,竖向相对位移相比垂直入射分布规律明显变化;不同角度组合入射下墙顶竖向相对位移变化规律不同,但总体数值较小。
图12为各工况下防渗墙横河向拉应力和竖向压应力峰值,图13为垂直入射工况1和非一致输入工况5和7下防渗墙动应力的包络图。图中应力以受拉为正,受压为负,柱状图箭头上数字表示各工况应力相比垂直入射的百分比。从图中可以看出,在考虑了入射方位角和斜入射角后,非一致输入下防渗墙横河向动应力相比垂直入射差异明显,竖向动应力在斜入射角90°入射时相比垂直入射变化较大。
动力作用下,斜入射角α≠0°时,不同α下防渗墙横河向拉应力随方位角γ的增大先减小再增大;在α=0°时与不同方位角的组合都相当于垂直入射,对防渗墙应力无影响。在方位角γ=0°时,不同α下防渗墙横河向拉应力相比垂直入射降低;在γ>0°时,防渗墙横河向拉应力随α的增大先增大再减小,最大横河向拉应力为3.54 MPa,出现在工况7,是垂直入射的3.53倍。如图13所示,在工况1、5和7下,最大横河向拉应力分别出现在防渗墙底部、顶部偏右和中部大部分区域,与静力作用下拉应力区有明显变化,可见空间非一致输入在考虑了入射方位角后不仅对防渗墙横河向应力数值影响大,对其分布也具有显著影响。
在斜入射角α>0°时,不同α下防渗墙竖向压应力相比垂直入射随方位角γ的增大先减小再增大,最小竖向压应力为-0.40 MPa,出现在工况8(α=90°,γ=0°),是垂直入射的0.24倍,最大竖向压应力出现在工况7,达-1.88 MPa,是垂直入射的1.13倍。如图13所示,在工况1、5和7下,最大竖向压应力基本出现在防渗墙中部区域,不同入射角度对防渗墙竖向应力的大小和分布规律都影响较小。
图14给出了工况1和7下防渗墙竖向应力的静、动力叠加云图。在静力作用下,防渗墙整体竖向受压,最大压应力出现在墙高约1/3处;在动力作用下,防渗墙最大竖向压应力出现在墙体中部。静动叠加后,如图14所示,防渗墙竖向依然整体受压,最大压应力区域出现在防渗墙中下部,非一致输入和垂直入射下防渗墙竖向应力基本一致。
图15给出了工况1和7下防渗墙横河向应力的静、动力叠加云图。静力作用下,防渗墙中部产生较大的横河向压应力,在两侧岸坡附近出现拉应力区。静动叠加后,如图15所示,不同工况防渗墙横河向应力依然表现出中部受压,两侧和底部受拉,非一致输入下相比垂直入射在两侧岸坡出现了更大的拉应力区域且数值明显增大,相比垂直入射会出现更大区域的拉损伤。因此仅针对垂直入射下防渗墙拉应力较大区域采取抗震措施是不够的,在防渗墙动力分析中应采用非一致输入的方式更加全面地考虑到防渗墙拉应力扩大区域,并针对这些区域采取增加配筋等抗震措施。
本文以深厚覆盖层上沥青混凝土心墙坝下混凝土防渗墙为研究对象,建立了P波三维斜入射波动输入方法,研究了防渗墙在垂直入射与P波非一致输入下的响应差异,对比分析了不同入射方位角和斜入射角下防渗墙的动力响应,得到主要结论如下:
(1)本文建立的P波三维斜入射波动输入方法能准确模拟有限域内弹性半空间自由场。以α=30°、γ=45°时P波入射模型验证得到波动输入的数值解与解析解吻合良好,空间不同位置处非一致性显著。
(2)不同入射角度下防渗墙加速度差异显著。防渗墙顺河向加速度在不同斜入射角α下随方位角γ的增大而减小,在α=60°、γ=0°时达到最大,是垂直入射的3.89倍;在γ>0°时,坝轴向加速度随α的增大先增大再减小,在α=60°、γ=90°时达到最大,是垂直入射的8.93倍;竖向加速度在不同γ下均随斜入射角α的增大而减小,在α=90°、γ=0°时达到最小,是垂直入射的0.22倍;不同角度组合入射下防渗墙加速度分布规律明显不同,考虑入射方位角对防渗墙加速度影响很大。
(3)防渗墙墙顶相对位移相比垂直入射变化较小。在γ=45°时,顺河向相对位移相比垂直入射明显增大,最大值出现在右岸墙顶,是由于地震波空间斜入射考虑了入射方位角造成的;在α=90°入射时,竖向相对位移相比垂直入射分布规律明显变化,不同角度组合入射下防渗墙墙顶竖向相对位移整体较小。
(4)在非一致输入下防渗墙横河向应力相比垂直入射差异明显,竖向应力在斜入射角90°入射时相比垂直入射变化较大。在α>0°时,不同α下防渗墙竖向压应力相比垂直入射随γ的增大先减小再增大,最小竖向压应力为-0.40 MPa,是垂直入射的0.24倍;不同工况下竖向压应力峰值都基本出现在防渗墙中部区域,非一致输入对防渗墙竖向应力分布规律影响较小。在γ>0°时,防渗墙横河向拉应力随α的增大先增大再减小,最大横河向拉应力达3.54 MPa,是垂直入射的3.53倍;考虑入射方位角对防渗墙横河向拉应力峰值分布区域影响较大,空间非一致输入下在防渗墙两侧岸坡会出现更大区域拉损伤,在防渗墙设计时应采取相应措施。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(52039008)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划面上项目(2022JM-276)
  • 陕西省教育厅青年创新团队科研计划项目(22JP052)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202403020
  • 接收时间:2024-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-08
  • 修回日期:2024-05-10
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(52039008)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划面上项目(2022JM-276)
陕西省教育厅青年创新团队科研计划项目(22JP052)
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    西安理工大学旱区水工程生态环境全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710048

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宋志强(1981—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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