Article(id=1225751355332145549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694016000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-07, revisedDate=1701792000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770171496469, onlineDateStr=2026-02-04, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770171496469, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770171496469, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770171496469, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1225751351125263080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='10', pageStart='2205', pageEnd='2462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770171495466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774228911890, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2332, endPage=2338, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225751356632379821, articleId=1225751355332145549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Construction and properties of gear mechanical metamaterials, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mechanical metamaterials exhibit many counterintuitive mechanical properties by changing their internal geometry. We propose a mechanical metamaterial composed of gears as basic elements. The gear-based mechanical metamaterial proposed here is a multi-stable structure, which can be continuously converted between various stable states through the meshing of gear teeth. The continuous switching between states enables the mechanical metamaterial to exhibit in situ continuously tunable mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of the mechanical metamaterials were studied by using the finite element method. The results show that the gear-based mechanical metamaterials exhibited continuously adjustable stiffness, variable generalized shear stiffness, and adjustable acceleration transmissibility. These unique properties of mechanical metamaterials provide new ideas for creating programmable metamaterials with in situ continuously adjustable mechanical properties, and are expected to be applied in the fields of smart materials and engineering.

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本文提出了以齿轮作为基本元素构成的多稳态力学超材料,通过轮齿啮合可以使之在各稳态之间连续转换,这种稳态之间的连续转换使得该超材料表现出原位连续可调机械性能。利用有限元对力学超材料的力学特性进行研究,结果表明:基于齿轮的力学超材料拥有连续可调的刚度,可变的广义剪切刚度以及可调整的加速度传递率。力学超材料的这些特性为创造具有原位连续可调机械性能的可编程超材料提供了思路,同时有望被应用于智能材料和工程领域。

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莫帅(1987—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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Journal of Mechanical Engineering2022,58(19): 57-67., articleTitle=Research on dynamic characteristics of electromechanical coupling of robot joint crack transmission system, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225751375498359071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751355332145549, awardId=CXPT-2023-044, language=CN, fundingSource=中国航发科技创新平台项目(CXPT-2023-044), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225751375674519849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751355332145549, awardId=桂科AA23073019, language=CN, fundingSource=广西科技重大专项(桂科AA23073019), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225751375804543280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751355332145549, awardId=52265004, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52265004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225751364379259692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, 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齿轮力学超材料构筑及其性能研究
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莫帅 1, 2, 3 , 黄祖瑞 1, 2 , 刘翊恒 1, 2 , 张伟 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(10): 2332-2338
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(10): 2332-2338
齿轮力学超材料构筑及其性能研究
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莫帅1, 2, 3 , 黄祖瑞1, 2, 刘翊恒1, 2, 张伟1
作者信息
  • 1.广西大学特色金属材料与组合结构全寿命安全国家重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004;
  • 2.广西大学机械工程学院,广西 南宁 530004;
  • 3.直升机传动技术国防科技重点实验室,江苏 南京 210016

通讯作者:

莫帅(1987—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Construction and properties of gear mechanical metamaterials
Shuai MO1, 2, 3 , Zurui HUANG1, 2, Yiheng LIU1, 2, Wei ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
  • 3.National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Helicopter Transmission, Nanjing 210016, China
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309024
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本文提出了以齿轮作为基本元素构成的多稳态力学超材料,通过轮齿啮合可以使之在各稳态之间连续转换,这种稳态之间的连续转换使得该超材料表现出原位连续可调机械性能。利用有限元对力学超材料的力学特性进行研究,结果表明:基于齿轮的力学超材料拥有连续可调的刚度,可变的广义剪切刚度以及可调整的加速度传递率。力学超材料的这些特性为创造具有原位连续可调机械性能的可编程超材料提供了思路,同时有望被应用于智能材料和工程领域。

力学超材料  /  齿轮  /  力学性能  /  传递率  /  连续可调

Mechanical metamaterials exhibit many counterintuitive mechanical properties by changing their internal geometry. We propose a mechanical metamaterial composed of gears as basic elements. The gear-based mechanical metamaterial proposed here is a multi-stable structure, which can be continuously converted between various stable states through the meshing of gear teeth. The continuous switching between states enables the mechanical metamaterial to exhibit in situ continuously tunable mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of the mechanical metamaterials were studied by using the finite element method. The results show that the gear-based mechanical metamaterials exhibited continuously adjustable stiffness, variable generalized shear stiffness, and adjustable acceleration transmissibility. These unique properties of mechanical metamaterials provide new ideas for creating programmable metamaterials with in situ continuously adjustable mechanical properties, and are expected to be applied in the fields of smart materials and engineering.

mechanical metamaterials  /  gear  /  mechanical properties  /  transmissibility  /  continuously adjustable
莫帅, 黄祖瑞, 刘翊恒, 张伟. 齿轮力学超材料构筑及其性能研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2332 -2338 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309024
Shuai MO, Zurui HUANG, Yiheng LIU, Wei ZHANG. Construction and properties of gear mechanical metamaterials[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2332 -2338 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309024
力学超材料通过改变自身微观结构,可达到均匀材料所不具备的力学性能[13]。近年来,先进制造技术的快速发展[4],为超材料领域提供了坚实基础,超材料领域迸发出强大活力[5]
CLAUSEN等[6]结合拓扑优化,创建了一种超材料,能够实现泊松比在±0.8的范围内调节。MA等[7]研究了一种折纸结构,结合试验和数值分析,发现受到准静态面外压缩时,该结构可以表现出周期性的渐变刚度,并且可以通过改变几何设计来调整其机械响应。王海瑞等[8]采用扭转弹簧等效以及能量原理,对折纸超材料在折展运动中的力学行为进行了研究,分析了构型几何参数对扩展外载荷的影响。WU等[9]提出了一种通过反手性结构实现二维和三维负热膨胀超材料的方法,利用该方法可以获得具有可调负热膨胀的材料。WANG等[10]制造了一种轻质多材料晶格,该晶格在多个方向表现出显著的负热膨胀。GRIMA等[11]提出了一种超材料,并提出了一种可以实现负压缩性的方法。陈圣兵等[12]提出一种谐振放大压电声学超材料,研究了其放大倍数对带隙频率和带隙宽度的影响。
OVERVELDE等[13]提出了一种用于设计3D可重构超材料的设计思路。邱海等[14]对具有多稳态特性的折纸结构的非线性动力学特性进行了研究。FILIPOV等[15]提出一种将折纸组装成耦合管的方法,该方法可以将折纸刚度提高两个数量级。JIANG等[16]提出了一种温度自适应手性元器件,该元器件可以自主感知环境,并通过3D到3D形态转换来调控光学手性。FLORIJN等[17]设计了一种可以通过横向约束控制单轴压缩响应的力学超材料。BERTOLDI等[18]对拓扑超材料进行了研究,概述了先进力学超材料的设计、创造和概念化的未来挑战。FANG等[19]对具有可编程性的折纸超材料进行了研究,发现其表现出分段刚度,且分段刚度在谐波激励下动态触发双稳态响应,展现出超材料丰富的动态特性。温卓群等[20]提出了一种基于局部共振的力学超材料,通过改变超材料结构来调控减振带隙的位置和带宽。侯秀慧等[21]提出了一种可自主回弹的三维负刚度结构,分析了该结构在不同载荷作用下的吸能效果。COULAIS等[22]针对超材料设计方法,提出了一种组合策略,用于设计具有空间纹理功能的无周期性的机械超材料。BOLEY等[23]利用4D打印创建了由4种材料组成的多路复用双层肋骨,能够根据温度对各种形状变化进行编码。FABER等[24]提出了一种由可重构双稳态圆顶阵列而成的力学超材料,具备可编程的多稳态形状和可调的机械响应。
齿轮作为基本机械零件,常被用作传动部件,是传动的重要组成部分。近年来,随着力学超材料的快速发展,一些学者开始尝试以齿轮为基本元素构筑力学超材料。MEEUSSEN等[25]构建了拓扑齿轮超材料,通过控制齿轮平移以及旋转自由度实现该超材料机械性能可调的特性。FANG等[26]构建了太极齿轮力学超材料,为超材料领域拓宽了视野。MA等[27]结合椭圆齿轮,对超材料中的非线性拓扑力学进行了研究。
本文专注于以齿轮为基本单元构造力学超材料,尝试通过改变齿轮内部结构以及不同的齿轮组合形式构建力学超材料。具体地说,本文通过改变齿轮轮辐结构以及结合并联行星齿轮组的几何结构,提出了几种基于齿轮材料的力学超材料,并且研究了这几种力学超材料的力学性能和动态特性。提出了多种力学超材料的设想构型,为其工程化应用提供参考。
图1为力学超材料的设计理念。常规材料的性能由其本构关系决定,而本构关系受微观原子排列的影响。这意味着材料一旦被制造出来,其力学性能很难轻易改变。力学超材料旨在通过使用周期性或非周期性几何结构来克服常规材料的局限性。
一些学者针对具有梯度刚度的超材料[2829]进行了研究,例如图1中的空隙弹性体超材料,但其刚度调节范围有限。如图1所示,以齿轮为基本单元构建的力学超材料有望实现力学性能连续可编程。
设计了一种由异形轮辐齿轮为基本元素构筑的力学超材料,通过在齿轮轮辐上构造异形孔,使轮辐沿径向厚度产生不均匀性,使得该力学超材料具备了可调的机械性能。该力学超材料由异形轮辐齿轮组成3×3单元,利用辅助支架增强整体稳定性,如图2所示。图2中的齿轮均为直齿圆柱齿轮,基本参数如下,模数m=1 mm,齿数z=42,压力角α=25°,齿宽b=10 mm。以中心处的齿轮作为主动齿轮,通过控制该齿轮的转动角度θ1,使得在超材料内部的几何结构发生改变,图中两种颜色齿轮的旋转方向相反,绿色为逆时针旋转,蓝色为顺时针旋转。对于初始状态(θ1=0°),顶部与底部齿轮姿态一致,而第二排齿轮相对于顶部逆时针旋转45°,各齿轮间相互啮合。
利用有限元的方式(FEM)对基于异形轮辐齿轮的力学超材料的力学性能进行了研究,载荷施加方式如图3所示,底部固定,对顶部齿轮的几何中心施加载荷。
随转动角度θ1的变化,其y向刚度随之发生改变。如图4所示,红色虚线为变形曲线,蓝色实线为刚度曲线。转动角度θ1在0°~180°的变化过程中,该力学超材料展现出刚度连续可调的特性,其刚度Ky1最小值为3.3×109 N/m,最大值为5.8×109 N/m,并且变化周期约为90°,这与异形轮辐结构以及相啮合的两个齿轮的转动方向相反有关。
由于齿轮组在承载横向载荷时会呈现出剪切自锁这一特点,本文也对由异形轮辐齿轮组成的力学超材料的广义剪切刚度进行了求解。如图5所示,求解力学超材料的广义剪切刚度时,在最后一排异形轮辐齿轮的几何中心施加约束,在第一排异形轮辐齿轮的几何中心处施加横向载荷Fx,广义剪切刚度如下式所示:
Kshear/b=Fx/(Δx×b)
式中,Δx为第一排齿轮横向位移;b为齿宽。得到广义剪切刚度如图6所示。
图6所示(红色虚线为变形曲线,蓝色实线为广义剪切刚度曲线),当施加横向载荷时,由于力学超材料内部产生自锁现象,随角度θ1的变化,超材料整体表现出较强的广义剪切刚度,并且广义剪切刚度的变化周期与杨氏模量是类似的,其最小值为0.83 GPa,最大值为2.02 GPa,体现了其广义剪切刚度的可编程性。
除改变轮辐结构,另一思路是结合并联行星齿轮组构筑力学超材料,如图7所示。图7中,太阳轮为异形轮辐齿轮,外层齿圈设置有凸台;其余齿轮均采用渐开线齿轮,其中部分参数如下:外层行星齿轮组模数m1=0.4 mm,齿圈、行星轮、太阳轮的齿数分别为100、20和60;内层行星齿轮组模数m2=0.2 mm,齿圈、行星轮、太阳轮的齿数分别为100、20和60,该构型中所有齿轮的压力角均为25°,齿宽为10 mm。
与前文的设计思路一样,通过控制内层太阳轮的旋转改变超材料内部几何结构,进而实现力学性能的变化。如图8所示,固定外层齿圈,改变内层太阳轮的旋转角度θ2,即可使得超材料在不同稳态间转换。
在使用有限元软件计算时,载荷被施加在外层齿圈的上方凸台平面处,而约束被施加在下方的凸台平面处,即可得到力学超材料随旋转角度θ2变化的性能曲线。如图9所示(红色虚线为变形曲线,蓝色实线为刚度曲线),当旋转角度θ2在0°~540°范围内变化时,超材料的刚度表现出较大差异,其刚度最小值为2.19×108 N/m,最大值为6.04×109 N/m,这表明基于齿轮的力学超材料具备原位连续可调机械性能。
此外,研究了不同旋转角度下力学超材料的加速度传递率,如图10所示,加速度传递率由下式给出:
Tr=20lga0a1
式中,Tr为传递率;a0a1分别为载荷施加点和测量点的加速度。
图10显示,随内层太阳轮旋转角度θ2的变化,各角度下超材料的加速度传递率亦有显著差异。通过改变太阳轮的角度,超材料可以在不同激励频率下呈现出减振性能,表明该超材料有被应用于振动控制领域的潜力。此外,研究了激励频率对加速度传递率的影响,如图11所示。分别在2、4、6、8 kHz的定频激励下对其传递率进行了研究,结果显示,当激励频率为2 kHz时,该超材料的减振效果并不显著,而当激励频率分别为4、6、8 kHz时,超材料随角度变化均呈现出减振性能。
在实际应用中,一种设想方案是使用辅助外壳增强3×3单元超材料的稳定性(如图12所示)。
辅助外壳为薄壁结构,内部存在凹槽,用于保障整体的稳定性。使用齿轮组的方式控制其内部几何结构变化,具体而言,控制机构包括两种齿轮,分别为控制齿轮、辅助齿轮;控制齿轮与异形太阳轮被连接在同一根轴上,其旋转角度相同,同时控制齿轮与辅助齿轮啮合,使得所有控制齿轮具有相同的旋转方向。本文同样对3×3排列的力学超材料的力学性能进行了研究(如图13所示),当旋转角度θ2在0°~540°范围内变化时,其刚度最小值为3.36×108 N/m,最大值为6.77×109 N/m,这表明将该超材料进行周期排列过后,依然具备可调刚度的特点。
此外,本文依然关注该构型是否有抗剪切的能力,利用有限元方法得到不同角度下的广义剪切刚度(如图14所示)。可知,虽然广义剪切刚度Kshear/b随太阳轮旋转角度θ2变化产生波动,但其最大广义剪切刚度仅为303.07 MPa,这意味着该结构抗剪切变形能力并不出色,相比于其抵抗压缩变形的能力较弱。
基于齿轮的力学超材料的制备方案如图15所示,包括基于并联行星齿轮组的力学超材料以及基于异形轮辐齿轮的力学超材料(采用3D打印的方式进行制造以保障精度)。在基于并联行星齿轮组的力学超材料制备过程中,仍使用异形轮辐齿轮作为内层太阳轮,同时将外层齿圈与保持架组合为一个整体;考虑到制造和安装的影响,在制造时将模型整体放大到原来的3倍。对于基于异形轮辐齿轮的力学超材料,按照1∶1的比例进行制备,且设计了两种辅助框架。
除前文中提到的几种基于齿轮的力学超材料外,使用齿轮为基本单元可以构造出非常多潜在的力学超材料,例如基于异型齿轮和并联行星齿轮组可以构造出多种力学超材料(如图16所示),在此基础上,基于齿轮超材料内部多稳态结构所表现出来的刚度和动态特性可调特性,将其应用于机器人关节设计[30]或振动控制领域具有重大意义。例如,如图16(e)所示,在刚度不可变的传统减振器中应用基于齿轮的力学超材料有望构造出可调刚度的减振装置,为振动控制领域提供了一种思路。
利用齿轮设计出可编程力学超材料,通过控制一个或几个齿轮的旋转角度,使得超材料内部几何结构发生变化,从而实现性能的可编程性,具体而言:
(1)通过改变齿轮轮辐结构设计出一种异形轮辐齿轮,由该齿轮构成的力学超材料表现出可编程的定向刚度以及广义剪切刚度。
(2)利用并联行星与异形轮辐齿轮,构筑力学超材料,该超材料表现出强大的刚度可编程性,同时还展现出可调的加速度传递率。
(3)本文提出的基于齿轮的力学超材料是一种多稳态结构,通过控制齿轮旋转角度可以使之达到特定的稳态。基于齿轮的力学超材料表现出可调的力学性能和加速度传递率,有望将其应用于刚度调节和振动控制等相关领域。
  • 中国航发科技创新平台项目(CXPT-2023-044)
  • 广西科技重大专项(桂科AA23073019)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52265004)
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2025年第38卷第10期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309024
  • 接收时间:2023-09-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-07
  • 修回日期:2023-12-06
基金
中国航发科技创新平台项目(CXPT-2023-044)
广西科技重大专项(桂科AA23073019)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52265004)
作者信息
    1.广西大学特色金属材料与组合结构全寿命安全国家重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004;
    2.广西大学机械工程学院,广西 南宁 530004;
    3.直升机传动技术国防科技重点实验室,江苏 南京 210016

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莫帅(1987—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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