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Article(id=1225751354946269566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701187200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-29, revisedDate=1710259200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770171496378, onlineDateStr=2026-02-04, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770171496378, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770171496378, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770171496378, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1225751351125263080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='10', pageStart='2205', pageEnd='2462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770171495466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774228911890, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2264, endPage=2269, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225751355197927815, articleId=1225751354946269566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Experimental study on temporal masking effect of human vibration comfort, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The human body’s perception of one stimulus may change due to the occurrence of another stimulus, which leads to the possibility of a masking effect between vibrations that successively act on the human body. Whether the masking effect is significant or not is related to many factors. This study designed and carried out a seated human vibration experiment to explore the impact of time-domain masking effects on vibration comfort of the seated human body. Designed variables include： intensity of masking signals (3 levels）, vibration interval (4 levels）, and masking sequence (forward and backward）. The experimental results show that these factors do have an impact on the overall comfort when subjected to whole-body vibration； comparing the effects of forward masking tests and backward masking tests, the discomfort caused by backward masking tests is stronger； with the increase of vibration time interval and the decrease of the masking signal strength, the influence of the masking effect on human body discomfort gradually weakens. It can be found that in addition to frequency domain weighting, the time domain characteristics of vibration amplitude also have a non-negligible impact on the evaluation of human vibration discomfort. Comfort prediction based on objective responses should consider the influence of more factors.

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人体对一种刺激的感知可能会因另一种刺激的出现而产生变化，这就导致相继作用于人体的振动之间可能存在掩蔽效应，掩蔽效应是否显著与诸多影响因素有关。本研究设计并开展了坐姿人体振动试验，探究人体承受振动过程中时域掩蔽效应的影响因素对振动舒适性的影响。设计变量包括：掩蔽振动的强度（3个水平）、振动间隔（4个水平）以及掩蔽顺序（前向和后向）。试验结果表明：在承受全身振动时，这些因素确实对总体舒适性产生影响；从前向掩蔽和后向掩蔽的作用效果看，后向掩蔽导致的人体振动不舒适感更强；随着振动时间间隔的增加和掩蔽信号强度的下降，掩蔽效应对人体不舒适感的影响逐渐减弱。可以发现，在频域计权外，振动幅值的时域特征也对人体振动不舒适感评价产生不可忽视的影响，基于客观指标的舒适性预测应当考虑更多影响因素。

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林杰威（1984―），男，博士，教授。E-mail：
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郭智（1997―），男，硕士研究生。E-mail：

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郭智（1997―），男，硕士研究生。E-mail：

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郭智（1997―），男，硕士研究生。E-mail：

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The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America，1989,85(5): 2059-2064., articleTitle=Vibrotactile masking： effects of stimulus onset asynchrony and stimulus frequency, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225751367873115095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, awardId=ZR2023QE341, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2023QE341), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225751358792446446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225751358821806578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, companyId=1225751358792446446, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechnical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225751358838583796, 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articleId=1225751354946269566, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Comfort rating results and significance test results of each comparison group, figureFileSmall=6rDzcxWyjH176pUTINUH+g==, figureFileBig=5H3nl7REDgKsZcWjLX9PwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751363884331775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各组人员舒适性评分结果及显著性检验结果, figureFileSmall=6rDzcxWyjH176pUTINUH+g==, figureFileBig=5H3nl7REDgKsZcWjLX9PwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751364240847645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Comfort rating results in forward masking tests, figureFileSmall=+8TdbwUY+tzaXE9Y9347Pw==, figureFileBig=ymNrD8nYgJwRrlyBFmHO0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751364354093860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=CN, label=图2, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751365025182554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=CN, label=图4, caption=后向掩蔽试验舒适性评分结果, figureFileSmall=KXswehFggX5lokKmOEm/Yg==, figureFileBig=CnrSVgA1gjPXuWpUp9OASg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751365142623078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Masking degree of backward masking tests, figureFileSmall=q8Pp6AMkAU2c84aNIy+ylQ==, figureFileBig=IsWVnAIDJUj1vUh24heGIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751365260063601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=CN, label=图5, caption=后向掩蔽试验的掩蔽度曲线, figureFileSmall=q8Pp6AMkAU2c84aNIy+ylQ==, figureFileBig=IsWVnAIDJUj1vUh24heGIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751365394281338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison of comfort rating bewteen forward and backward masking tests, figureFileSmall=TocyZRJjVnZ5uYvQFffXNA==, figureFileBig=dJaURB+aPDqwuBjZq6qc6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751365549470601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=CN, label=图6, caption=前/后向掩蔽试验舒适性评分对比, figureFileSmall=TocyZRJjVnZ5uYvQFffXNA==, figureFileBig=dJaURB+aPDqwuBjZq6qc6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751367105557391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Comfort rating asymmetry of masking tests, figureFileSmall=2bIAF9QkMsnBxThk3RFlYA==, figureFileBig=H6p4jFuqNh5/No20/Q7JLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751367210415003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=CN, label=图7, caption=掩蔽试验舒适性评分的非对称性, figureFileSmall=2bIAF9QkMsnBxThk3RFlYA==, figureFileBig=H6p4jFuqNh5/No20/Q7JLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751367332049833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Subjective comfort rating scale

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分值含义
0没有任何不舒服
1↓
2稍微有点不舒服
3↓
4较为不舒服
5↓
6不舒服
7↓
8很不舒服
9↓
10极其不舒服
), ArticleFig(id=1225751367453684661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

舒适性主观评分量表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分值含义
0没有任何不舒服
1↓
2稍微有点不舒服
3↓
4较为不舒服
5↓
6不舒服
7↓
8很不舒服
9↓
10极其不舒服
), ArticleFig(id=1225751367587902405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Parameters of the masking experiment

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掩蔽信号部分
类型0.5~30 Hz白噪声信号
强度/(m·s-2)0.61.11.6
持续时长/s6
目标信号部分
类型0.5~30 Hz白噪声信号
强度/(m·s-2)0.3
持续时长/s2.5
信号总体
信号间距/s0.5126
空白填充信号0.5~30 Hz 0.1 m/s2 r.m.s. 白噪声信号
总信号时长/s15
), ArticleFig(id=1225751367713731531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354946269566, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

掩蔽试验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掩蔽信号部分
类型0.5~30 Hz白噪声信号
强度/(m·s-2)0.61.11.6
持续时长/s6
目标信号部分
类型0.5~30 Hz白噪声信号
强度/(m·s-2)0.3
持续时长/s2.5
信号总体
信号间距/s0.5126
空白填充信号0.5~30 Hz 0.1 m/s2 r.m.s. 白噪声信号
总信号时长/s15
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时域掩蔽效应对人体振动舒适性影响的试验研究
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郭智 1 , 林杰威 1 , 杨晰予 1 , 王健 2 , 林泽峰 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(10): 2264-2269
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(10): 2264-2269
时域掩蔽效应对人体振动舒适性影响的试验研究
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郭智1 , 林杰威1 , 杨晰予1, 王健2, 林泽峰3
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学机械工程学院，天津　300350；
  • 2.中国重型汽车集团有限公司，山东　济南　250000；
  • 3.浙江大学能源工程学院，浙江　杭州　310058

    • 郭智（1997―），男，硕士研究生。E-mail：

通讯作者:

林杰威（1984―），男，博士，教授。E-mail：
Experimental study on temporal masking effect of human vibration comfort
Zhi GUO1 , Jiewei LIN1 , Xiyu YANG1, Jian WANG2, Zefeng LIN3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechnical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
  • 2.China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, China
  • 3.College of Energy Engineeing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311060
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摘要
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人体对一种刺激的感知可能会因另一种刺激的出现而产生变化，这就导致相继作用于人体的振动之间可能存在掩蔽效应，掩蔽效应是否显著与诸多影响因素有关。本研究设计并开展了坐姿人体振动试验，探究人体承受振动过程中时域掩蔽效应的影响因素对振动舒适性的影响。设计变量包括：掩蔽振动的强度（3个水平）、振动间隔（4个水平）以及掩蔽顺序（前向和后向）。试验结果表明：在承受全身振动时，这些因素确实对总体舒适性产生影响；从前向掩蔽和后向掩蔽的作用效果看，后向掩蔽导致的人体振动不舒适感更强；随着振动时间间隔的增加和掩蔽信号强度的下降，掩蔽效应对人体不舒适感的影响逐渐减弱。可以发现，在频域计权外，振动幅值的时域特征也对人体振动不舒适感评价产生不可忽视的影响，基于客观指标的舒适性预测应当考虑更多影响因素。

全身振动  /  振动舒适性  /  时域掩蔽  /  人体振动响应  /  主观评价

The human body’s perception of one stimulus may change due to the occurrence of another stimulus, which leads to the possibility of a masking effect between vibrations that successively act on the human body. Whether the masking effect is significant or not is related to many factors. This study designed and carried out a seated human vibration experiment to explore the impact of time-domain masking effects on vibration comfort of the seated human body. Designed variables include： intensity of masking signals (3 levels）, vibration interval (4 levels）, and masking sequence (forward and backward）. The experimental results show that these factors do have an impact on the overall comfort when subjected to whole-body vibration； comparing the effects of forward masking tests and backward masking tests, the discomfort caused by backward masking tests is stronger； with the increase of vibration time interval and the decrease of the masking signal strength, the influence of the masking effect on human body discomfort gradually weakens. It can be found that in addition to frequency domain weighting, the time domain characteristics of vibration amplitude also have a non-negligible impact on the evaluation of human vibration discomfort. Comfort prediction based on objective responses should consider the influence of more factors.

whole-body vibration  /  vibration comfort  /  temporal masking  /  human vibration response  /  subjective evaluation
郭智, 林杰威, 杨晰予, 王健, 林泽峰. 时域掩蔽效应对人体振动舒适性影响的试验研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2264 -2269 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311060
Zhi GUO, Jiewei LIN, Xiyu YANG, Jian WANG, Zefeng LIN. Experimental study on temporal masking effect of human vibration comfort[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2264 -2269 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311060
正文
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长期暴露在振动下，人体会产生一定的不舒适感，振动对工作效率和身心健康都会造成损害[1]。机械振动对人体舒适性的影响非常复杂，常见的影响因素包括：频率、强度、方向、人员姿态、人机界面支撑、振动信号的特征等[2‑4]。同时，振动环境下人体的生物动力学特性具有高度的非线性[5‑6]。
掩蔽效应是人体对一种刺激的感知因另一种刺激的存在而减少的现象，具有复杂的心理学和生理学成因[7‑8]。掩蔽效应可以用于描述和模拟人体对不同模态的反应，在听觉、视觉、触觉等模态的感知模式中发挥重要作用[9‑11]。掩蔽效应的作用形式多种多样，根据刺激是否同时作用于人体，可以分为同时掩蔽和非同时掩蔽；从信号分析域的角度则分别对应频域掩蔽和时域掩蔽，时域掩蔽又可以进一步按照掩蔽信号在前还是在后分为前向掩蔽和后向掩蔽。在振动领域，有关掩蔽效应的研究一般从两个方向开展，一方面是针对掩蔽效应与人体感知阈值的研究，即人体对刺激的感知量是否因为另一刺激的存在而发生偏移。GESCHEIDER等[12]研究了前向掩蔽模式下，作用于手指的掩蔽信号的刺激持续时长对感知阈值的影响。在全身振动领域，SCHWENDICKE等[13]研究了全身振动的时间掩蔽效应，以及不同时间间隔和频域条件对于掩蔽效应强弱的影响。以上研究表明振动掩蔽效应与声、光领域类似。在证实掩蔽效应影响人体感知的基础上，另一方面的研究关注掩蔽效应对人体诸多功能如舒适性、工作和学习效率的影响。HUANG等[14]研究了振动和噪声在时序交替出现时，对舒适性的相对影响。IKEDA等[15]进行了全身振动频域掩蔽的乘坐舒适性研究，并开发了一种基于此原理的主动控制系统。然而，在全身振动领域，尚未有研究全面完整地阐述时序上的掩蔽效应与人体舒适性的关系。
本文研究了掩蔽信号的强度、间隔、顺序影响下的掩蔽效应及总体舒适性，相比于研究单独的掩蔽信号或目标信号的舒适性，本研究更加关注掩蔽效应对整个掩蔽过程中振动舒适性的影响，继而为现行振动舒适性评价提供有益补充。
1　试验设计
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本文借鉴了CR‑10量表[16]的思想，设计了用于量化人体主观感受的评分标尺，如表1所示。该评分标准共有6个语义等级，从0（没有任何不舒服）到10（极其不舒服）共11个分值。
振动激励由六自由度振动试验台产生，刚性座椅的传递率已通过检测[18]。在测试过程中，要求被试保持直立坐姿，不与靠背或扶手接触，以消除坐姿和椅子支撑对不舒适感的影响。
本试验借鉴了以往听觉和触觉掩蔽效应研究的试验设计思路，采用对照试验的方案探究掩蔽效应对舒适性的影响[17]。其中，试验组由掩蔽信号和目标信号组合而成，对照组中只有掩蔽信号。掩蔽信号和目标信号分别为采用6 s和2.5 s的频率范围为0.5~30 Hz的白噪声信号。
讨论舒适性的影响，需要控制单一因素，改变试验条件，分析舒适性评分改变的趋势，得到该因素对掩蔽效应的影响；前向和后向掩蔽对舒适性的影响则通过对比分析以及定量计算两种条件下舒适性的差异得到。本文设置了三个影响因素：掩蔽信号强度（3个水平）、信号间距（4个水平）和信号顺序（前向掩蔽：掩蔽信号在前；后向掩蔽：掩蔽信号在后）。为了使被试感受连贯，掩蔽信号和目标信号的间隔部分采用0.1 m/s2的白噪声信号填充，在信号衔接处使用三次样条插值方法过渡。最终合成的振动信号时长为15 s。试验参数如表2所示。
由于试验组与对照组信号在强度上存在差异（大于10%），假设舒适性掩蔽效应存在，那么在同一掩蔽信号的部分试验组和对照组的主观评价结果对比中应无显著差异。反之，则说明舒适性掩蔽效应不存在。在试验中，信号的出现顺序经过打乱，以避免霍桑效应的影响[19]。
共16名被试参与了本研究，包括9名男性和7名女性，身高范围为155~185 cm，体重范围为48~95 kg。所有被试对本次试验均知情同意，本试验获得了天津大学伦理委员会的批准。
2　人员舒适性评分及显著性检验结果
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将涉及的试验场景按照顺序、强度分为6个对比组，舒适性评价结果箱线图如图1所示，其中图1（a）~（c）为前向掩蔽评价结果，图1（d）~（f）为后向掩蔽评价结果，每张子图从左到右的掩蔽信号强度R分别1.6、1.1和0.6 m/s2，图中每组上方为显著性水平为0.05的由不同间距试验组与对照组进行的配对样本T检验的结果，T为T值，p为p值，T和p的下标中所连接的两个数字分别为进行对比的组从左至右的序号，1代表对照组，以此类推。
由图1可知，在24个舒适性评分对比组中，共12组出现显著性差异，12组未出现显著性差异。在图1（a）中，对照组的舒适性评分与间距为0.5、1、2 s的试验组无显著性差异，而与6 s的试验组有显著性差异。在图1（b）中，对照组的舒适性评分与间距为0.5、1 s的试验组无显著性差异，同时与2、6 s的试验组有显著性差异。在图1（c）中，对照组与试验组的显著性检验结果与图1（b）类似：与间距为0.5、1 s的试验组无显著性差异，与2、6 s的试验组有显著性差异。在图1（d）中，对照组的舒适性评分与间距为0.5、1、2 s的试验组无显著性差异，而与6 s的试验组有显著性差异。在图1（e）中，对照组的舒适性评分与间距为0.5、1 s的试验组无显著性差异，而与2、6 s的试验组有显著性差异。在图1（f）中，对照组的舒适性评分与所有试验组均存在显著性差异。这说明部分试验组中出现了舒适性的掩蔽效应，掩蔽效应的程度强弱因间距、强度以及前后顺序而异。
3　前向掩蔽试验的掩蔽影响因素
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图2以信号间距为横轴，舒适性评价为纵轴，绘制了掩蔽信号强度分别为1.6、1.1、0.6 m/s2时，前向试验的评价结果，信号间距为0处的点代表对照组结果，并绘制了舒适性评价的中位数和四分位点。强度为1.6 m/s2的总体舒适性范围为8~9，强度为1.1 m/s2的总体舒适性范围为5~7，强度为0.6 m/s2的总体舒适性范围为3~4，整体上印证了以往研究关于振动强度与舒适性关系的结论[20]。值得注意的是，三条曲线的不舒适感都随着振动间隔的增加而上升，而这些信号除了信号间距不同以外在强度上没有任何差别，在人员评价标准差方面，不同强度和振动间隔的标准差没有明显差异。
将前向试验涉及的试验因素组合，根据显著性检验结果划分为未发生掩蔽试验组和发生掩蔽试验组，如图3所示。可知，1.6 m/s2组在0.5、1、2 s共3个水平出现舒适性掩蔽效应，1.1 m/s2组在两个较小信号间距出现掩蔽效应，0.6 m/s2组与1.1 m/s2组一致。可以发现，小信号间距下出现掩蔽的试验组更多。同一掩蔽信号强度下，总是小信号间距的试验组优先出现掩蔽。掩蔽信号强度也有类似的效应，大掩蔽信号强度中发生掩蔽的试验组合更多，而小掩蔽信号强度组，即0.6 m/s2组，只有当两个信号距离非常近时才体现出掩蔽效应。
掩蔽度用于衡量同一影响因素的不同水平掩蔽能力的强弱。GASKELL等[10]使用在试验中75%样本正确识别目标信号的存在作为掩蔽效应发生的临界点，绘制了不同信号间距下的声掩蔽度曲线。在本次试验中，选取同一掩蔽信号强度试验组中的发生掩蔽的最大信号间距（未发生则为0），或者同一信号间距试验组中的发生掩蔽的最小信号强度作为临界点。由此绘制了全身振动掩蔽度曲线，如图3所示。根据掩蔽度曲线，信号间距与掩蔽能力呈负相关。掩蔽信号强度在0.6~1.1 m/s2低强度区间维持不变，在1.1~1.6 m/s2高强度区间掩蔽能力有所增加。根据这种方式，能够很好地得出掩蔽信号强度、信号间距对掩蔽能力的影响趋势。
4　后向掩蔽试验的掩蔽影响因素
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图4展示了3种强度的掩蔽信号位于目标信号之后的人员舒适性评价结果。3种强度的总体舒适性范围分别为8.5~9、6.5~7.5、4~5。标准差范围分别为1.5~2.7、1.5~2.6、1.6~3.2，低强度舒适性评分离散性略大于中高强度。4种振动间隔的标准差没有明显差异。
图5为后向掩蔽试验的掩蔽度曲线。在掩蔽效应的影响因素方面，与前向试验相似，较大强度和较小信号间距更易出现掩蔽效应。区别在于，后向试验的掩蔽度随着掩蔽信号强度的增长速率更高，而在高强度和中等强度组的掩蔽能力对比中也体现出了差别。以上结论表明，全身振动对人体舒适性的掩蔽效应作用形式与其他模态的作用形式类似。
5　前向试验与后向试验的比较
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图6给出了前向试验与后向试验舒适性评分的对比。对于前向和后向掩蔽，总体舒适性都随着信号间距的增加而提升，这说明掩蔽效应在逐渐衰减；另外，后向掩蔽的舒适性评分比同水平条件下的前向掩蔽更高，增加更快，其掩蔽效应相较于前向掩蔽更差。从掩蔽度曲线上也可以印证这一点：后向掩蔽度曲线在整体上覆盖的试验组更少。GESCHEIDER等[20]测量了在手部连续施加掩蔽信号和目标信号，改变刺激时间间隔对被试的感知阈值的影响，发现目标信号的刺激阈值是随着刺激时间下降的函数。进一步测量了掩蔽刺激终止25 ms后，触觉阈值随着掩蔽刺激的水平和持续时间而增加[21]。在全身振动领域，SCHWENDICKE等[11]指出在全身振动下，人体的感知阈值会受到掩蔽效应影响，感知阈值的偏移程度随着掩蔽信号的强度的增大而增大，随着信号间距的增大而衰减；并且前向掩蔽比后向掩蔽感知阈值抬高近2 dB。本研究得到的影响因素变化趋势与在人体感知的研究上得到的结论一致。由此可见，掩蔽效应导致人体对信号的敏感阈值抬高，同样也减轻了振动带来的不舒适感。当因素水平改变时，两者表现出相同趋势。据此，本文推测舒适性的改变是由掩蔽效应弱化了人体对振动的感知引起的。
对于被试来说，前向和后向掩蔽试验下的舒适性差异是与强度和信号间距有关的函数。将舒适性评分的非对称性定义为同一信号组合与信号间距以不同顺序加载时后向试验与前向试验评分的差值。当非对称性为正值时，说明后向掩蔽的不舒适感更高，反之则说明前向掩蔽的不舒适感更高。根据图7，整体非对称性中位数都为非负数，但不乏部分被试的非对称性评分为负数。0.6 m/s2组的非对称性略大于上面两种，有可能因为当掩蔽信号与目标信号处于这种强度比时会给人较大的前后向体验差异。但是由于舒适性是一个与信号时长、间隔、能量比都有影响的复杂因素，而本试验中涉及的变量、信号间隔的水平较少，尚不足以完全论证该结论。掩蔽信号与目标信号以何种能量、时长进行组合会导致前/后向掩蔽非对称性的问题有待更进一步的研究。
6　结论
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不同振动信号在时域上的相邻关系对人体舒适性感受产生影响。具体来说，掩蔽效应是否发生与信号强度、掩蔽信号与目标信号的间距、前后向顺序都有关联。整体上，掩蔽能力与信号强度呈正相关，与信号间距呈负相关，前向掩蔽的掩蔽能力要强于后向掩蔽。掩蔽度越高的组别在统计上体现出更高的人员舒适性。这与以往感知阈值的研究结果有相似之处。在加权加速度均方根以外，振动的时域掩蔽特性也对舒适性评价有重要作用。
本研究提出了一种掩蔽度定义方法，以选取同一掩蔽信号强度试验组中的发生掩蔽的最大信号间距，或者同一信号间距试验组中的发生掩蔽的最小信号强度作为临界点。从结果来看，这种方法可以有效地量化不同场景下振动信号掩蔽能力的强弱。目前掩蔽度曲线较为稀疏，后续根据试验内容进一步优化掩蔽度曲线。
基金
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  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2023QE341)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311060
  • 接收时间：2023-11-29
  • 首发时间：2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期：2023-11-29
  • 修回日期：2024-03-13
基金
山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2023QE341)
作者信息
    1.天津大学机械工程学院，天津　300350；
    2.中国重型汽车集团有限公司，山东　济南　250000；
    3.浙江大学能源工程学院，浙江　杭州　310058

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林杰威（1984―），男，博士，教授。E-mail：
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