Article(id=1225751354099020146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701792000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-06, revisedDate=1705593600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770171496176, onlineDateStr=2026-02-04, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770171496176, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770171496176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770171496176, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1225751351125263080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='10', pageStart='2205', pageEnd='2462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770171495466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774228911890, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2238, endPage=2246, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225751354346484085, articleId=1225751354099020146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=On the sound absorption performance determination and optimization of composite sound absorber of ultra-thin and bulk porous materials, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To ameliorate the low-frequency sound absorption performance of bulk porous materials, a theoretical model for predicting the sound absorption of the composite structure incorporating flexible ultra-thin and bulk porous materials is derived. The model integrates Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) model and acoustic impedance model for flexible ultra-thin materials, employing non-woven fabric and melamine cotton as illustrative instances. The accuracy of this model is validated through experimental verification, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed to optimize the parameters of the composite structure. The analysis results indicate that the addition of a layer of non-woven fabric on the surface of traditional bulk porous materials significantly enhances the low-frequency sound absorption performance. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for the determination, analysis and optimization of the sound absorption performance of the composite sound-absorbing structure composed of flexible ultra-thin and bulk porous materials, Additionally, it presents an effective method for improving the low frequency sound absorption performance without changing the thickness of the original sound absorber.

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针对体积型多孔材料低频吸声性能不佳的问题,本文基于Johnson‑Champoux‑Allard (JCA)模型和超薄多孔材料声阻抗模型,以无纺布和三聚氰胺吸音棉为例,利用传递矩阵法建立了柔性超薄多孔材料和体积型吸音棉复合吸声结构的吸声系数理论模型,并通过试验验证了该模型的准确性,最后采用粒子群优化算法对复合结构进行了参数优化。分析结果表明,与传统体积型吸音棉相比,在其表面添加一层无纺布能够显著提高低频吸声性能。本文的研究结果为超薄多孔材料与体积型多孔材料组成的复合吸声结构的吸声性能计算、分析与优化提供了理论依据,也为在不改变吸声体厚度的情况下提高低频吸声性能提供了一种有效方法。

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李家柱(1983―),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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李殷杰(1998―),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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李殷杰(1998―),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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李殷杰(1998―),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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Experimental parameters of sound-absorbing cotton

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名称直径/mm厚度/mm背腔距离/mm
Sample 1301010.0
Sample 2301234.5
Sample 3301320.0
Sample 430179.0
Sample 53015.514.5
Sample 6301144.0
Sample 730846.0
Sample 8303024.0
), ArticleFig(id=1225751371366969460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354099020146, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

吸音棉试验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称直径/mm厚度/mm背腔距离/mm
Sample 1301010.0
Sample 2301234.5
Sample 3301320.0
Sample 430179.0
Sample 53015.514.5
Sample 6301144.0
Sample 730846.0
Sample 8303024.0
), ArticleFig(id=1225751371496992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354099020146, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Parameter calculation results

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参数结果
孔隙率0.992
流阻率/(N·s·m-45700
弯曲度1
黏性特征长度/μm136.2
热特征长度/μm169.1
), ArticleFig(id=1225751371635404932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354099020146, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

参数计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数结果
孔隙率0.992
流阻率/(N·s·m-45700
弯曲度1
黏性特征长度/μm136.2
热特征长度/μm169.1
), ArticleFig(id=1225751371773816976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354099020146, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Measurement of specific airflow resistance of non-woven fabric

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面密度/(g·m-2比流阻均值(Pa·s·m-1
8029.62
9042.26
10054.24
120104.31
150361.55
200605.47
), ArticleFig(id=1225751371916423317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751354099020146, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

无纺布比流阻测量结果

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面密度/(g·m-2比流阻均值(Pa·s·m-1
8029.62
9042.26
10054.24
120104.31
150361.55
200605.47
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薄片与体积型复合吸声体吸声性能计算与优化
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李殷杰 1, 2 , 李家柱 1, 2 , 毕传兴 1, 2 , 张淼 3 , 陈剑 1, 2 , 唐升 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(10): 2238-2246
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(10): 2238-2246
薄片与体积型复合吸声体吸声性能计算与优化
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李殷杰1, 2 , 李家柱1, 2 , 毕传兴1, 2, 张淼3, 陈剑1, 2, 唐升1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.合肥工业大学机械工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009;
  • 2.安徽省汽车NVH工程技术研究中心,安徽 合肥 230009;
  • 3.山河智能装备股份有限公司,湖南 长沙 410100
  • 李殷杰(1998―),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李家柱(1983―),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
On the sound absorption performance determination and optimization of composite sound absorber of ultra-thin and bulk porous materials
Yinjie LI1, 2 , Jiazhu LI1, 2 , Chuanxing BI1, 2, Miao ZHANG3, Jian CHEN1, 2, Sheng TANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
  • 2.Anhui Automotive NVH Engineering and Technology Research Center, Hefei 230009, China
  • 3.Shanhe Intelligent Equipment Company Limited by Shares, Changsha 410100, China
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312020
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针对体积型多孔材料低频吸声性能不佳的问题,本文基于Johnson‑Champoux‑Allard (JCA)模型和超薄多孔材料声阻抗模型,以无纺布和三聚氰胺吸音棉为例,利用传递矩阵法建立了柔性超薄多孔材料和体积型吸音棉复合吸声结构的吸声系数理论模型,并通过试验验证了该模型的准确性,最后采用粒子群优化算法对复合结构进行了参数优化。分析结果表明,与传统体积型吸音棉相比,在其表面添加一层无纺布能够显著提高低频吸声性能。本文的研究结果为超薄多孔材料与体积型多孔材料组成的复合吸声结构的吸声性能计算、分析与优化提供了理论依据,也为在不改变吸声体厚度的情况下提高低频吸声性能提供了一种有效方法。

复合吸声体  /  超薄  /  无纺布  /  体积型吸声材料  /  吸声系数

To ameliorate the low-frequency sound absorption performance of bulk porous materials, a theoretical model for predicting the sound absorption of the composite structure incorporating flexible ultra-thin and bulk porous materials is derived. The model integrates Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) model and acoustic impedance model for flexible ultra-thin materials, employing non-woven fabric and melamine cotton as illustrative instances. The accuracy of this model is validated through experimental verification, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed to optimize the parameters of the composite structure. The analysis results indicate that the addition of a layer of non-woven fabric on the surface of traditional bulk porous materials significantly enhances the low-frequency sound absorption performance. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for the determination, analysis and optimization of the sound absorption performance of the composite sound-absorbing structure composed of flexible ultra-thin and bulk porous materials, Additionally, it presents an effective method for improving the low frequency sound absorption performance without changing the thickness of the original sound absorber.

composite sound absorber  /  ultra-thin  /  non-woven fabric  /  bulk porous materials  /  sound absorption coefficient
李殷杰, 李家柱, 毕传兴, 张淼, 陈剑, 唐升. 薄片与体积型复合吸声体吸声性能计算与优化. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2238 -2246 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312020
Yinjie LI, Jiazhu LI, Chuanxing BI, Miao ZHANG, Jian CHEN, Sheng TANG. On the sound absorption performance determination and optimization of composite sound absorber of ultra-thin and bulk porous materials[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2238 -2246 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312020
多孔吸声材料(如微穿孔板、吸音棉等)广泛应用于建筑、铁路以及汽车等领域,以降低人们所处环境的噪声水平,改善舒适性。
根据几何形状,多孔材料可分为薄片型和体积型。MAA[1]提出并建立了微穿孔板结构的吸声理论,该结构是一种良好的共振吸声体,已经在众多场合得到广泛应用。近年来,无纺布因具有超薄、柔性、低成本等优点,且与微穿孔板具有相似吸声特性,受到了越来越多的关注。KANG等[2]提出了带空腔微穿孔薄膜的吸声系数计算方法,该方法将多孔编织物等效成孔与膜的声阻抗并联,并通过试验验证了准确性。PIEREN[3]利用等效电路法,将声阻抗用薄织物的比流阻和面密度的并联阻抗来表示,并对微穿孔板理论进行了简化处理,提出了斜入射带背腔薄织物的理论模型。GAI等[4]采用微穿孔板模型对无纺布进行了吸声系数预测,并在建筑吸声结构上成功应用。
研究表明,将体积型材料与薄片型材料(微穿孔板等)组合成的复合结构能够提高整体吸声效果。蔺磊等[5]详细分析了不同厚度和组合方式的吸声材料对空腔声阻抗的影响,建立了微穿孔复合吸声结构的理论模型。王飞萌等[6]将微穿孔板与三聚氰胺吸音棉组合成复合结构,并通过优化算法,在不降低吸声性能的情况下,减小了吸声结构的厚度,实现了材料的轻量化。李晨曦等[7]建立了穿入不同数量金属纤维的微穿孔板模型,拓宽了微穿孔板的吸声频带。吴佳康等[8]将微穿孔板与多孔材料结合,得到中低频吸声较好的复合结构。赵晓丹等[9]研究了多层微穿孔板吸声性能的计算方法,传递矩阵法得出的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。邢拓等[10]将板型声学超材料置入微穿孔板背腔内部组成了一种低频可调的吸声结构。甄冬等[11]将不确定性理论应用于微穿孔板结构设计,分析了不确定参数对微穿孔板吸声特性的影响。这些关于微穿孔板复合吸声结构的研究,改善了传统多孔材料的吸声性能,但对于更薄、更好安装、更具经济性,且与微穿孔板具备相似声学性能的类似无纺布的超薄柔性复合吸声结构的研究尚不多见,满足实际应用需求的参数优化方法更是少之又少。
鉴于此,本文以聚丙烯无纺布与三聚氰胺吸音棉组成的复合吸声结构为研究对象,采用传递矩阵法[12]、JCA模型[1314]和无纺布模型[15]建立了该复合吸声结构的吸声系数模型,并通过试验研究了无纺布物理参数对该复合结构吸声性能的影响;通过灵敏度分析研究了无纺布的面密度、比流阻对复合结构吸声性能的影响,给出了无纺布参数的最优取值范围,并通过优化算法对复合吸声结构进行优化。
图1所示的无纺布与30 mm厚的三聚氰胺吸音棉组合,形成如图2所示的复合吸声结构,h1为吸音棉的厚度,p1v1表示声波入射侧的声压与振速;pnvn表示声波出射侧的声压与振速。取面密度为80、90、100、120、150和200 g/m2的6种无纺布,分别与三聚氰胺吸音棉组合,形成复合吸声结构,文中分别命名为结构a~f。
无纺布中存在众多微孔,与微穿孔板有着类似的微观结构和吸声机理[16]。传统的多孔吸声材料可以根据多孔材料厚度和声波波长的比值进行区分[17]。假设无纺布的厚度远小于入射声波波长,即可忽略声波在织物内部发生的复杂吸声效应,建立的无纺布数学模型将得到极大简化[3]。从阻抗的角度入手对无纺布简化的数学模型进行推导。当声压垂直入射时,会引起无纺布的振动,使无纺布表面粒子振速发生改变,根据牛顿定律可知:
ΔP=muτ
式中,ΔP为声压变化;m为无纺布的面密度;u为无纺布表面的质点振速;τ为时间。
将式(1)变换到频域,可得到其面密度阻抗:
Zm=jωm
式中,j为虚数单位;ω为角频率。
面密度m体现了无纺布膜的振动阻抗,还应考虑无纺布孔的传递阻抗。因微穿孔板与无纺布有着相似的结构[1518],可以将其特征阻抗向无纺布迁移。微穿孔板阻抗公式如下:
ZMPP=32ηtρσcd2((1+β232)+2βd32t)+jωtσc(1+19+β2/2+0.85dt)
式中,ZMPP为微穿孔板阻抗;t为微穿孔板厚度;σ为孔隙率;ρ为空气密度;c为声速;d为微孔的直径;β为孔隙常数;η为动态黏滞系数。
对于无纺布来说,其孔大多都是不规则孔,孔的大小与其厚度在量级上相当,且孔隙直径大都在微米级别,故孔隙常数β值远小于1。因此在低频时,式(3)中的虚部可以省略,得到无纺布的阻抗为:
ZRs=32ηtσd2
考虑到无纺布膜和孔的阻抗并联特征,将式(2)与(4)结合,即可得到无纺布的传递阻抗:
Ztr=ZmZRsZm+ZRs=jωmRsjωm+Rs
式中,Rs为多孔材料的流阻率。
综上,无纺布的传递矩阵M可表示为:
M=[1Ztr01]
基于JCA等效流体模型[1314],三聚氰胺吸音棉的传递矩阵P可表示为:
P=[cos(kPh1)jZPsin(kPh1)jZP-1sin(kPh1)cos(kPh1)]
式中,kP为多孔材料的特征波数;ZP为多孔材料的特征阻抗,表达式分别为:
kP=ωρ(ω)K(ω)
ZP=ρ(ω)K(ω)
式中,ρ(ω)为多孔材料的动态密度;K(ω)为多孔材料的动态体积模量,表达式分别为:
ρ(ω)=αρ(1+RsϕjωαρGJ(ω))
K(ω)=γP0γ-(γ-1)(1+σ'ϕjB2ωραGJ'(B2ω))-1
其中:
GJ(ω)=(1+4jωρα2ηRs2ϕ2Λ2)12
GJ'(B2ω)=(1+4jωB2ρα2ησ'2ϕ2Λ'2)12
σ'=8α2ϕΛ'2
式中,α为曲折系数;P0为空气的静态压力,为1.01×105 Pa;ϕ为孔隙率;γ为空气的比热比,常温下取值为1.40;B为空气的普朗特常数,为0.71;η为空气的动力黏性系数,为1.88×10-5 m/s2Λ为黏性特征长度;Λ'为热特征长度。
将无纺布的传递矩阵和吸音棉(三聚氰胺)的传递矩阵由声音入射方向相乘,即可得到复合吸声结构的传递矩阵Η[19]
Η=MP=[H11H12H21H22]
进而可计算出复合结构的表面声阻抗Zf和反射系数r,再通过反射系数r即可求得吸声系数α
Zf=H11H21
r=Zf-ρcZf+ρc
α=1-|r|2
JCA模型中,三聚氰胺吸音棉的声学特征参数分别为流阻率、孔隙率、曲折度、黏性特征长度、热特征长度[1314],因此首先通过试验测取该材料的流阻率。
流阻是影响材料吸声性能的一个关键物理量,在恒定气流下,通过材料两端的压差与气流线速度的比值为比流阻,材料单位厚度比流阻为流阻率[20]
r=Δpv
式中,r为比流阻;Δp为由气流引起材料两端的压差值;v为气流线速度值。
测量设备采用合肥工业大学噪声振动工程研究所根据标准(ISO 9053‑1∶2018[20])研制的多孔材料流阻测量仪。结构如图3所示,实物如图4所示。待气流线速度稳定在0.5 mm/s后,通过多次测量,并对测量结果取均值,得到三聚氰胺吸音棉流阻率为5700 Pa·s/m2
已有部分学者通过间接测量的方法获取了声学特征参数,彭涛等[21]通过多孔材料声学参数辨识技术获取声学参数并用于吸声系数仿真计算,得到的材料吸声系数试验值与仿真值吻合良好。本研究中用到的孔隙率直接从供应商处获取,值为0.992。弯曲度、黏性特征长度和热特征长度通过逆向求解法得出,求解方法为:分别制作8块不同厚度的直径为30 mm的三聚氰胺吸音棉,如图5表1所示。测试不同背腔的吸声系数,频率范围为500~5000 Hz,试验装置采用BSWA‑SW477‑480061声阻抗管,如图6所示。利用直接等效流体法计算出弯曲度、黏性特征长度和热特征长度的数值。计算结果如表2所示。
在声学特征参数的获取试验中,吸声系数的频率范围选取为500~5000 Hz,基于以下两点考虑:(1)该阻抗管(BSWA‑SW477‑480061)的下限截止频率为500 Hz,因此将500 Hz作为频率下限;(2)该求解过程需要大量频率点数据才能够比较准确地计算出弯曲度、黏性特征长度和热特征长度的数值,同时考虑到阻抗管上限截止频率,因此将5000 Hz作为频率上限。基于反演的方法,求解的3个声学特征参数并不会因频率变化而变化,因此可以作为后续低频试验中的数据。当然,反演时所用的频率范围越宽,越有助于提高反演结果的准确性。
试验主要基于国际标准ISO 10534‑2∶2023[22],所用到的吸声系数测量试验装置为BSWA‑SW 422‑480060声阻抗管,管道内径为100 mm,双传声器距离为80 mm,使用LMS‑SCADAS‑Mobile采集设备完成信号采集。试验对应有效测试频段为50~1600 Hz,试验装置示意图和实物图分别如图78所示。吸音棉由三聚氰胺材料制作而成,密度为9 kg/m3,直径为100 mm,厚度为30 mm。对该吸音棉进行吸声系数测试,得出50~1600 Hz的吸声系数曲线如图9所示。
可以看出,三聚氰胺吸音棉在低频段(1600 Hz以下)的吸声效果并不理想,在该频段内,吸声系数缓慢上升,最高吸声系数为0.58,针对三聚氰胺吸音棉低频段吸声性能问题,采用表面贴合无纺布的方式来提高其低频吸声性能。
使用自制流阻仪测量结构a~f中面密度分别为80、90、100、120、150和200 g/m2的无纺布的比流阻,每个测量5次,单次测量时间为20 s,最后取均值,测得结果如表3所示。
利用传递矩阵法,将以上6种不同面密度的无纺布和30 mm厚度的三聚氰胺吸音棉组合成6种复合吸声结构,基于1.2节建立的理论模型,计算出如图10所示的6种结构吸声系数的理论值。从图10中可以看出,在50~1600 Hz以内,面密度为150和200 g/m2的两种无纺布与吸音棉组合的复合结构吸声效果最好。在100~800 Hz内,200 g/m2无纺布吸声系数逐步增大且增长幅度大,达到0.9;800~1600 Hz吸声系数维持在0.9。在整个吸声频段内150 g/m2无纺布吸声系数一直保持增长趋势,增长幅度明显,在1600 Hz处达到了0.95。其余复合吸声结构吸声效果并不理想,最大吸声系数为0.6~0.65,因此本文试验以面密度为150和200 g/m2的样件为试验对象。
用传递矩阵法计算出复合结构在1600 Hz以内的吸声系数的理论值。再对该复合结构进行1600 Hz频段的吸声系数测试,得出结果如图11所示。
图11中可以看出:(1)基于复合结构的吸声系数模型的理论值与试验结果较为吻合。(2)在频率为800 Hz时,吸音棉与面密度为150 g/m2的无纺布组合结构的吸声系数由原来单个吸音棉结构的0.33提升至0.70;在与200 g/m2的无纺布组合时,吸声系数为0.83。(3)在频率为1200 Hz时,150和200 g/m2面密度的无纺布分别能使三聚氰胺吸音棉吸声系数由0.45提升至0.88和0.95;(4)在频率为1600 Hz时,吸声系数提升效果分别达到了0.94和0.96。(5)在50~1600 Hz的频带内,增加无纺布的复合结构的吸声系数随着频率增大而增加,其中从300~900 Hz吸声系数上升趋势逐渐变陡;900~1600 Hz上升趋势逐渐平缓。(6)面密度会整体影响复合结构的吸声效果,与200 g/m2的无纺布组合的吸音棉吸声曲线在该频段内整体会比与150 g/m2的无纺布组合的吸音棉提高0.1左右。
图11可知,200 g/m2无纺布组合的复合结构在600~1200 Hz、150 g/m2无纺布组合的复合结构在1000~1600 Hz的测试结果和理论结果存在一定的误差,其原因可以归纳为以下3点:(1)在试验过程中,通过人工操作将无纺布与多孔材料组合时,接触面间存在少量空气间隙,无法做到两个材料紧密贴合。(2)试验中,部分声学特征参数通过等效流体表征的方法反演求得,与实际值存在一定的误差。但通过反演法求解的相关参数用于吸声系数理论计算是可行的[14]。(3)随着频率逐渐增大,多孔材料内部振动加剧,导致材料内部结构发生微观变化,使理论值与试验值存在差异[23]
通过求解均方误差可以反映两条曲线的相似程度;均方误差越小,表示两条曲线越相似,误差越小。通过计算求出:吸音棉与150 g/m2无纺布组合的复合结构理论值与试验值的均方误差为0.0023;吸音棉与200 g/m2无纺布组合的复合结构理论值与试验值的均方误差为0.0060,这对于工程应用中开展材料低频吸声性能优化,尤其是趋势性判断,是满足要求的。
通过上述理论计算与试验,可知无纺布的面密度m和比流阻r是影响复合结构吸声性能的两个关键参数。分析可知,无纺布的面密度与比流阻并非互相独立的变量,而是呈正相关关系。为深入探究这两个参数对复合结构吸声性能的影响,基于本文所建模型,对这两个参数分别开展灵敏度分析。然后利用粒子群算法对无纺布‑三聚氰胺吸音棉复合吸声结构进行优化设计。
第一组试验为不同面密度无纺布的计算结果,将无纺布的比流阻设定为300 Pa·s/m,面密度分别为80、90、100、120、150和200 g/m2,用m1~m6表示,得到如图12所示的仿真结果。
观察6组不同面密度无纺布的复合结构的吸声系数结果可以发现,随着面密度逐渐增加,复合结构的吸声系数幅值也逐渐增加,但随着频率增大,面密度对吸声系数幅值的影响逐渐减小。并且,面密度的增加,使得吸声系数曲线整体向低频偏移,提高了低频段的吸声效果。因此,对于该复合吸声结构,无纺布面密度的最优取值范围为150~200 g/m2
对于面密度大于200 g/m2的无纺布,其比流阻大多数在1600 Pa·s/m以上,已有部分学者研究指出,无纺布的声学模型适用于预测比流阻最高在1600 Pa·s/m的薄片型材料,对于有更高比流阻的薄片型材料,该声学模型预测准确性较差,且预测结果往往随着材料结构的改变呈现出逐渐变化的趋势,在实际研究中,很难给出一个确定的分界点[24]。同时,无纺布在实际加工中,面密度值大多控制在10的整数倍,且现实获取的无纺布面密度值间隔大多为20个单位值。因此,本文研究将无纺布面密度的上限值定为200 g/m2
第二组为具有不同比流阻的复合结构吸声性能的对比,将无纺布的面密度设定为200 g/m2,比流阻分别为100、200、300、400、500、600 Pa·s/m,分别用 r1~r6表示,计算结果如图13所示。通过观察这6组复合结构的吸声系数,可知比流阻从r1增大至r6时,吸声系数的幅值也在显著增大,但吸声系数幅值变化量随着比流阻的增大而变小。当比流阻从r1增大至r4时,吸声效果整体呈现上升趋势;当比流阻从r4增大至r6时,在800 Hz以内,吸声系数幅值能够保持增大,但在800~1600 Hz内吸声系数却呈现衰减趋势。因此。针对此复合吸声结构,即无纺布面密度为200 g/m2时,若比流阻大于500 Pa·s/m,虽然低频(800 Hz以下)吸声效果较好,但800 Hz以上会出现吸声系数衰减;若比流阻值小于400 Pa·s/m,低频(800 Hz以下)吸声效果明显下降,吸声系数趋近于1的起始频率点均在800 Hz以后。
用本文所关注频段(500~1600 Hz)的1/3倍频程中心频率点来计算平均吸声系数,得到r1~r6复合吸声结构平均吸声系数依次为:0.7121、0.8574,0.9288、0.9598、0.9680和0.9628。考虑到无纺布实际加工难度较大,只能将比流阻控制在一定范围,因此得出此复合吸声结构无纺布面密度为200 g/m2时,最佳比流阻的取值范围为500 Pa·s/m左右。但针对不同应用场景或目标频段,最佳比流阻的取值应具体分析。
粒子群算法是由KENNEDY等[25]提出的一种基于随机群体的优化算法,算法的原理来源于鸟类觅食行为。基本思想为:在可行解空间随机生成一组粒子,每个粒子是优化问题的一个可行解,通过定义适应度函数来衡量每个粒子的优越程度,每个粒子可获得全局最优解gbest和局部最优解pbest
各个粒子的位置和速度更新公式如下:
Xik=Xik-1+Vik
Vik=ωrVik-1+c1ra1(pbest-Xik-1)+c2ra2(gbest-Xik)
式中,Xi=(Xi1,Xi2,,Xip)为第i个粒子的当前位置;Vi=(Vi1,Vi2,,Vip)为第i个粒子的当前速度,i=1,2,,n,其中,n为粒子的个数,p为求解域的维数;XikVik分别为第k次迭代后更新的粒子位置和速度;c1c2分别为粒子的认知学习因子。
c1相对c2较大时,粒子倾向于依靠自身找到最优解,求解过程没有充分利用群体信息;当c2相对于c1较大时,粒子更倾向于利用群体信息找到最优解,没有充分利用个体求解,容易导致粒子陷入局部最优解。因此取c1c2相等时,能最大限度让粒子在解空间中进行有效地搜索和求解。KENNDY[26]通过大量实验建议c1+c24,并通常取值c1=c2=2ra1ra2为[0,1]之间的随机数;ωr为惯性权重系数,该值越大,全局寻优能力越强;反之,全局寻优能力越弱,局部寻优能力越强。因此选取适当的惯性权重系数ωr可以权衡粒子的全局寻优和局部寻优的能力,在计算中常取为0.4ωr1.4[27],考虑到兼顾算法的可靠性和计算时间,本文针对此复合吸声结构,相关参数取值为:c1=c2=2ωr=0.73。粒子群算法的实现步骤如下:
(1) 初始化粒子群,包括学习因子、惯性权重系数、种群个数、初始位置和速度。
(2) 建立目标函数,计算各个粒子的适应度值,找到这次迭代中各个粒子当前的个体极值,找到整个粒子群当前的全局最优解。
(3) 更新各个粒子的速度和位置。
(4) 判断是否达到终止条件,若是,则输出最优解;反之,则回到步骤(2)。
针对无纺布‑三聚氰胺吸音棉复合吸声结构,拟采用粒子群算法优化吸声性能。由于面密度和比流阻是影响吸声性能的关键变量,故选取无纺布的面密度和比流阻为优化变量。定义Aα为有效吸声面积。本文旨在利用无纺布提高多孔材料的低频吸声性能,所以多孔材料的厚度为约束条件,为30 mm。有效吸声面积为数学优化模型,其最大值即为优化目标,达到最大值时的面密度和比流阻即为最优解。
Aα=f1f2α(f)df
式中,f1为计算下限频率;f2为计算上限频率;α(f)为吸声系数频率响应曲线。
基于粒子群算法对上述优化模型进行求解。种群粒子个数越少,粒子在解空间探索越充分,同时也能够减少计算时间;种群粒子个数较多时能够避免粒子陷入局部最优。为了兼顾算法的可靠性及计算时间,一般取为20~50,对于复杂问题可以取到100~200。考虑到本文求解变量只有两个,分别为无纺布面密度和比流阻,即粒子求解空间为二维空间,求解过程并不复杂,所以拟设定迭代次数为100次,种群粒子个数为60。最终得到Aα最大时,无纺布的面密度为200 g/m2、比流阻为487 Pa·s/m。针对优化结果代入复合结构的理论模型,通过理论计算,得出无纺布参数为最优解时,复合结构吸声系数曲线如图14所示。
通过将算法优化得出的最优解代入理论模型计算可以发现,针对此复合结构,当无纺布的面密度和比流阻取最优解时,在目标频段内,有效吸声面积最大。在400 Hz左右,复合结构的吸声系数在0.6左右;从800 Hz开始,吸声系数接近1,表现出良好的吸声性能。
(1)本文建立了柔性超薄多孔材料与传统体积型多孔吸声材料组成的复合吸声结构的吸声系数理论模型,并通过试验验证了模型的有效性,为预测这类复合结构的吸声性能提供了理论依据。
(2)分析结果表明,复合吸声结构可显著提高低频吸声性能。而且该复合结构几乎不改变质量和厚度,加工难度和成本也并未显著增加,多数情况下可原位替代传统体积型吸声材料,具有非常优秀的应用价值。
(3)研究了无纺布的面密度和比流阻对复合结构吸声性能的影响,给出了面密度与比流阻的最优取值范围。通过粒子群优化算法,开展了无纺布相关物理参数的求解和选取,为柔性超薄材料和体积型多孔材料组成的复合吸声结构设计和最优参数获取提供了方法。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11604070)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312020
  • 接收时间:2023-12-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-06
  • 修回日期:2024-01-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11604070)
作者信息
    1.合肥工业大学机械工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009;
    2.安徽省汽车NVH工程技术研究中心,安徽 合肥 230009;
    3.山河智能装备股份有限公司,湖南 长沙 410100

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李家柱(1983―),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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