Article(id=1225751351989289706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701187200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-29, revisedDate=1711296000000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770171495673, onlineDateStr=2026-02-04, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770171495673, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770171495673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770171495673, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1225751351125263080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='10', pageStart='2205', pageEnd='2462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770171495466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774228911890, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242769389133611808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1225751351125263080, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2223, endPage=2231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225751353490850544, articleId=1225751351989289706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Product sound quality classification method based on satisfaction degree and its applications, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A method of product sound quality classification and limit value evaluation based on satisfaction is proposed for the quantitative evaluation of product noise level by product manufacturers, product quality evaluation institutions, consumers and other stakeholders. Through subjective evaluation experiment and questionnaire survey, the relationship between product noise quality index and satisfaction degree was obtained. After comprehensive consideration of the current production level of the industry, affordability and consumer interests and other factors, the sound quality classification and limit assessment were carried out. The method is applied to household appliances and ships, and the product noise quality classification and limit evaluation are carried out to verify the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method. The characteristics and problems needing attention when the method is applied to different fields and scenarios are discussed.

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本文提出了一种基于满意度的产品声品质分级与限值评定方法,以便产品制造商、产品质量鉴定机构、消费者等各利益相关方进行产品噪声水平的定量评价。通过主观评价试验和问卷调查,获取产品噪声声品质指数与满意度之间的关系,在综合考虑行业当前生产水平、承受能力以及消费者利益等多方面因素之后,进行声品质分级与限值评定。将该方法应用于家用电器及船舶领域,进行产品噪声声品质分级与限值评定,验证了所提方法的有效性与适用性。另外,讨论了该方法应用于不同领域和场景时的特点及需注意的问题。

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陈克安(1965—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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李豪(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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李豪(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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李豪(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University2022,40(4): 746-754., articleTitle=The white noise standard sample method and application for subjective noise evaluation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225751373380239943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=3, pageStart=560, pageEnd=567, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=30, authorNames=赵焕绮, 陈克安, 闫靓, journalName=西北工业大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵焕绮,陈克安,闫靓,等. 流水声注入对机动车噪声烦恼感抑制的影响因素[J]. 西北工业大学学报2022,40(3): 560-567., articleTitle=流水声注入对机动车噪声烦恼感抑制的影响因素, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225751373514457675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=3, pageStart=560, pageEnd=567, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=31, authorNames=ZHAO Huanqi, CHEN Kean, YAN Liang, journalName=Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO HuanqiCHEN KeanYAN Liang,et al. 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Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University2022,40(3): 560-567., articleTitle=Suppression and analysis on annoyance of motor vehicle noise using water sound injection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225751373640286799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=32, authorNames=陈克安, 尹秋阳, 李豪, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈克安,尹秋阳,李豪,等. 一种面向音频注入的叠加声烦恼度建模方法: CN 116434775A[P]. 2023-07-14., articleTitle=一种面向音频注入的叠加声烦恼度建模方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225751373749338706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=6, pageStart=141, pageEnd=148, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=33, authorNames=叶睿, 陈克安, 闫靓, journalName=噪声与振动控制, refType=null, unstructuredReference=叶睿,陈克安,闫靓,等. 音频注入下的飞机舱内噪声烦恼感抑制与评价[J]. 噪声与振动控制2021,41(6): 141-148., articleTitle=音频注入下的飞机舱内噪声烦恼感抑制与评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225751373900333653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=6, pageStart=141, pageEnd=148, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=34, authorNames=YE Rui, CHEN Kean, YAN Liang, journalName=Noise and Vibration Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YE RuiCHEN KeanYAN Liang,et al. Annoyance suppression and evaluation of aircraft cabin noise based on audio injection approach[J]. 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ship, figureFileSmall=9Mevaf8wCUQufX4J1SOkLg==, figureFileBig=WXKDzqql2MyM0+1d3fRRbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751363909501095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=CN, label=图7, caption=远洋客船乘客舱室SQISM曲线, figureFileSmall=9Mevaf8wCUQufX4J1SOkLg==, figureFileBig=WXKDzqql2MyM0+1d3fRRbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751364043718835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Time-frequency diagrams of range hood noise at different gears, figureFileSmall=QPMVLgbLCiB6UsHCkoEi5w==, figureFileBig=A4XyFPvguKE8XXoefTDrsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751364228268225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同档位下的吸油烟机噪声时频图, figureFileSmall=QPMVLgbLCiB6UsHCkoEi5w==, figureFileBig=A4XyFPvguKE8XXoefTDrsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751364366680268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Time-frequency diagrams of ocean passenger ship noise at different locations, figureFileSmall=YtJeziHKUhd1rsoZ5qIWsg==, figureFileBig=6c8U+ssKou9tEn19U0pf+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751364580589777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同位置处的远洋客船噪声时频图, figureFileSmall=YtJeziHKUhd1rsoZ5qIWsg==, figureFileBig=6c8U+ssKou9tEn19U0pf+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225751364748361946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

11-level evaluation scale of annoyance degree

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一点也不烦恼012345678910极其烦恼
), ArticleFig(id=1225751364907745508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

烦恼度11级评价尺度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一点也不烦恼012345678910极其烦恼
), ArticleFig(id=1225751365025186030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

5-level evaluation scale of satisfaction degree

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述词评价值
优秀1
良好2
中等3
合格4
不合格5
), ArticleFig(id=1225751365142626556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

满意度5级评价尺度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
描述词评价值
优秀1
良好2
中等3
合格4
不合格5
), ArticleFig(id=1225751365264261385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Initial values of specification satisfaction degree of sound quality for range hood

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价尺度等级描述词SQI
5级1级优秀58.45SQI
2级良好47.85SQI<58.45
3级中等35.25SQI<47.85
4级合格20.80SQI<35.25
5级不合格SQI<20.80
3级1级47.85SQI
2级29.65SQI<47.85
3级SQI<29.65
), ArticleFig(id=1225751365381701905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

吸油烟机声品质规范满意度初值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价尺度等级描述词SQI
5级1级优秀58.45SQI
2级良好47.85SQI<58.45
3级中等35.25SQI<47.85
4级合格20.80SQI<35.25
5级不合格SQI<20.80
3级1级47.85SQI
2级29.65SQI<47.85
3级SQI<29.65
), ArticleFig(id=1225751365515919642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Final values of specification satisfaction degree of sound quality for range hood

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级SQI
1级48SQI
2级30SQI<48
3级SQI<30
), ArticleFig(id=1225751366950371622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

吸油烟机声品质规范满意度终值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级SQI
1级48SQI
2级30SQI<48
3级SQI<30
), ArticleFig(id=1225751367080395059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Results of the survey on the satisfaction degree of the current situation of passenger cabin noise of ocean passenger ships and the classification of satisfaction degree levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乘客舱室问卷回收数量现状满意度平均值满意度等级
双人间101.602级
三人间131.582级
四人间241.692级
六人间321.692级
内部休闲娱乐区791.652级
外部休闲娱乐区791.712级
剧院791.722级
医务室791.712级
), ArticleFig(id=1225751367189446973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

远洋客船乘客舱室噪声现状满意度调查结果及满意度等级划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乘客舱室问卷回收数量现状满意度平均值满意度等级
双人间101.602级
三人间131.582级
四人间241.692级
六人间321.692级
内部休闲娱乐区791.652级
外部休闲娱乐区791.712级
剧院791.722级
医务室791.712级
), ArticleFig(id=1225751367311081796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Results of the survey on the expected satisfaction degree of passenger cabin noise of ocean passenger ships and the classification of satisfaction degree levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乘客舱室问卷回收数量期望满意度平均值满意度等级
标准乘客舱室622.533级
高级乘客舱室611.481级
歌舞厅583.343级
酒吧603.323级
中餐厅622.843级
西餐厅622.352级
电影院632.42级
棋牌室613.153级
健身房612.933级
多功能厅622.763级
剧院632.462级
画廊622.082级
图书馆631.712级
音乐厅632.132级
美容院602.352级
超市633.063级
大堂632.973级
中庭632.873级
走廊632.973级
楼梯632.923级
游泳池632.943级
露天娱乐区623.53级
露天健身场623.584级
), ArticleFig(id=1225751367453688142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

远洋客船乘客舱室噪声期望满意度调查结果及满意度等级划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乘客舱室问卷回收数量期望满意度平均值满意度等级
标准乘客舱室622.533级
高级乘客舱室611.481级
歌舞厅583.343级
酒吧603.323级
中餐厅622.843级
西餐厅622.352级
电影院632.42级
棋牌室613.153级
健身房612.933级
多功能厅622.763级
剧院632.462级
画廊622.082级
图书馆631.712级
音乐厅632.132级
美容院602.352级
超市633.063级
大堂632.973级
中庭632.873级
走廊632.973级
楼梯632.923级
游泳池632.943级
露天娱乐区623.53级
露天健身场623.584级
), ArticleFig(id=1225751367596294485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Passenger cabin noise satisfaction classification and sound quality limit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
满意度等级声品质限值声品质区间
1级84.00SQI > 84.00
67.80 < SQI < 84.00
2级67.8051.60 < SQI < 67.80
3级51.6035.40 < SQI < 51.60
4级35.4019.20 < SQI < 35.40
5级19.20SQI < 19.20
), ArticleFig(id=1225751367839564131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

乘客舱室噪声满意度分级及声品质限值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
满意度等级声品质限值声品质区间
1级84.00SQI > 84.00
67.80 < SQI < 84.00
2级67.8051.60 < SQI < 67.80
3级51.6035.40 < SQI < 51.60
4级35.4019.20 < SQI < 35.40
5级19.20SQI < 19.20
), ArticleFig(id=1225751367977976174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=EN, label=Tab. 8, caption=

Results of classification and limit of noise quality of ocean liner passenger cabin based on satisfaction degree

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乘客舱室期望满意度限值区域分级
上限下限1级2级3级
标准乘客舱室35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
高级乘客舱室18468(84,100][68,84][0,68)
歌舞厅35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
酒吧35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
中餐厅35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
西餐厅26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
电影院26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
棋牌室35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
健身房35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
多功能厅35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
剧院26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
画廊26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
图书馆26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
音乐厅26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
美容院26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
超市35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
大堂35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
中庭35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
走廊35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
楼梯35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
游泳池35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
露天娱乐区35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
露天健身场43519(35,100][19,35][0,19)
), ArticleFig(id=1225751368074445175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1225751351989289706, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

基于满意度的远洋客船乘客舱室噪声声品质分级与限值划分结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乘客舱室期望满意度限值区域分级
上限下限1级2级3级
标准乘客舱室35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
高级乘客舱室18468(84,100][68,84][0,68)
歌舞厅35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
酒吧35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
中餐厅35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
西餐厅26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
电影院26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
棋牌室35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
健身房35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
多功能厅35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
剧院26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
画廊26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
图书馆26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
音乐厅26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
美容院26852(68,100][52,68][0,52)
超市35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
大堂35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
中庭35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
走廊35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
楼梯35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
游泳池35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
露天娱乐区35235(52,100][35,52][0,35)
露天健身场43519(35,100][19,35][0,19)
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面向满意度的产品声品质分级方法及应用
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李豪 1 , 陈克安 1 , 赵焕绮 1 , 党博 1 , 党杰 1 , 罗剑峰 1 , 周亚军 2 , 秦江璇 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(10): 2223-2231
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(10): 2223-2231
面向满意度的产品声品质分级方法及应用
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李豪1 , 陈克安1 , 赵焕绮1, 党博1, 党杰1, 罗剑峰1, 周亚军2, 秦江璇2
作者信息
  • 1.西北工业大学航海学院,陕西 西安 710072;
  • 2.中国船级社上海规范研究所,上海 200135
  • 李豪(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈克安(1965—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
Product sound quality classification method based on satisfaction degree and its applications
Hao LI1 , Kean CHEN1 , Huanqi ZHAO1, Bo DANG1, Jie DANG1, Jianfeng LUO1, Yajun ZHOU2, Jiangxuan QIN2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
  • 2.Shanghai Rules & Research Institute, China Classification Society, Shanghai 200135, China
doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311059
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本文提出了一种基于满意度的产品声品质分级与限值评定方法,以便产品制造商、产品质量鉴定机构、消费者等各利益相关方进行产品噪声水平的定量评价。通过主观评价试验和问卷调查,获取产品噪声声品质指数与满意度之间的关系,在综合考虑行业当前生产水平、承受能力以及消费者利益等多方面因素之后,进行声品质分级与限值评定。将该方法应用于家用电器及船舶领域,进行产品噪声声品质分级与限值评定,验证了所提方法的有效性与适用性。另外,讨论了该方法应用于不同领域和场景时的特点及需注意的问题。

心理声学  /  产品噪声  /  声品质评价  /  满意度分级

A method of product sound quality classification and limit value evaluation based on satisfaction is proposed for the quantitative evaluation of product noise level by product manufacturers, product quality evaluation institutions, consumers and other stakeholders. Through subjective evaluation experiment and questionnaire survey, the relationship between product noise quality index and satisfaction degree was obtained. After comprehensive consideration of the current production level of the industry, affordability and consumer interests and other factors, the sound quality classification and limit assessment were carried out. The method is applied to household appliances and ships, and the product noise quality classification and limit evaluation are carried out to verify the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method. The characteristics and problems needing attention when the method is applied to different fields and scenarios are discussed.

psychoacoustics  /  product noise  /  sound quality evaluation  /  satisfaction classification
李豪, 陈克安, 赵焕绮, 党博, 党杰, 罗剑峰, 周亚军, 秦江璇. 面向满意度的产品声品质分级方法及应用. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2223 -2231 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311059
Hao LI, Kean CHEN, Huanqi ZHAO, Bo DANG, Jie DANG, Jianfeng LUO, Yajun ZHOU, Jiangxuan QIN. Product sound quality classification method based on satisfaction degree and its applications[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (10) : 2223 -2231 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311059
长期以来,评价噪声的客观参量以A计权声级为主,它大致模拟了人耳对低强度声音响度的感受,在此基础上发展出的等效连续A声级目前仍是国际及国家标准对船舶噪声舒适性分级量化的度量指标,也是吸油烟机等家用电器噪声限值国家标准中的技术要求[14]。然而,人对声音的主观感觉与声信号的时域、频域特性密切相关,不仅仅取决于响度,因此传统的噪声评价指标(如声压级、计权声级等)不能完全贴合个人的主观感受[5]
为了解决上述问题,声品质(sound quality,SQ)技术应时而生。声品质是“在特定的技术目标或任务内涵中声音的适宜性”[6],它以主观感受为出发点,以主观评价和客观评价为研究手段。目前声品质技术在车辆工程领域得到了大量应用,人们不断探索评价汽车声品质的方法和改进汽车声品质的手段,并解决实际应用中的一些问题[7]。KIM等[8]对车窗系统噪声进行了主观评价和客观指标的计算,并通过噪声源识别提出了声品质改进意见。BACK等[9]提出了一种实用的供通空调系统,该系统能在车厢内发出高品质的声音并提供舒适凉爽的环境。声品质建模将烦恼度等人的主观感受通过显性或隐性的方式以声品质指标的形式进行量化表达,因此声品质建模是声品质技术中不可回避且至关重要的一个环节[610]。KIM等[11]分析了乘用车的声品质并建立了客观量化的分析模型。为了进一步优化纯电动车烦恼度建模,WANG等[12]提出了基于极限梯度增强算法的纯电动汽车非线性整体烦恼度建模与车内声品质预测。另外,在家用电器领域,团体标准《吸油烟机噪声声品质测试方法》(T/CAS 341—2019)[13]中以多元线性回归建模给出了吸油烟机烦恼度模型,并以声品质指数(sound quality index,SQI)这一指标对吸油烟机声品质状况进行定量表征,迈出了吸油烟机声品质规范的第一步。团体标准《吸油烟机噪声声品质满意度等级及评价方法》(T/CAS 519—2021)[14]中使用的声品质分级及限值评定方法,以吸油烟机声品质为对象,结合标准[13]给出了一种评定其等级和限值的具体方法。
文献[14]的声品质等级评定方法给出了一种客观公正、综合考虑各方利益且便于操作和实施的技术途径,是将声品质技术实用化的重要举措。然而,该方法仅以吸油烟机为对象,将其推广至不同类别产品或设备尚需做进一步研究和讨论。为此,本文提出了一种以听者主观满意度为中心,适用于不同类别产品声品质分级与限值评定的方法。在详细阐述该方法的基本原理后,给出了评定产品声品质等级和限值的实施步骤;同时以应用案例的形式分别介绍了家用电器与远洋客船这两种不同类别产品声品质分级与限值评定方法的具体步骤及最终的限值确定;最后从样本数量、产品规模、噪声类型等方面讨论了应用该方法的要点和关键步骤。
通常采用“烦恼度”这一指标作为对噪声引起的不良反应的度量方式,常用的烦恼度评价量表一般为9级[13]或11级[15]。进一步地,噪声烦恼度分为感知烦恼度和心理声学烦恼度[16]。而产品声品质主要是指产品噪声反映出来的与产品质量、品位、功能、偏好等相关的信息。可以利用噪声烦恼度进行产品声品质的表征[10]。产品声品质指数SQI是指将主观评价或模型计算获得的烦恼度转化为百分制指数,获取的主要流程如图1所示。其中,11级量表获得的烦恼度与声品质指数之间的关系为:
SQI=100-10A
式中,A为烦恼度。
产品声品质分级评定的核心是确定不同级别声品质之间的声品质指数值(即限值)。在声品质这一话语体系中,人们对每种产品噪声的满意程度就成为度量声品质的根本尺度。
满意度(satisfaction degree,S)是人对特定类型产品噪声声品质满意程度的一种评判指标,其类别和相应的限值也称为声品质分级[17]。在声品质分级研究和运用中,会使用到如下多种满意度:(1)测量满意度SM,是指通过主观评价试验获得的对于现有产品噪声的满意度;(2)调查满意度SC,是通过问卷调查进行统计计算获得的一种满意度;(3)规范满意度SS,是由某种标准或规范确定的满意度。
级别容量比(categorized volume ratio,CVR)为某一满意度级别的产品数量占全体产品数量的百分比。累计级别容量比(cumulative categorized volume ratio,CCVR)为不超过某一满意度级别的产品占全体产品个数之比。与满意度相对应,CVR也分为3种:(1)测量级别容量比CVRM,由主观评价试验获得;(2)调查级别容量比CVRC,由问卷调查获得;(3)设计级别容量比CVRS,参考CVRC情况下人为设定的级别容量比。
基于满意度的产品声品质分级与限值评定是指确定规范满意度级别及其限值的方法,SQI的分布范围为1~100,因此声品质分级就是要确定声品质各级别与SQI的对应关系。由于声品质分级包含了产品使用者或消费者对产品声音特性现状的认知,以及对未来技术发展的心理预期,因而评定声品质分级的原则包括:(1)同一功能不同型号产品声品质指数的分布情况;(2)公众对当前市场上产品声品质现状的感受和认知;(3)从推动技术进步、促进行业创新与发展、保护消费者利益及兼顾制造商承受能力的角度,平衡制造商、消费者、政府产业政策及导向的不同诉求对声品质限值进行调整。
依据以上原则,基于满意度的产品声品质分级与限值评定步骤分为两个阶段(如图2所示),第一阶段的目的在于建立声品质指数与满意度之间的关系,实现声品质指数到满意度之间的数值转换;第二阶段的目的在于依据这种转换确定不同级别满意度分界点的声品质指数数值,其主要内容在于综合考虑影响满意度分级的各种因素,然后对限值进行修正。
将以上两个阶段的实施方法细化后,形成分级与限值评定的具体步骤如下:(1)开展产品噪声烦恼度主观评价试验,并根据声品质测试流程将噪声烦恼度转化为SQI。(2)采用主观评价或问卷调查的方式,得到使用产品的用户或研发人员等不同人群对于产品噪声的满意度等级。(3)综合步骤(1)与(2)的结果,得出产品噪声的声品质指数与其满意度的关系曲线。(4)结合步骤(3)得出的关系曲线,每一级满意度有其对应的声品质指数范围,每一个声品质指数有其对应的噪声烦恼度。综合考虑行业当前生产水平、承受能力以及消费者利益等多方面因素,得出基于声品质指数与满意度关系曲线的产品噪声声品质分级与限值评定。
本节给出不同场景下产品声品质分级与限值评定方法。为便于理解,分别以家用电器(吸油烟机)和交通运载工具(远洋客船)为例进行产品声品质分级与限值评定。两个应用案例虽然整体思路一致,但在具体实施方法上有差异,这代表了不同类别产品在声品质分级与限值评定中的独特性。具体说来,对于吸油烟机噪声声品质分级,引入了级别容量比,以此为中间桥梁,得出声品质与满意度之间的关系;对于远洋客船声品质分级,采用声品质评价结合满意度评价的方式,直接得出声品质与满意度之间的关系。
吸油烟机是人们在日常生活中会普遍接触到的家电产品,其市场规模逐年升高。从听觉感知的角度看,正常运行下的吸油烟机噪声属于宽带稳态噪声,频率主要分布在低频,听感沉闷,会降低室内声环境的舒适性。吸油烟机噪声的声品质提升是各大生产厂家密切关注且投入大量人力、物力深入研究的问题,直接影响到家电厂家的市场占比与消费者的购买欲望。因此,吸油烟机噪声进行声品质分级是声品质提升过程中必不可少的一环,其重要性不言而喻。声品质分级是确定规范满意度的级别及其限值的过程,吸油烟机噪声满意度分级与限值评定步骤如图3所示,含义如下:
(1)根据声品质测试方法对市场上不同型号同一产品的烦恼度进行主观评价试验,并根据式(1)将烦恼度转化为SQI
(2)通过数据处理,拟合获取SQICCVRM关系曲线(CCVRM曲线);
(3)根据主观评价试验,获取不同人群对于市场上不同型号同一产品的满意度评价,其中,被试人群遍历吸油烟机研发、销售、使用过程中的所有人群[18]
(4)通过数据处理,拟合获取SMCVRC关系曲线(CVRC曲线);
(5)通过CVRC曲线数值查询CCVRM曲线获得SS初值;
(6)综合考虑行业当前生产水平、承受能力以及消费者利益等多方面因素,本着为消费者提供简明易懂的噪声评价指标和推动行业进步的目的,由行业专家评审团对SS初值进行人为调整设计得到SS终值。
采集了目前市场上8种常见品牌的27款吸油烟机噪声作为评价对象。本次试验以烦恼度为评价指标(选取11级评价尺度,如表1所示),共计招募试验被试110人(被试人数选取标准参考文献[13],被试人数一般为25~50人,本次试验考虑到部分购买吸油烟机的顾客作为被试,人数扩展到75~100人,同2.1.4节被试人数选取标准),被试选择要求为年龄在18~50岁、耳科状况均正常(参见国家标准GB/T 16296.1—2018)。在试验前对所有被试进行听力测试,确保在100~8000 Hz的频率范围内所有被试的听阈级都低于15 dB。被试在试验期间无不适症状。通过烦恼度主观评价试验以及数据剔除(相关分析、误判分析、聚类分析),最终建立起吸油烟机声品质的烦恼度模型为:
A=0.4974+0.3828L+2.0119SP-3.0698R
式中,L为响度;SP为尖锐度;R为粗糙度。
根据式(1)中ASQI的关系,将烦恼度模型转化为声品质指数模型:
SQI=95.026-3.828L-20.119SP+30.698R
通过2.1.2节中吸油烟机噪声的试验数据得到SQICCVRM的关系,进行曲线拟合后如图4所示,拟合表达式为:
CCVRM=100%×(-0.1092+0.003724×SQI+0.0005212×SQI2-0.000004828×SQI3)
选取5级评价尺度,如表2所示。本次试验以满意度为评价指标,共计招募试验被试87人,声样本、听音环境、回放设备以及数据剔除与2.1.2节保持一致。对5级评价尺度下的试验结果按照四舍五入原则直接转化为5级满意度结果,如经过数据处理后,87名被试对某个声样本的打分均值为3.59,则该产品得分为4,对应等级为合格。
5级CVRC曲线如图5(a)所示。对于调查满意度试验评价值区间[1,5]进行重新划分可以得到3级满意度,均值为[1,2.5]的产品为1级产品评价值区间,(2.5,4]为2级产品评价值区间,(4,5]为3级产品评价值区间。3级CVRC曲线如图5(b)所示。
通过CVRC曲线数值查询CCVRM曲线获得SS初值。例如5级满意度时,1级产品CVRC为7.5%(如图5所示),即SQI由高到低排序前7.5%的产品为1级,查询CCVRM曲线(如图4所示),CCVRM为92.5%时所对应的SQI为58.45,则1级产品的SQI下限为58.45。以此类推各等级产品的声品质指数如表3所示。
2021年4月26日,在杭州由中国标准化协会主持召开了专家研讨会,西北工业大学、中国家用电器研究院以及多家吸油烟机研发生产厂商参与了本次会议。从推动技术进步、促进行业创新与发展、保护消费者利益及兼顾制造商承受能力的目的出发,最终确定吸油烟机产品分为3级,限值微调后如表4所示。以此为基础,进一步通过并发布了团体标准《吸油烟机噪声声品质满意度等级及评价方法》[14]
对吸油烟机和远洋客船进行产品声品质分级时均遵循1.2节中的思路,但两者在各方面都存在较大差异,例如:两者噪声的获取难度不同,两者产品规模存在较大差异,噪声类型也会有所区别。因此,在进行远洋客船声品质分级与限值评定时,在具体实施方法上与吸油烟机有所区别,这也展现了不同类别产品在声品质分级与限值评定中的特异性。
远洋客船既要满足乘客(旅游者)的出行要求,同时又要承担疗养、度假、文化娱乐、社交活动等多种功能。目前,全球远洋客船市场规模巨大,且持续增长。中国远洋客船市场近年来发展迅猛,且拥有多条航线。为了应对市场的激烈竞争,远洋客船企业也在不断提升客船乘坐品质。由于远洋客船航线较长,乘客将在客船上度过大量时间,因此舱室声学舒适性也受到了广泛关注。与此同时,对远洋客船不同舱室进行声品质分级能够有效促进客船舱室声学舒适性的提升。以“中华复兴号”客滚船为研究对象,进行远洋客船乘客舱室噪声声品质评价与分级技术研究,总体步骤如图6所示。
远洋客船声品质分级与限值评定的具体步骤如下:
(1)采集“中华复兴号”乘客舱室内不同位置的双耳噪声信号,从烦恼度的角度开展主观评价试验,并根据式(1)将烦恼度转化为SQI
(2)利用步骤(1)中同样的声样本,从满意度的角度开展主观评价试验,获取不同人群对于中号复兴号的测量满意度SM
(3)结合步骤(1)与步骤(2)的主观评价试验结果,通过数据处理后,拟合得到SQISM的关系曲线(SQISM曲线)。
(4)开展满意度问卷调查,包括现状满意度SA调查和期望满意度SE调查。其中,现状满意度调查在“中华复兴号”上进行,调查乘客对于当前船舱噪声环境的满意度;期望满意度调查地点不设限制,主要目的是获取乘客对于远洋客船舱内噪声环境的满意度期望值。
(5)以SQISM曲线为主导,以满意度问卷为参考,进行远洋客船噪声满意度分级与限值评定。
采集远洋客船乘客舱室内的双耳噪声样本,包括:乘客高级舱室、乘客标准舱室、乘客公共处所、医务室、剧院、露天甲板休闲场所等。以烦恼度为评价指标,选取11级评价尺度。招募试验被试24人,通过烦恼度主观评价试验以及数据处理,结合式(1)中ASQI关系,建立起远洋客船声品质指数模型:
SQI=149.979-1.583SPL(A)-0.377L-9.198SP-12.053R+17.240F
式中,SPLA)为A声级;F为波动强度。
以满意度为评价指标,选取5级评价尺度。共计招募试验被试24人,声样本、听音环境、回放设备以及数据剔除与2.1.4节保持一致。
结合烦恼度主观评价试验和测量满意度主观评价试验结果,拟合得出远洋客船乘客舱室SQISM曲线,如图7所示,拟合表达式为:
SQI=-16.2SM+100.2
开展现状满意度与期望满意度问卷调查,获取乘客对于当前船舱噪声环境的满意度和乘客对于远洋客船舱内噪声环境的满意度期望值。问卷调查结果如表56所示。其中,现状满意度以“中华复兴号”客滚船为依托,调查船上乘客对于休息舱室及公共区域的噪声满意度;期望满意度面向所有类型的远洋客船,调查乘客对于不同舱室的满意度期望值。因此,为确保调查结果的有效性,期望满意度的乘客舱室涵盖的区域分类较多。评价尺度见表2,其中1表示满意度最佳,5表示满意度最差。满意度平均值转化为满意度等级的规则为:[1,1.5]为1级,(1.5,2.5]为2级,(2.5,3.5]为3级,(3.5,4.5]为4级,[4.5,5]为5级。
表56中可以看出,远洋客船乘客对于当前“中华复兴号”客滚船的噪声环境比较满意,符合乘客对于当前现状的评价;从期望满意度的调查结果来看,乘客对于远洋客船乘客高级舱室提出了更高的要求,对于室内公共区域来说,满意度的期望值为2级或3级即可,露天公共区域可以为4级,符合乘客对于客船噪声满意程度的期望。
(1)以声品质指数为指标的分级与限值划分
由式(5)可得远洋客船乘客舱室声品质指数和测量满意度的SQISM曲线表达式,可划分出满意度分级及对应的声品质限值,如表7所示,该数值为主观评价试验得出的限值绝对值。
(2)以客船区域为主导的客船区域噪声分级与限值划分
根据表6中乘客对于客船区域期望满意度的调查结果,以表7中的乘客舱室噪声满意度分级及声品质限值为标准,进行期望满意度等级及对应的声品质限值的乘客区域分级工作。
参考船级社制定的《钢制海船入级规范》[3],对于客船不同区域的噪声水平一般分为3级。例如:当该区域的期望满意度为3时,可以参考表7获取该分级下的声品质限值区间,该区间定为区域分级的中间值(即该区域满意度分级为2级时的声品质指数区间),之后向两端扩展,参考表7确定该区域满意度分级为1级和3级时的声品质指数区间。具体分级结果如表8所示。
本节以上述讨论为切入点,从应用场景、噪声类型、产品规模与产品噪声声品质提升等角度,总结和讨论声品质分级与限值评定中的通用步骤和特殊步骤,以便该方法的进一步推广和应用。
本文中的两个应用案例分别为家用电器(吸油烟机)和交通运载工具(远洋客船)噪声,在声品质分级与限值评定方法整体思路一致的情况下,进行声品质分级与限值评定。家用电器噪声与用户的使用感受直接相关,且其噪声样本的获取较为方便,可以通过座谈会的方式平衡生产厂家、消费者、检测机构等的诉求,在试验与数据分析的基础上进一步讨论确定声品质分级与限值评定;然而,获取大规模交通运载工具的噪声有一定难度,且样本量稀少、数据珍贵,但其实际的舱室部位及类别却又多种多样,需要进行不同舱室声学环境下的满意度等级划分,借助满意度问卷调查的方式是一个很好的解决方案。上述两个应用案例有效地验证了本文提出的基于满意度的产品噪声声品质分级与限值评定方法在不同产品上的适用性,也可推广至其他产品的噪声与振动舒适性评价。例如:家用电器(冰箱、洗衣机等)及交通运载工具(大型客机、地铁、高铁等不同舱室)的噪声及振动舒适性评价与限值划分。家用电器的噪声与振动舒适性评价与限值划分可参考本文中的吸油烟机案例,其他交通运载工具的声品质分级与限值划分可参照本文中的远洋客船案例。
本文分别以吸油烟机和远洋客船噪声作为研究案例,进行了基于满意度的产品噪声声品质分级与限值评定方法。吸油烟机和远洋客船的噪声声品质分级差异在于:吸油烟机仅需考虑小范围空间(厨房)内吸油烟机噪声的分级与限值情况,得出一组满意度分级与限值标准(单一指标);远洋客船需要考虑到客船所在范围内的所有舱室的分级与限值划分要求(细分指标),任务量更大,在得到声品质与满意度的关系曲线后,还要根据不同的舱室特性进一步划分得出每类舱室的声品质分级与限值。因此,在应用该方法对不同规模的产品进行声品质分级与限值评定时,需考虑到不同规模产品的声学、振动环境与需求等问题,还需明确对产品进行声与振动分级时需要何种指标类型(单一指标或进一步细分指标),动态调整分级策略与限制划分结果。
为了进一步从噪声类型的角度对该方法进行分析,图89分别为不同档位下的吸油烟机噪声时频图和不同位置处的远洋客船噪声时频图。从图8中可以看出,吸油烟机噪声的低频能量较大,声压级随着档位的降低而降低,其中,爆炒档的声压级最高,弱档最低;另外,吸油烟机噪声的状态比较稳定,不会随着时间有太大的变化,可以视为稳态噪声。从图9中可以看出,相比于吸油烟机噪声,远洋客船噪声的低频能量更多一些;远洋客船室内噪声(例如:乘客标准间以及舱内公共休息区)的声压级较低,但露天场所(例如:露天休息区)的声压级较高;另外,远洋客船运行过程中会有一些突发噪声,且不同舱室的噪声类型不同,但整体噪声状态比较稳定。因此,在应用该方法对不同产品进行舒适性分级与限值评定时,需考虑到噪声类型的不同带来的分级差异。也可以根据噪声类型的不同进一步提出声舒适性优化策略,从人耳听觉感知的角度提升产品声品质。
本文详细介绍了基于满意度的产品声品质分级与限值评定方法的基本思路及具体实施路线。为进一步验证该方法的有效性与适用性,将其应用于吸油烟机噪声与远洋客船噪声的声品质分级与限值划分工作中,完成了本文方法同时在家用电器及交通运载工具上的应用。本文研究弥补了船舶行业基于主观评价的噪声满意度分级研究方面的空白,同时也解决了家用电器市场与消费者对于家电产品进行声品质分级的需求问题。本文所提方法具有通用性,适用于任意产品噪声的主观评价,具有基础理论扎实、实施步骤清晰、结论兼顾多方诉求的特点,具有很好的实用推广价值。但若要应用该方法对不同产品进行声品质分级与限值评定,需要考虑到不同产品的样本数量、产品规模与噪声类型的差异所带来的分级方法的动态调整。在下一步工作中,将借助音频注入法[1924],进一步降低产品噪声带来的烦恼度,提升产品使用的舒适性;同时将借助本文的分级方法与限值划分结论,进一步验证应用音频注入法降低噪声烦恼度的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12274350)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202311059
  • 接收时间:2023-11-29
  • 首发时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-29
  • 修回日期:2024-03-25
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(12274350)
作者信息
    1.西北工业大学航海学院,陕西 西安 710072;
    2.中国船级社上海规范研究所,上海 200135

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陈克安(1965—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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