Article(id=1228805276904653078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689264000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-14, revisedDate=1692633600000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899608111, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899608111, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899608111, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899608111, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805274362904818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='5', pageStart='889', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899607506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901500406, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1026, endPage=1035, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805277244391710, articleId=1228805276904653078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=High precision prediction of bridge coupled extreme stresses with the fusion of wavelet decomposition and BDLTM-GRU mixture model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve high-precision prediction of bridge-coupled extreme stresses, the wavelet multi-resolution analysis method is adopted to decouple the coupled extreme stresses. The decoupled low-frequency data is taken as the trend item information, where the high-frequency data is considered as the vehicle load effect information. The trend item, after subtracting its mean, is the temperature load effect information. A bivariate Bayesian dynamic linear trend model (BDLTM), which introduces a time-varying trend term, is built to predict and analyze low-frequency extreme stress. GRU neural network model is provided to predict and analyze high-frequency extreme stresses. The dynamic coupled extreme stresses are predicted. The monitoring coupled data from Tianjin Fumin Bridge is provided to illustrate the feasibility and application of the proposed BDLTM-GRU model, the accuracy of which is compared with the single BDLTM model and single GRU model for verifying the high precision of the BDLTM-GRU model.

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为实现桥梁耦合极值应力的高精度预测,采用小波多分辨率分析法对监测极值应力进行分解,取分解后的低频数据为趋势项信息,高频数据为车辆荷载效应信息,趋势项减去其均值为温度荷载效应信息,通过以上步骤实现桥梁极值应力的解耦。建立双变量(引入随时间变化的趋势项)贝叶斯动态线性趋势性模型(BDLTM)对低频极值应力进行预测分析;采用GRU神经网络模型对高频极值应力进行预测分析;实现耦合极值应力的叠加预测。利用天津富民桥的监测耦合数据验证BDLTM-GRU模型的可行性,同时与耦合极值应力的单BDLTM和单GRU模型进行精度比较,验证BDLTM-GRU模型预测的高精度。

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樊学平(1983—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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杨渡(2001—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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杨渡(2001—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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小波分解和BDLTM-GRU混合模型相融合的桥梁耦合极值应力高精度预测
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杨渡 1 , 樊学平 1, 2 , 刘月飞 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(5): 1026-1035
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(5): 1026-1035
小波分解和BDLTM-GRU混合模型相融合的桥梁耦合极值应力高精度预测
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杨渡1 , 樊学平1, 2 , 刘月飞1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.兰州大学土木工程与力学学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 2.兰州大学西部灾害与环境力学教育部重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 杨渡(2001—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

樊学平(1983—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
High precision prediction of bridge coupled extreme stresses with the fusion of wavelet decomposition and BDLTM-GRU mixture model
Du YANG1 , Xueping FAN1, 2 , Yuefei LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China of the Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.014
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为实现桥梁耦合极值应力的高精度预测,采用小波多分辨率分析法对监测极值应力进行分解,取分解后的低频数据为趋势项信息,高频数据为车辆荷载效应信息,趋势项减去其均值为温度荷载效应信息,通过以上步骤实现桥梁极值应力的解耦。建立双变量(引入随时间变化的趋势项)贝叶斯动态线性趋势性模型(BDLTM)对低频极值应力进行预测分析;采用GRU神经网络模型对高频极值应力进行预测分析;实现耦合极值应力的叠加预测。利用天津富民桥的监测耦合数据验证BDLTM-GRU模型的可行性,同时与耦合极值应力的单BDLTM和单GRU模型进行精度比较,验证BDLTM-GRU模型预测的高精度。

耦合极值应力  /  小波多分辨率分析法  /  BDLTM-GRU模型  /  BDLTM  /  GRU神经网络

To achieve high-precision prediction of bridge-coupled extreme stresses, the wavelet multi-resolution analysis method is adopted to decouple the coupled extreme stresses. The decoupled low-frequency data is taken as the trend item information, where the high-frequency data is considered as the vehicle load effect information. The trend item, after subtracting its mean, is the temperature load effect information. A bivariate Bayesian dynamic linear trend model (BDLTM), which introduces a time-varying trend term, is built to predict and analyze low-frequency extreme stress. GRU neural network model is provided to predict and analyze high-frequency extreme stresses. The dynamic coupled extreme stresses are predicted. The monitoring coupled data from Tianjin Fumin Bridge is provided to illustrate the feasibility and application of the proposed BDLTM-GRU model, the accuracy of which is compared with the single BDLTM model and single GRU model for verifying the high precision of the BDLTM-GRU model.

coupled extreme stresses  /  wavelet multi-resolution analysis method  /  BDLTM-GRU model  /  BDLTM  /  GRU neural network
杨渡, 樊学平, 刘月飞. 小波分解和BDLTM-GRU混合模型相融合的桥梁耦合极值应力高精度预测. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (5) : 1026 -1035 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.014
Du YANG, Xueping FAN, Yuefei LIU. High precision prediction of bridge coupled extreme stresses with the fusion of wavelet decomposition and BDLTM-GRU mixture model[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (5) : 1026 -1035 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.014
桥梁健康监测的研究可大致分为两个阶段[1]。目前,第一阶段关于桥梁结构健康监测(SHM)系统的研究已相当成熟,而第二阶段对于健康监测数据的处理逐渐成为了当前的研究热点。桥梁监测系统在运行阶段会记录数量极多的随时间变化的监测数据,现在对于监测数据的处理研究主要在结构的模态参数识别[2]、桥梁结构损伤识别[3]以及桥梁模型修正[4]等领域,而基于无有限元模型的动态预测和可靠性评估[5]方面的研究则相对较少。由于桥梁结构的监测数据具有随机性和趋势性等,导致高精度预测桥梁的极值应力比较困难,因此研究荷载效应极值的高精度动态预测方法也是桥梁结构健康监测研究的关键问题。
小波多分辨率分析[6]能够有效地提取信号中的低频信息,对多种作用耦合情况下的监测数据进行分解。在进行服役桥梁状态评估时,就成功使用小波多分辨率分析法从长期应变响应数据中提取趋势项信息,得到温度效应信息,并基于此进行桥梁可靠性分析[7]
目前在役桥梁结构的可靠性研究大多基于无有限元模型,通过建立数学模型,构建监测数据与模型参数之间的动态关系,最终实现桥梁结构可靠性的动态预测[8-10]。至今已发展出了一些基于无有限元模型的桥梁动力响应的预测方法,比如通过引入以状态变化趋势为变量的双变量贝叶斯动态模型来对监测数据进行高精度预测[11],在分析过程中对解耦后的极值数据进行预测,对于高频极值数据的非线性和波动性未加考虑。
鉴于桥梁监测数据的随机性、动态性、耦合性等特性,采用小波多分辨率分析法对桥梁监测数据进行解耦,引入随时间变化的趋势项βt1的贝叶斯动态线性趋势性模型(BDLTM)对低频极值数据进行预测分析。由于高频极值数据的非线性和波动性,BDLTM可能不是最优模型,所以采用GRU模型对高频极值数据进行预测分析,将高频极值应力预测值和低频极值应力预测值进行叠加得到桥梁耦合极值应力的预测值,并与单一BDLTM和单一GRU神经网络模型的耦合极值应力预测值进行比较,通过天津富民桥的实时监测数据,对本文所建立的模型进行验证。
桥梁所受到的应力是由桥梁在工作期间桥面上的车辆流动、温度的变化、风的作用以及桥梁自重等引起的,由于风荷载作用与其他三种作用相比对桥梁的影响很小,可忽略不计,所以本文认为监测应力是车辆、温度、桥梁自重耦合产生的结果。经过前期验证,用小波多分辨率分析法和一次移动平均法[12-13]对桥梁极值应力进行分解的结果非常相近,但是小波多分辨率法具有比移动平均法更优秀的频率和时间分析能力,能够自适应地选择不同尺度进行分析,而移动平均法只能人为选择窗口长度;对于序列数据中的一些局部特征(如尖峰等),移动平均法可能会将其平滑掉。所以本文采用小波多分辨率分析法对极值应力数据进行分解处理。为了确定所需的小波函数和分解层数,将小波多分辨率法的分解结果和移动平均法的分解结果进行一一比对,按相对误差选出最优的小波函数和分解层数,Symlet小波函数在第二次分解时的效果最好。将小波多分辨率分解后的近似部分(低频极值应力)的均值作为桥梁自身引起的应力,细节部分(高频极值应力)作为车辆荷载引起的应力,然后将近似部分与其均值的差作为温度荷载引起的应力,通过以上步骤实现对桥梁极值应力的解耦操作。
小波变换通常选择一个函数作为母函数,然后通过对母函数伸缩和平移变换来定义一组子小波函数,这些子小波构成一个完整的基函数,小波变换则是利用这组基函数将信号分解成不同尺度和频域的成分,从而对信号实现在时间和频率域上的特征分析;使用多分辨率分析方法,可以在不同时间尺度上观察和分析信号,以获取信号在不同尺度下的变化趋势和特征。在基于小波的多分辨率分析中,可以通过使用同一函数并调整尺度和位移参数对信号进行重复分解。
小波变换可用于对非平稳信号进行分解,并提取局部特征信息,在时域和频域上都能较好地表征信号的特征信息,具有多分辨率的特点。实现小波变换的过程是通过多次尺度和位移变换,将原始信号进行细分,并使用选定的小波基函数,得到一组不同的信号。通过选择性地叠加这些信号,可以逼近原始信号。在重构效果方面,小波变换比傅里叶变换更具优势。小波多分辨率分析实际上是将信号分解成不同的分辨率尺度:粗分辨率(近似)的数据包含低频分量的信息,而精细分辨率(细节)的数据包含高频分量的信息。
选定一个母小波函数Ψ(t),连续信号的小波变换就可以被定义为:
WΨf(a,b)=1|a|12+f(t)Ψ¯(tba)dt,a>0 
式中,WΨf(a,b)为小波变换后的结果,a为尺度参数,b为时间参数;t为自变量;Ψ(t)被称为母小波;Ψ¯表示复共轭。
已知函数f(t)可以由WΨf(a,b)用二重积分表示重构,定义为:
f(t)=1CΨWΨf(a,b)Ψ(tba)1a2dadb 
式中,CΨ代表归一化常数。在实际情况中,小波变换通常使用的是离散形式,是通过将尺度参数a和时间参数b离散化来实现的,即
a=2j,b=2jkj,kZ 
式中,Z代表正整数的集合。离散小波函数Ψj,k可表示为:
Ψj,k(t)=2j2Ψ(2jtk) 
上式构成平方可积函数空间L2(R)的一个标准正交基,利用这个标准正交基,f(t)可表示为:
f(t)=jkαj,kΨj,k(t) 
其中:
αj,k=f(t)Ψj,k(t)dt 
分解到J级的细节信号:
DJ=kzαj,kΨj,k(t) 
分解到J级的近似信号:
AJ=j>JDj 
f(t)=AJ+jJDj 
式(1)~(9)展现了对信号进行分解和重建的过程,在选定层数的情况下,信号被分解为低频(近似)和高频(细节)。
贝叶斯动态线性模型(BDLM)可以用于时间序列数据的建模和预测。BDLM将动态线性模型中的参数估计问题转化为贝叶斯推断问题,是一种利用贝叶斯方法来估计模型参数和状态变量的技术,同时也能通过贝叶斯模型对未来观测数据进行预测。这种方法将已知监测信息和掌握的先验信息相结合,建立动态线性模型并持续修正相关参数,以达到更精确的预测效果。
由于解耦后的低频极值应力是一个时间序列,并且桥梁在监测期间存在许多不可观测的误差,导致低频极值应力状态的值也是不可观测的。因此,采用动态线性模型来描述极值应力的状态变化是合适的。动态线性模型通常基于以下三个假设:
(1)状态变量(θtβtt=1,2,3,,T):呈现马尔科夫链[12-13]的变化;θtθt1呈线性变化;T为监测总时间;
(2)监测变量yt之间相互独立,且只与θt有关,ytθt存在线性关系;
(3)状态变量和它的误差服从正态分布,监测变量和它的相关误差也服从正态分布。
为了更好地描述极值应力状态变量的变化过程,考虑其具有随机性,因此引入了随时间变化的状态变量趋势项βt1。使用双状态变量来建立状态方程,所建立的动态线性模型(DLTM)可以表示为:
(1)监测方程:
yt=θt+vtvtN(0,Vt) 
(2)状态方程:
{θt=θt1+βt1+ωtωtN(0,Wt)βt1=θt1θt2 
(3)初始信息:
θt1|Dt1N(mt1,Ct1) 
式中,yt为在t时刻的桥梁监测值;θt为由前一刻的状态变量和它的相对误差还有变化趋势组成的状态值;vtyt所对应的监测误差;N()为高斯分布的概率密度函数;βt1为状态变量在t−1时刻的变化趋势,由此时刻和前一时刻的状态变量确定;ωtt时刻θt对应的误差; Vtvt的方差;Wtωt的方差;Dt1t−1时刻及之前所有有效信息的集合;mt1θt1的点估计;Ct1t−1时刻θt1的方差。
动态线性模型中的关键参数有VtWtβt1mt1Ct1Vt可以通过使用原始监测数据进行方差估计;Wt通过引入折扣因子结合初始状态信息近似确定:
Wt=Ct1+Ct1δ 
式中,δ为折扣因子,在本文中取为0.98。
高频极值应力相比较于低频极值应力有较强的非线性和波动性,因此采用GRU(gated recurrent unit)神经网络模型来对其进行预测分析。GRU[14]也被称为门控单元循环结构,属于深度神经网络的一种,是长短期记忆(LSTM)神经网络的一种变体。图1即为GRU模型单元结构示意图,在一个完整的GRU模型中,通常由数个这种单元结构层组成。GRU模型在一定程度上解决了LSTM神经网络梯度爆炸的情况。目前广泛应用于时间序列数据的预测和修复[15]。相比于其他的神经网络模型,GRU模型的优势在于输入的参数较少,拥有较快的训练速度,而且还能降低数据过拟合的风险。
图1中,zt代表更新门,该门主要决定当前需要传递多少信息到未来,更新门的计算公式如下:
zt=σ(Wzxt+Uzht1) 
式中,xt表示时间步t的输入向量,代表时间序列x的第t个分量;ht1表示前一个时间步的输出信息;“*”代表两矩阵相乘,即通过使用权重矩阵WzUzht1xt进行线性变换,然后将这两个信息相加。更新门zt通过一个激活函数σ(Sigmoid)将结果限制在0~1之间。
rt代表重置门,主要决定有多少来自过去的消息需要遗忘,其计算公式如下:
rt=σ(Wrxt+Urht1) 
式(15)中的主要参数介绍见更新门,需要注意的是线性变换的参数变了(权重矩阵)。重置门与更新门的计算结果一样会被压缩到0~1之间;重置门可以衡量门控开启的大小,如果值为0,则代表该信息被完全遗忘。
h~t代表的是当前的记忆内容,将用到上一步提出的重置门,在进行计算后使用双曲正切函数(tanh)作为激活函数,将值限制到−1~1之间。计算公式如下:
h~t=tanh[Whxt+Uh(rtht1)] 
式中,ht表示当前门的最终输出结果,它保存了当前单元的信息,并将其输入到下一个单元中;WhUh为权重矩阵。此计算中还使用了更新门的输出结果,计算公式如下:
ht=(1zt)ht1+zth~t 
在式(15)~(17)中,WzUzWrUrWhUh都是GRU神经网络的参数,是在训练的过程中学习得出的。
基于DLTM模型,结合解耦后的动态监测数据,可以利用贝叶斯方法对其进行概率递推得到BDLTM。
(1)t−1时刻的状态后验分布:
θt1|Dt1N(mt1,Ct1) 
(2)t时刻的状态先验分布:
θt|Dt1N(at,Rt) 
式中,at=mt1+βt1+λ,Rt=Ct1+Wt ,其中λ为状态的一阶回归系数, βt1t−1时刻状态变量的变化趋势,可以使用一阶差分法来计算。
(3)t时刻观测变量一步预测分布:
yt|Dt1N(μt,σt2) 
式中,σt2=var(yt|Dt1)=Rt+Vtμt=E(yt|Dt1),其中var(·)和E(·)分别代表方差和均值。定义Pt=(σt2)1 为贝叶斯动态模型的精度。
(4)t时刻的状态后验分布:
θt|DtN(mt,Ct) 
式中,Ct=var(θtDt)=RtAtAtTσt2mt=E(θtDt)=at+Atet,At=Rt(σt2)1et=ytft表示更新向量。
根据HPD区域的定义[13],第k步观测值的预测区间(95%的保证率)为:
[ft(k)1.645Qt(k),ft(k)+1.645Qt(k)] 
式中,ft(k)Qt(k)分别为预测值和预测方差。
首先利用解耦后的高频极值应力数据开始训练GRU模型,得到式(15)~(17)中的模型参数,然后利用已知参数的GRU模型开始对高频极值应力进行预测,步骤如下:
(1)输入层:输入初始数据X(t),也就是解耦后的高频极值应力。
(2)门控单元:包括在1.3节提到的更新门和重置门。
(3)隐藏状态:即图1中的h(t),代表了模型在时间步t对序列数据的内部记忆。
(4)更新门:用于决定隐藏状态h(t)的更新程度,通过式(15)进行计算。
(5)重置门:决定了隐藏状态h(t)对于先前一步的隐藏状态ht1进行重置的程度,通过式(16)进行计算。
(6)候选隐藏状态:h~t是根据重置门和输入的序列数据计算得出的,通过式(17)进行计算。
(7)更新隐藏状态:隐藏状态的更新是根据更新门和候选隐藏状态进行的,通过式(17)进行计算。
(8)输出层:根据隐藏状态来进行相应的预测工作。
对(3)~(8)步进行重复分析直到处理完所输入的序列数据即可完成对序列数据的预测工作。
为了能够验证出本文提出的(BDLTM-GRU)预测模型的可行性,对于耦合极值应力的预测分为以下三种情况进行分析比较:
情形一:低频极值应力的BDLTM预测值叠加高频极值应力的GRU模型预测值;
情形二:直接对耦合极值应力建立BDLTM进行预测;
情形三:直接对耦合极值应力建立GRU模型进行预测;
对于以上三种情形分别进行预测,然后引入均方误差值R来验证三种情形的精度。均方误差值R越小,则该模型的精度越高。
R=i=1n(yobs,iymodel,i)2n 
式中,yobs为真实观测值;ymodel为耦合极值应力预测模型的预测值;n为观测值的个数。
富民桥的总体结构如图2所示,主梁的监测截面如图3所示。富民桥总长为340.3 m,宽度为40 m,设有双向6车道的机动车道,并且人行道设置在主梁下方。桥的主跨为157 m,属于单塔空间索面自锚式悬索桥。
该桥的主要结构特点是桥塔高58 m,采用独柱设计。为了保证桥梁的稳定,以主跨和边跨的主缆来支撑桥梁结构。主跨主缆锚定于主梁的两侧,呈现三维抛物线形状,这种形状既在立体空间上又在平面上呈现。而边跨主缆则采用一组缆索构成,并且不使用垂直的吊索。
本文对该桥梁A面的3个传感器FBG01074(底板内侧)、FBG01078(底板中间)、FBG01081(底板外侧)所分别监测的120 h的应力数据进行分析,取每小时的绝对值最大值为极值应力进行研究,这些数据均是在20 Hz的采样频率下采集的。A断面的传感器布置图如图4所示,其中,测点1、3、5、7、8、10、12、13为顺桥向测点,2、4、6、9、11、14为温度补偿测点。本文传感器FBG01074、FBG01078和FBG01081分别对应测点1、3、5。
图5为3个监测点的极值应力曲线图,可以看出A断面的底板内侧和中间所承受的应力较大且变化趋势也基本一致。这是由于底板内侧和中间通常距离桥墩比较近,受到桥墩的反作用力较大,所以承受较大的应力。
利用小波多分辨率分析法对天津富民桥A截面底板内侧、中间和外侧的极值应力时程曲线进行趋势项(低频)提取。
趋势项曲线与其均值的差作为温度荷载引起的极值应力,所对应曲线为温度荷载效应的极值应力时程曲线,如图6所示;极值应力曲线减去低频曲线可得到车辆荷载所引起的应力时程曲线,如图7所示。图8为温度荷载效应和车辆荷载效应耦合后的极值应力时程曲线。
图6所得的温度荷载效应即为所需要的初始数据,然后对初始数据进行柯尔莫戈洛夫-斯米诺夫检验,得到其服从正态分布。
根据监测数据,结合式(11)~(13),即可对温度荷载效应建立线性动态模型(DLTM):
(1)监测方程:
yt=θt+vtvtN(0,Vt) 
(2)状态方程:
{θt=θt1+βt1+ωtωtN(0,Wt)βt1=θt1θt2 
(3)初始信息:
θt1|Dt1N(0,8.022) 
θt1|Dt1N(0,5.12) 
θt1|Dt1N(0,2.342) 
其中,式(26)为FBG01074的初始信息,式(27)为FBG01078的初始信息,式(28)为FBG01081的初始信息。Vt为温度荷载数据线性动态模型的监测误差的方差,可由对平滑处理后的监测数据的方差求得Vt=64.46(FBG01074),Vt=26.04(FBG01078),Vt=5.46(FBG01081);Wt可由式(13)计算得到。
由式(26)~(28)可知解耦后的温度效应的初始状态服从正态分布,结合2.1节的BDLTM概率递推可对解耦后温度荷载作用下的极值应力进行预测评估,图9~11即为温度荷载效应的预测曲线。
图9~11可知贝叶斯动态线性模型的预测结果变化趋势都非常贴近原始数据,且在温度荷载效应波动较大的情况下,所有的监测值仍处于预测区间之内;由图12~14可知预测精度也呈缓慢上升趋势,代表后续的预测值会越来越贴近温度荷载效应的监测值。
车辆荷载效应由于非线性和波动性较强,所以采用GRU神经网络模型对其进行预测,在进行预测之前先输入原始数据对GRU模型进行训练,随着训练次数的增多,预测值也逐渐逼近原始数据。
图15~17是使用GRU模型对车辆荷载进行预测的结果,图18~20是预测值与车辆荷载效应之间的误差图(车辆荷载效应−预测值),可以看到GRU模型对于预测车辆荷载效应表现较好,预测结果的波动趋势与车辆荷载的波动趋势基本吻合,数值误差也较小,基本符合预测要求。
图9~11图15~17分别得到的温度荷载效应预测值和车辆荷载效应预测值进行叠加,即可实现耦合极值应力的预测,将预测后的耦合极值应力与耦合极值应力的原始数据进行对比来验证BDLTM-GRU模型的可行性。
图21~23可以看出耦合极值应力的预测值与实测值基本一致,预测效果良好且比较稳定,变化趋势方面基本吻合,预测值处于置信区间之内,因此本文所提模型具有可行性,且效果较好。
为了继续验证BDLTM-GRU模型的精度,对2.3节中所提出的三种情形进行建模分析:
(1)情形一:耦合极值应力预测值如图21~23所示。
(2)情形二:耦合极值应力的数据如图8所示,根据1.2节和2.1节所提出的BDLTM对其进行建模预测。结果如图24~26所示。
(3)情形三:根据耦合极值应力的数据建立GRU模型对其进行预测分析,结果如图27~29所示。
从预测结果图来看三种预测模型都能够较好地对耦合极值应力进行实时预测,不管是趋势走向还是峰值数据都比较符合耦合极值应力的监测数据。为了对比三种预测模型的精度,采用三种模型的均方值误差来判断哪种模型的精度最高。
FBG01074:
R(1)=0.5966R(2)=0.6261R(3)=0.7259
FBG01078:
R(1)=0.3320R(2)=0.3848R(3)=0.4562
FBG01081:
R(1)=0.3169R(2)=0.3397R(3)=0.3760
通过以上三个监测点的三种模型可以得到R(1)<R(2)<R(3),因此BDLTM-GRU的模型精度要略大于BDLTM和GRU模型的精度。
(1)采用小波多分辨率分析法对桥梁监测极值应力进行了分解处理,然后进行解耦操作,使用BDLTM和GRU模型对解耦后的极值应力进行预测分析,最终通过BDLTM-GRU模型来预测耦合极值应力,通过对天津富民桥的实例验证,证明本文所建立的BDLTM-GRU模型能够较为准确地预测耦合极值应力。
(2)通过建立的BDLTM-GRU模型实现了对耦合极值应力的预测,分别与BDLTM和GRU模型进行了精度比较,验证了本文所提出的BDLTM-GRU模型具有高精度的特性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51608243)
  • 中央高校基金面上项目(lzujbky-2022-43)
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2025年第38卷第5期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.014
  • 接收时间:2023-07-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-14
  • 修回日期:2023-08-22
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51608243)
中央高校基金面上项目(lzujbky-2022-43)
作者信息
    1.兰州大学土木工程与力学学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.兰州大学西部灾害与环境力学教育部重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000

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樊学平(1983—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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