Article(id=1227627714169995948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227627707664630277, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.06.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1667145600000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-31, revisedDate=1672675200000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770618855277, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770618855277, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770618855277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770618855277, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227627707664630277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='6', pageStart='903', pageEnd='1088', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770618853726, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795304861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228367797449851747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227627707664630277, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228367797449851748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227627707664630277, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1064, endPage=1076, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227627714396488375, articleId=1227627714169995948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Fault diagnosis of rolling bearings under variable speed conditions based on adaptive window rotation optimization short-time Fourier transform, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper proposes a fault diagnosis method for rolling bearings under variable speed conditions,based on the Adaptive Window Rotation Optimization Short-Time Fourier Transform (AWROSTFT). This method addresses the issue of low energy concentration caused by the fixed window effect in Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT). Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) is used to reduce the noise of the original vibration signal,and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is employed to solve the complex problem of VMD parameter selection. A series of rotation operators are adaptively matched to the horizontal window in STFT using the tangent idea,aligning the rotation direction of the window with the instantaneous frequency modulation to improve the energy concentration of time-frequency representation. The instantaneous frequency,extracted by the spectral peak detection method,is divided by the frequency transformation curve. The result is matched with the fault characteristic coefficient of the bearing to achieve fault diagnosis of the rolling bearing under variable speed conditions. The results of simulation and experimental signals show that the proposed method effectively combines the advantages of PSO-VMD and AWROSTFT. Through the adaptive rotation window with the idea of tangency,the angle between the signal and the window function is globally reduced to zero,improving energy concentration,sharpening the time-frequency ridge line,and enabling fault diagnosis of rolling bearings under variable speed conditions.

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针对短时傅里叶变换(STFT)中固定窗效应所导致的能量集中度不高的问题,提出了一种自适应窗口旋转优化短时傅里叶变换(AWROSTFT)的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法。通过变分模态分解(VMD)对原始振动信号进行降噪,并利用粒子群优化算法(PSO)解决了VMD参数选择困难的问题;利用切线思想对STFT中水平窗口自适应匹配一系列的旋转算子,使得窗口旋转方向接近甚至等于瞬时调频率,提高了时频表示的能量集中度;计算出谱峰检测法提取到的瞬时频率与转频的平均比值,将得到的结果与轴承的故障特征系数进行匹配,以此实现变转速工况下滚动轴承的故障诊断。仿真和实验的结果都表明,本文所提方法能够兼顾PSO-VMD和AWROSTFT的优势,通过切线思想自适应的旋转窗口使得信号与窗函数在全局上的夹角都为零,从而达到提高能量集中度和锐化时频脊线的目的,实现了变转速工况下滚动轴承的故障诊断。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
剡昌锋(1974—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师。E-mail:
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赵一楠(1998—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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赵一楠(1998—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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language=CN, label=图22, caption=GLCT(N=10)方法的时频结果, figureFileSmall=6ye2DNuvdj8cZCSee6tPPg==, figureFileBig=Sp+wQzzTUVWfympokRd+ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227671328979878037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227627714169995948, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of faulty bearing simulation signal

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参数取值
故障特征系数5.5
幅值系数0.01
共振频率/Hz5000
采样频率/Hz20000
信号时长/s10
), ArticleFig(id=1227671329051181206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227627714169995948, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

故障轴承仿真信号参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值
故障特征系数5.5
幅值系数0.01
共振频率/Hz5000
采样频率/Hz20000
信号时长/s10
), ArticleFig(id=1227671329139261593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227627714169995948, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Renyi entropy values of five TFR methods

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时频表示方法Renyi熵值
STFT19.116
LCT16.351
GLCT(N=5)14.591
GLCT(N=10)10.061
AWROSTFT6.568
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五种时频表示方法的Renyi熵值

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时频表示方法Renyi熵值
STFT19.116
LCT16.351
GLCT(N=5)14.591
GLCT(N=10)10.061
AWROSTFT6.568
), ArticleFig(id=1227671329290256540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227627714169995948, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Geometrical parameters of the test bearing

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参数取值
滚动体数n9
滚动体直径d1/mm7.92
节圆直径Dm/mm38.51
接触角θ1/(°)0
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实验轴承参数

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参数取值
滚动体数n9
滚动体直径d1/mm7.92
节圆直径Dm/mm38.51
接触角θ1/(°)0
), ArticleFig(id=1227671329495777442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227627714169995948, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Renyi entropy values of five TFR methods

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时频表示方法Renyi熵值
STFT28.141
LCT24.487
GLCT(N=5)17.935
GLCT(N=10)12.466
AWROSTFT7.011
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五种时频表示方法的Renyi熵值

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时频表示方法Renyi熵值
STFT28.141
LCT24.487
GLCT(N=5)17.935
GLCT(N=10)12.466
AWROSTFT7.011
), ArticleFig(id=1227671329709686952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227627714169995948, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Time costs for different TFR methods

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时频表示方法运算耗时/s
STFT3.478
LCT3.586
GLCT(N=5)17.319
GLCT(N=10)31.533
AWROSTFT4.266
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不同的时频表示方法的运算耗时

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时频表示方法运算耗时/s
STFT3.478
LCT3.586
GLCT(N=5)17.319
GLCT(N=10)31.533
AWROSTFT4.266
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赵一楠 1 , 剡昌锋 1 , 孟佳东 2 , 王宗刚 3 , 王慧滨 1, 4 , 吴黎晓 1
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(6): 1064-1076
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(6): 1064-1076
自适应窗口旋转优化短时傅里叶变换的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断
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赵一楠1 , 剡昌锋1 , 孟佳东2, 王宗刚3, 王慧滨1, 4, 吴黎晓1
作者信息
  • 1兰州理工大学机电工程学院, 甘肃兰州 730050
  • 2兰州交通大学机电工程学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 3河西学院物理与机电工程学院, 甘肃张掖 734000
  • 4漳州卫生职业学院医学技术学院,福建漳州 363000
  • 赵一楠(1998—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

剡昌锋(1974—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师。E-mail:
Fault diagnosis of rolling bearings under variable speed conditions based on adaptive window rotation optimization short-time Fourier transform
Yi-nan ZHAO1 , Chang-feng YAN1 , Jia-dong MENG2, Zong-gang WANG3, Hui-bin WANG1, 4, Li-xiao WU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 3College of Physics and Electromechanical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China
  • 4Department of Medical Technology, Zhangzhou Health Vocational College, Zhangzhou 363000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.06.017
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针对短时傅里叶变换(STFT)中固定窗效应所导致的能量集中度不高的问题,提出了一种自适应窗口旋转优化短时傅里叶变换(AWROSTFT)的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法。通过变分模态分解(VMD)对原始振动信号进行降噪,并利用粒子群优化算法(PSO)解决了VMD参数选择困难的问题;利用切线思想对STFT中水平窗口自适应匹配一系列的旋转算子,使得窗口旋转方向接近甚至等于瞬时调频率,提高了时频表示的能量集中度;计算出谱峰检测法提取到的瞬时频率与转频的平均比值,将得到的结果与轴承的故障特征系数进行匹配,以此实现变转速工况下滚动轴承的故障诊断。仿真和实验的结果都表明,本文所提方法能够兼顾PSO-VMD和AWROSTFT的优势,通过切线思想自适应的旋转窗口使得信号与窗函数在全局上的夹角都为零,从而达到提高能量集中度和锐化时频脊线的目的,实现了变转速工况下滚动轴承的故障诊断。

故障诊断  /  时频分析  /  自适应窗口旋转优化短时傅里叶变换  /  变分模态分解  /  变转速

This paper proposes a fault diagnosis method for rolling bearings under variable speed conditions,based on the Adaptive Window Rotation Optimization Short-Time Fourier Transform (AWROSTFT). This method addresses the issue of low energy concentration caused by the fixed window effect in Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT). Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) is used to reduce the noise of the original vibration signal,and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is employed to solve the complex problem of VMD parameter selection. A series of rotation operators are adaptively matched to the horizontal window in STFT using the tangent idea,aligning the rotation direction of the window with the instantaneous frequency modulation to improve the energy concentration of time-frequency representation. The instantaneous frequency,extracted by the spectral peak detection method,is divided by the frequency transformation curve. The result is matched with the fault characteristic coefficient of the bearing to achieve fault diagnosis of the rolling bearing under variable speed conditions. The results of simulation and experimental signals show that the proposed method effectively combines the advantages of PSO-VMD and AWROSTFT. Through the adaptive rotation window with the idea of tangency,the angle between the signal and the window function is globally reduced to zero,improving energy concentration,sharpening the time-frequency ridge line,and enabling fault diagnosis of rolling bearings under variable speed conditions.

fault diagnosis  /  time-frequency analysis  /  adaptive window rotation optimization short-time Fourier transform  /  VMD  /  variable speed conditions
赵一楠, 剡昌锋, 孟佳东, 王宗刚, 王慧滨, 吴黎晓. 自适应窗口旋转优化短时傅里叶变换的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (6) : 1064 -1076 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.06.017
Yi-nan ZHAO, Chang-feng YAN, Jia-dong MENG, Zong-gang WANG, Hui-bin WANG, Li-xiao WU. Fault diagnosis of rolling bearings under variable speed conditions based on adaptive window rotation optimization short-time Fourier transform[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (6) : 1064 -1076 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.06.017
滚动轴承作为旋转机械的关键部件,对机械设备的安全稳定运行起着至关重要的作用,统计表明,30%以上的机械设备故障是由轴承故障引起的1。以傅里叶变换为基础的包络分析技术是滚动轴承故障诊断最重要的方法之一2,然而在变转速工况下,由于转速变化导致的频谱模糊现象使其不再适用3。因此,准确诊断出变转速工况下滚动轴承的故障有利于设备的正常运行和维护。
变转速滚动轴承的故障诊断方法主要分为阶次跟踪、循环平稳理论和时频分析三类4-9
阶次跟踪通过角度域重采样将时域非平稳信号转化为角域平稳信号,从而利用频谱分析方法诊断轴承故障。由于硬件阶次跟踪(Hardware Order Tracking,HOT)10方法完全采用硬件实现,成本很高,之后学者提出了计算阶次跟踪(Computed Order Tracking,COT)方法11-12。但COT要获取键相信号才能重采样,在某些情况下键相信号获取困难,因此无键相阶次跟踪(Tacholess Order Tracking,TLOT)已成为国内外学者关注的焦点13-14。阶次跟踪虽然解决了转速波动导致的频谱模糊问题,但其产生的精度误差以及效率方面的缺陷也难以忽略。
针对阶次跟踪的弊端,学者们尝试利用循环平稳理论解决变转速滚动轴承的故障诊断问题。Abbound等15-16提出了角度/时间循环平稳(Angle/Time Cyclostationary,AT-CS)理论,利用阶频谱相关(Order-Frequency Spectral Correlation,OFSC)的方法提取出了变转速滚动轴承的故障特征。Urbanek等17通过广义角度时间确定(Generalized Angular Temporal Deterministic,GATD)提取出了变转速机械故障特征。但仅从时域或频域分析振动信号,通常无法获得时频瞬态特性,而这种特性正是处理非平稳信号的核心18
时频分析提供了时域与频域的联合分布信息,非常适合提取振动信号的瞬态特征。短时傅里叶变换(Short-Time Fourier Transform,STFT)利用时频局部化的思想描述信号频率随时间变化的关系,被广泛应用于变转速设备的状态监测与故障诊断。赵晓平等19结合图像分析方法与STFT提出了改进的Seam Carving瞬时频率估计算法,提取瞬时转频曲线。李恒等20提出了基于STFT和卷积神经网络的故障轴承诊断方法,实现了端到端的故障模式识别。Zhao等21把STFT与瀑布图相结合,分离出了多级齿轮传动系统耦合故障的故障特征。但是STFT窗口不变的特性固化了整个时频平面中的时频分辨率,对分析快速变化的非平稳信号存在一定的局限性。
为了解决STFT窗口固定、分析调频信号能力差的问题,学者们基于窗函数中窗口宽度可变和窗口方向可变两个方面对STFT进行改进。Pei等22提出了一种基于能量测量的自适应短时傅里叶变换方法,可以自适应获得具有时变窗宽的高斯内核。通过窗口宽度可变改进STFT的方法计算复杂度较高,并且估计的参数往往精度较低。而通过窗口方向变化改进STFT的方法易于实现,精度也高于前者。
线性调频变换(Linear Chirplet Transform,LCT)以一个固定旋转度来改变STFT中窗口的方向,适用于线性调频信号。Yu等23提出了一般线性调频变换(General Linear Chirplet Transform,GLCT),通过等间隔选取多个旋转度来旋转窗口,在一定程度上增强了非线性调频信号的时频聚集性。GLCT方法虽然增强了时频平面的能量集中度,但是无法保证旋转后的窗口与信号频率方向的夹角恒为零,并且该方法需要进行多次LCT计算才能确定最优的窗口旋转度。现有的两类优化STFT窗口方向的方法都是通过人为设置若干个旋转度来旋转窗口,只能在局部增强能量集中度。因此,有必要研究如何通过自适应的旋转窗口的方法来增强全局的能量集中度。
针对现有STFT窗函数改进方法中所出现的能量集中度低和耗时长等问题,为了提高变转速滚动轴承的时频分辨率和故障识别的准确性,本文从窗口方向可变的角度,基于切线思想对STFT的窗函数进行了改进,提出了一种自适应窗口旋转优化STFT (Adaptive Window Rotation Optimization Short-Time Fourier Transform,AWROSTFT)的方法,并通过粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)和变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition,VMD)方法提高振动信号的信噪比,以此获得更高精度的瞬时频率脊线,最后用谱峰检测法从时频表示(Time-Frequency Representation,TFR)中提取出瞬时频率(Instantaneous Frequency,IF),计算出谱峰检测法提取到的瞬时频率与转频的平均比值,并将得到的结果与轴承的故障特征系数进行匹配,即可实现变转速工况下滚动轴承的故障诊断。仿真和实验的结果表明,本文所提出的基于PSO-VMD和自适应窗口旋转优化STFT的方法能够提高瞬时频率提取的精度,可以有效实现变转速滚动轴承的故障诊断。
利用PSO对VMD算法的参数进行优化,假设在d维空间中搜索粒子,通过迭代更新找到最优解24。每次迭代都可以用位置向量和速度向量表示粒子信息,第oi个粒子的位置和速度分别表示为:So=(So1So2,…,SoD),Vo=(Vo1Vo2,…,VoD)。粒子可以根据个体的局部极值和全局极值不断更新自己的两个信息,更新公式为24
式中  o=1,2,3,…;h为迭代次数;为粒子d维中第h次迭代时的速度;[0,1]为惯性权重;c1c2为学习因子;为[0,1]之间的随机数;为粒子d维中第h次迭代时的个别极值点位置;为粒子d维中第h次迭代时的当前位置;为整个种群在第h次迭代时全局极值在d维上的位置。
在PSO中,惯性权重按凹函数变化,凹函数策略调整可表示为24
式中  为最大权重值;为最小权重值;H为最大迭代次数。
将式(3)代入式(1)中,得到:
PSO算法进行优化时,需要确定一个适应度函数,根据整个粒子群的适应度来确定最优解。考虑振动信号中冲击分量的周期性和强度,引入包络谱峰值因子Ec作为适应度函数。假设信号包络谱的幅值序列为Xz)(z=1,2,…,Z),Ec可以表示为25
Ec越大,周期冲击性越强,轴承故障特征越明显。PSO优化VMD的流程如图1所示,具体步骤如下:
(1)初始化PSO中的参数惩罚因子ξ和分量数K,将VMD算法的参数组合[ξK]作为个体位置,随机产生与种群数量相当的参数组合,作为种群中个体的初始化位置,随机初始化每个粒子个体的移动速度;
(2)计算各粒子适应度函数值Ec,对比和评价适应度值,更新个体局部极值和种群全局极值;
(3)更新粒子的速度和位置;
(4)循环迭代,转至步骤2,直至迭代次数达到最大设定值后输出最佳参数组合。
短时傅里叶变换提供了时域与频域的联合分布信息,是一种典型的线性变换方法。一个时变信号st)的STFT可以表示为26
式中  为窗函数;为频率;为窗长。
STFT的原理如图2所示,实质上是对一系列信号分段求傅里叶变换的过程,可以表示成gτ-tsτ),其中τ为截取时间的长度,且
图2可知,STFT窗口不变特性固化了整个时频面的时频分辨率,因此STFT不适合直接表征快速变化的非平稳信号。
谱峰检测法是一种基于能量峰值的瞬时频率提取算法,通过搜寻峰值在时频图上的坐标位置来估计瞬时频率,其表达式为27
式中  fkj)表示第k个分量的瞬时频率估计;TFR(:,j)表示信号进行时频变换以后的时频系数;为其单峰幅值。
谱峰检测法不受信号时变程度的影响,其估计精度仅取决于时频表示的能量集中水平。时频表示的能量集中水平越高,提取到的瞬时频率的精度也越高。
选择式(6)中窗函数gt)为高斯窗,定义为27
线性调频(Linear Frequency Modulated,LFM)和平稳信号在相同窗长下信号的带宽如图3所示。对于瞬时频率φt)=C0的平稳信号,窗函数与瞬时频率的夹角θ为0,当窗口长度一定时,在时频图中频率带宽最小,能够获得最佳能量集中度。对于瞬时频率φt)=rt+C0(其中为调频率)的LFM信号,瞬时频率与窗函数之间会有一个夹角θ,这使得LFM信号的频率带宽将大于平稳信号的带宽。
图3截取放大部分所示,调频率r与频率带宽dg之间的几何关系可表示为:
从式(9)中可知,当窗长τ选定时,频率带宽dg只与信号的瞬时调频率r有关,并且dg随|r|的增大而增大。为了定量分析调频率与能量集中之间的关系,本文将频率带宽作为能量集中度的量化指标,能量集中度越高,信号分量在时频平面中的频率带宽越窄,dg越小。
LCT方法仅对窗口进行一次旋转,能够有效地处理LFM信号,其表达式为:
式中  hNτ-t)为旋转后的窗口函数,可以表示为:
式中  N为旋转度;为固定旋转算子,是在t时刻将窗口旋转arctan N角度。
对于非线性调频(Non-Linear Frequency Modulated,NLFM)信号,其瞬时频率是连续的,仅靠一个旋转度N不能够完全实现信号全局上的频率带宽最小。因此本文提出一种基于切线思想的自适应窗口旋转优化STFT方法,其原理如图4所示。把一个小时间段内的弧线近似看作线段,每个线段都可以用一个调频率为rn(其中n=1,2,3,…)的线性调频信号表示。如果将NLFM信号不断细分,每一时刻的调频率将越来越接近真实值。当无限细分下去,信号每一时刻的调频率可以用瞬时频率曲线的切线即瞬时频率的一阶导数φ'(t)表示。
本文基于切线思想的AWROSTFT方法,通过自适应地匹配一系列的旋转度Nt)来旋转水平窗口,使得窗口方向接近甚至等于瞬时调频率,则信号将在全局上具有最佳能量集中度。提出的自适应窗口旋转优化短时傅里叶变换方法定义如下:
式中  hNtτ-t)为时变旋转窗口函数,可以表示为:
式中  Nt)为时变的旋转度,其值不大于信号长度L。当且仅当Nt)=φ'(t)时,信号具有最小的频率带宽。
在短时间τ内,时变信号的瞬时频率φt)可以用一阶泰勒公式展开成如下形式:
此时,式(6)和(12)可以分别写成:
式中  为瞬时幅值。
由式(15)可知,由于调制项的存在,使得信号出现了能量发散现象。而由式(16)可知,引入时变的旋转度Nt)后,此时信号的调制项变为,当Nt)接近于的φ't)时,信号的这种调制现象将减弱。当且仅当Nt)=φ't)时,信号中不包含调制项,此时信号与窗函数hNt的夹角为零,经过STFT变换后将获得最佳的能量集中度。
STFT,LCT,GLCT和AWROSTFT四种方法在处理单分量信号时的窗口变化原理如图5所示。对于单分量信号,AWROSTFT是容易实现的。对于多分量信号,信号是各个分量在时间序列上的叠加,并且窗函数是直接作用在序列组合上的,因此很难同时实现窗口在不同分量上不同角度的旋转。为此,本文给出了一种时频融合方法。首先,通过不同分量的旋转度Nit)分别对各分量进行调频变换;其次,提取各个分量调频变换后时频系数;最后,将提取的时频系数等按照分量频率位置转化到新的时频面上。
假设第个分量的AWROSTFT时频系数表示为,若已知其瞬时频率为φit),那么时频系数提取可以表示为:
式中  φit)为信号第个分量的瞬时频率;为常数,dg
由于时频融合是沿频率方向进行重组的,因此该方法也起到了时变带通滤波器的效果。
针对变转速滚动轴承故障诊断所出现的能量集中度低、耗时长和强背景噪声等问题,本文提出了一种基于PSO-VMD和AWROSTFT的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法。该方法包括:振动信号采集、降噪、自适应窗口旋转、瞬时频率的提取与识别和故障类型的判断,整个故障诊断的流程如图6所示,具体的步骤如下:
(1)传感器采集变转速工况下设备的振动信号。
(2)通过PSO算法确定VMD最佳影响参数[ξ0K0]。将PSO算法的参数大小设置为25:学习因子c1=c2=2,种群规模O=30。H为最大迭代次数,如果H值过大会增加算法的计算时间,如果H值太小,至迭代终止时算法可能仍然不收敛,因此本文设定H=20。最大权重值和最小权重值分别为0.9和0.4;[ξK]的寻优范围分别为[100,2000],[3,10]。
(3)用最佳影响参数[ξ0K0]对振动信号进行VMD处理。计算分解后的各个IMF分量的Ec值,根据Ec值挑选IMF进行重构,得到重构信号X1t)。
(4)应用AWROSTFT算法获得具有高能量集中度的时频表示,采用谱峰检测法从TFR中提取出瞬时频率。
(5)将瞬时频率与转频的平均比值与轴承的故障特征系数FCC进行匹配,即可实现变转速工况下滚动轴承故障类型的判断。
为验证本文所提方法的有效性,构造了升速条件下的故障轴承仿真信号28
式中  M为信号的长度;Am=λtm表示第m个冲击的幅值;η为结构的衰减系数;ωr表示轴承故障激励的共振频率;μt)为单位阶跃函数;nt)为高斯白噪声;tm表示第m个冲击出现的时间,计算公式如下:
式中  t0=0;m=1,2,3,…,Mxt)=1.5t+13表示轴承转频随时间变化的规律;表示由滚动体滑移带来的故障冲击间隔之间的误差;n表示轴承每转出现的故障冲击数,其他参数取值如表1所示。
根据上述仿真信号得到的时域波形和转频曲线如图7所示。由图7可以分析出故障轴承振动信号在变转速工况下的时域特性:振动信号的幅值随着转速的变化而发生变化,转速低时信号的振幅低,转速增大时信号的振幅也相应增大;随着转速的增大,故障振动冲击时间间隔减小,轴承的故障特征频率不再是一个定值,从而导致在变转速工况下无法使用故障特征频率识别故障。
在变转速工况下,滚动轴承的故障特征频率将随着时间的变化而变化。而故障特征频率与转频的比值是一个常数,且该常数只与轴承本身的参数有关,与转速无关,因此被称为故障特征系数(Fault Characteristic Coefficient,FCC)27。轴承参数一旦被确定,其FCC就是一个定值,它反映了轴承每转一周所发生故障冲击的次数,与转速无关,因此常被用在变转速工况下滚动轴承的故障诊断中。计算出谱峰检测法提取到的瞬时频率与转频的平均比值,所得到的结果与轴承的FCC进行匹配,即可判断出变转速轴承的故障类型。
采用PSO-VMD和AWROSTFT的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法对仿真信号进行分析。先对VMD算法中的两个参数[ξK]进行寻优。图8(a)表示局部最大包络谱峰值因子Ec1随迭代次数变化的曲线,纵坐标Ec1为无量纲指标。PSO优化VMD在第15代收敛,搜索到的Ec1为5.125,最佳参数组合为[1450,7]。根据优化结果设定惩罚因子ξ0=1450和分量个数K0=7。对仿真信号进行VMD处理,得到7个IMF分量。计算每个IMF分量Ec的幅值,从图8(b)中可以看出,第5和第6个IMF分量Ec的幅值最大,对这两个分量进行重构,得到重构信号X1t)。
采用AWROSTFT方法提取重构信号X1t)在变转速工况下的瞬时频率,图9(a)为经过AWROS TFT后的时频表示结果,图9(b)为用谱峰检测法从图9(a)中提取到的瞬时频率。
计算得到图9(b)中的瞬时频率与转频的平均比值为5.5,等于仿真信号的FCC,实现了对变转速工况下滚动轴承的故障诊断。
为了验证所提方法在识别变转速滚动轴承故障方面的可行性,分别用STFT,LCT和GLCT三种方法对该仿真信号进行分析,图10~13分别为三种方法得到的TFR结果和各自提取到的瞬时频率。
图1011中可以看出,无论是STFT方法还是LCT方法,两者时频表示的能量集中度都很低,采用谱峰检测法提取到的IF与真实的IF相比误差都很大,不能准确诊断出变转速滚动轴承的故障类型。这是因为在噪声和调制项的干扰下,STFT和LCT的时频表示都存在能量发散的现象。STFT由于窗口不变的特性固化了整个时频面的时频分辨率,导致在处理转速波动较大的时变信号时能量集中度较低。LCT与STFT类似,由于只对窗口旋转了一次,所以在全局上无法保证旋转后窗口方向与信号频率方向的夹角为零。
图1213中可以看出,GLCT方法的能量集中度略有改善,且旋转度N越大效果越好,但是用谱峰检测法提取到的瞬时频率依旧存在误差。这是因为GLCT方法的旋转度N不能完全匹配瞬时调频率,导致其分割痕迹比较严重,并且时频脊线也不够平滑。虽然增加N的数量可以获得更高的能量集中度,但同时意味着需要进行N次LCT运算,计算量增加;其次,GLCT中窗口旋转算子的数量远小于信号采样数,因此并不能获得更佳的能量集中度,造成提取到的瞬时频率不够准确,从而导致漏诊或者误诊。
本文所提的AWROSTFT方法利用切线思想对STFT的固定窗口进行自适应旋转,使得窗口方向接近甚至等于瞬时调频率,提高了信号在全局上的能量集中度。与上述四种时频表示方法相比,无论是在局部和总体的诊断效果上,还是在参数的选择以及计算效率上都要更加优秀。
为了对上述各方法的能量集中度进行量化分析,引入Renyi熵作为评价指标。Renyi熵可以有效反映时频分布能量的离散程度,定义为29
式中  β表示阶次,一般β>2;TFRtω)为时频系数。
由式(20)可知,Renyi熵值越小,时频分布的能量集中度越高。表2为上述五种时频表示方法的Renyi熵值,其中本文提出的AWROSTFT方法的Renyi熵值最小,能量集中度最高。
为了进一步验证所提方法的有效性,在Spectrum Quest Incorporated (SQI)生产的MFS实验台上进行了滚动轴承变转速工况下的故障实验,整个实验台如图14所示。三相交流电机通过柔性联轴器与传动轴连接,两个ER-16K滚动轴承支撑传动轴。对滚动轴承进行激光刻蚀模拟轴承的内圈故障,缺陷部位如图15所示。实验台中左边是故障实验轴承,右边是健康轴承,在转轴上安装5.1 kg的转子盘,施加50 N的径向载荷,具体轴承的相关参数如表3所示。其中加速度传感器安装在离故障轴承较近的位置以准确测取振动信号,采样时间为10 s,采样频率为20 kHz。
滚动轴承内圈故障特征系数FCCi的计算公式如下式所示28
代入轴承相关的几何参数,计算得到FCCi=5.43。
在变转速工况下采集轴承内圈缺陷的振动数据,其时域波形和转频曲线如图16所示。
采用PSO-VMD和AWROSTFT的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法对实验信号进行分析,先对VMD算法中的两个参数[ξK]进行寻优。图17(a)表示局部最大包络谱峰值因子Ec1随迭代次数变化的曲线。PSO优化VMD在第15代收敛,搜索到的Ec1为7.83,最佳参数组合为[1500,8]。根据优化结果设定惩罚因子ξ0=1500和分量个数K0=8。对实验信号进行VMD处理,得到8个分量。计算每个IMF分量Ec的幅值,从图17(b)中可以看出,第5和第7个IMF分量的幅值最大,对这两个分量进行重构,得到重构信号X1t)。
采用AWROSTFT方法提取重构信号X1t)在变转速工况下的瞬时频率,图18(a)和(b)分别为经过AWROSTFT后的时频表示和用谱峰检测法所提取到的瞬时频率。计算得到图18(b)中瞬时频率与转频的平均比值为5.43,等于实验轴承的FCCi,因此可以判断出该轴承存在内圈故障。
为了说明所提方法在识别变转速滚动轴承故障方面的可行性和适用性,分别使用STFT,LCT和GLCT三种方法对第5节的实验信号进行分析。图19~22分别为STFT,LC,GLCT(N=5)和GLCT(N=10)四种方法在窗口长度均为128时得到的TFR结果和各自提取到的瞬时频率。
比较图18~22的结果,可以看出所提AWRO⁃STFT方法与其他四种时频表示方法相比,具有更高的能量集中度和更窄的带宽,用谱峰检测法所提取到的时频脊线也更加光滑,并且在全局上能量都是处于最集中状态。表4为上述五种时频表示方法的Renyi熵值,其中本文AWROSTFT方法具有最小的Renyi熵值,因此AWROSTFT方法的能量集中度最高。
为了进一步说明本文所提方法的优势,在相同参数设置下分别统计了上述五种时频表示方法的运算耗时,结果如表5所示。AWROSTFT方法比STFT和LCT的耗时略长,但是这三种方法耗时的差距在1 s内,在实际应用中是可以被接受的。AWROSTFT与GLCT方法相比计算效率较高,这是因为AWROSTFT在全局上只进行一次LCT运算,计算量大大降低。
综上所述,所提方法无论是在故障诊断的准确性方面,还是在运算耗时方面,其整体效果都要明显优于现有变转速故障诊断方法。主要是因为所提方法克服了时变窗口旋转度难以确定的问题,通过切线思想实现了自适应窗口旋转,解决了STFT在分析快速变化的非平稳信号上的局限性,既获得了良好的时频分辨率和能量集中度,与其他窗口旋转优化方法相比又缩短了运算耗时,提高了变转速时频表示的能量集中度和滚动轴承故障诊断的准确性。但在处理复合故障的脊线交叉和转频曲线精度较低的情况时,本文还存在一定的局限性,后续将针对该问题进行研究。
针对现有STFT窗函数改进方法中所出现的能量集中度低、背景噪声强和运算耗时长等问题,本文提出了一种自适应旋转窗口优化短时傅里叶变换的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法,通过仿真信号和实验信号验证了所提方法的可行性。主要结论如下:
(1)VMD算法能够有效抑制噪声成分,突出瞬态冲击,且PSO算法解决了VMD参数选择困难的问题。
(2)利用切线思想自适应地匹配时变窗口的旋转算子,解决了现有方法中窗口旋转度难以确定的问题,增强了算法的适用范围。
(3)与STFT,LCT,GLCT等方法进行比较,仿真和实验结果都表明:本文提出的AWROSTFT方法的能量集中度最高,能够准确诊断出变转速工况下滚动轴承的故障类型。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52365011)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51765034)
  • 甘肃省科学计划项目(21JR7RA305)
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2024年第37卷第6期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.06.017
  • 接收时间:2022-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-31
  • 修回日期:2023-01-03
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52365011)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51765034)
甘肃省科学计划项目(21JR7RA305)
作者信息
    1兰州理工大学机电工程学院, 甘肃兰州 730050
    2兰州交通大学机电工程学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
    3河西学院物理与机电工程学院, 甘肃张掖 734000
    4漳州卫生职业学院医学技术学院,福建漳州 363000

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剡昌锋(1974—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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