Article(id=1228011508362314688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1645977600000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-28, revisedDate=1658851200000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770710358943, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770710358943, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770710358943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770710358943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228011505698931621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770710358308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795378159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=168, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228011509826126809, articleId=1228011508362314688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Shaking table test and numerical simulation of tunnel-soil-bridge pile interaction system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the actual project in Dalian,this paper studies the dynamic interaction (SSSI) of the double tunnel sand bridge pile system under earthquake through shaking table test,obtains the dynamic response law of structure and site,and compares it with ABAQUS numerical simulation. The Kelvin constitutive model subroutine is introduced into the numerical model,and the equivalent linear method is used to deal with the nonlinear problem of sand in the calculation process. The experimental results are compared with the numerical model to verify the reliability of the numerical simulation. On this basis,eight working conditions are designed,and the interaction law between structures in the system is studied through comparative analysis. The results show that the tunnel will amplify the peak acceleration of the bridge pile and adjacent tunnel,but the bridge pile will weaken the peak acceleration of the side tunnel; the existence of the tunnel and bridge pile will increase each other's section shear force and bending moment. The main affected areas are concentrated in the upper and lower arches of the tunnel and the interface between the pile bottom of the bridge pile and the pile-soil.

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以大连实际工程为背景,通过振动台试验研究了双隧道-砂土-桥桩系统在地震作用下的动力相互作用(SSSI),得到结构、场地的动力响应规律,并与ABAQUS数值模拟结果进行对比。数值模型引入Kelvin本构模型子程序,利用等效线性方法处理砂土在计算过程中的非线性问题。将试验结果与数值模拟结果进行对比,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。在此基础上设计了8种工况,通过对比分析研究了体系内各结构之间的相互作用规律。结果表明,隧道会放大桥桩、临近隧道的峰值加速度,而桥桩却会对侧穿隧道的峰值加速度起到减弱作用;隧道与桥桩的存在均会增大彼此的截面剪力与弯矩,其中受影响的区域主要集中在隧道上下拱,桥桩的桩底与桩-土交界面。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵东旭(1997―),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:
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路沙沙(1987—),女,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。 E-mail:

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路沙沙(1987—),女,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。 E-mail:

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Similarity ratio of shaking table test model

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物理量符号相似比
长度0.0333
弹性模量0.1/0.09/0.087
等效密度0.442
应力0.1/0.09/0.087
时间0.183
位移0.0333
速度0.183
加速度1
频率5.477
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振动台试验模型相似比

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物理量符号相似比
长度0.0333
弹性模量0.1/0.09/0.087
等效密度0.442
应力0.1/0.09/0.087
时间0.183
位移0.0333
速度0.183
加速度1
频率5.477
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Test working conditions

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测试ID地震波输入幅值/gA01幅值/g
WN1White noise0.10.104
EL2El-Centro0.130
CC3ChiChi0.092
TF4Taft0.117
WN5White noise0.20.229
EL6El-Centro0.231
CC7ChiChi0.211
TF8Taft0.198
WN9White noise0.30.305
EL10El-Centro0.334
CC11ChiChi0.315
TF12Taft0.310
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试验工况

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测试ID地震波输入幅值/gA01幅值/g
WN1White noise0.10.104
EL2El-Centro0.130
CC3ChiChi0.092
TF4Taft0.117
WN5White noise0.20.229
EL6El-Centro0.231
CC7ChiChi0.211
TF8Taft0.198
WN9White noise0.30.305
EL10El-Centro0.334
CC11ChiChi0.315
TF12Taft0.310
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Comparison of natural frequency results between experimental and simulated systems

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工况数值模拟/Hz振动台试验/Hz
DTSP13.67912.512
FF16.22815.350
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试验与模拟体系固有频率结果对比

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工况数值模拟/Hz振动台试验/Hz
DTSP13.67912.512
FF16.22815.350
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Comparison of peak acceleration between numerical simulation and test

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测点模拟结果试验结果
A194.5513.610(26.07%)
A022.5542.163(18.01%)
A072.5272.296(10.08%)
A122.345NaN
A042.2871.809(26.41%)
A092.2821.781(28.15%)
A112.011NaN
A061.9301.722(12.12%)
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数值模拟与试验的峰值加速度对比

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测点模拟结果试验结果
A194.5513.610(26.07%)
A022.5542.163(18.01%)
A072.5272.296(10.08%)
A122.345NaN
A042.2871.809(26.41%)
A092.2821.781(28.15%)
A112.011NaN
A061.9301.722(12.12%)
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Simulated working conditions

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工况ID模拟项目
1自由场(FF)
2矿山法隧道-土-桥桩(MTSP)
3双隧道-土-桥桩(DTSP)
4盾构隧道-土-桥桩(STSP)
5土-桥桩(SP)
6盾构隧道-土(STS)
7双隧道-土(DTS)
8矿山法隧道-土(MTS)
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模拟工况

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工况ID模拟项目
1自由场(FF)
2矿山法隧道-土-桥桩(MTSP)
3双隧道-土-桥桩(DTSP)
4盾构隧道-土-桥桩(STSP)
5土-桥桩(SP)
6盾构隧道-土(STS)
7双隧道-土(DTS)
8矿山法隧道-土(MTS)
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Relations of G/Gmax-γ and D-γ of sand

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/%D/%
0.00011.000.24
0.00031.000.42
0.0010.990.80
0.0030.961.40
0.010.852.80
0.030.645.10
0.10.379.80
0.30.1815.50
10.0821.00
30.0525.00
100.03528.00
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砂土G/Gmax-γD-γ关系

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/%D/%
0.00011.000.24
0.00031.000.42
0.0010.990.80
0.0030.961.40
0.010.852.80
0.030.645.10
0.10.379.80
0.30.1815.50
10.0821.00
30.0525.00
100.03528.00
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隧道-土-桥桩相互作用体系振动台试验与数值模拟研究
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路沙沙 1, 2 , 赵东旭 1 , 白举科 1, 2 , 刘少栋 1 , 尹航 1
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(1): 168-181
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(1): 168-181
隧道-土-桥桩相互作用体系振动台试验与数值模拟研究
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路沙沙1, 2 , 赵东旭1 , 白举科1, 2, 刘少栋1, 尹航1
作者信息
  • 1辽宁工程技术大学土木工程学院, 辽宁 阜新 123000
  • 2辽宁省矿山沉陷灾害防治重点实验室, 辽宁 阜新 123000
  • 路沙沙(1987—),女,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

赵东旭(1997―),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:
Shaking table test and numerical simulation of tunnel-soil-bridge pile interaction system
Sha-sha Lu1, 2 , Dong-xu Zhao1 , Ju-ke Bai1, 2, Shao-dong Liu1, Hang Yin1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
  • 2Liaoning Key Laboratory of Mine Subsidence Disaster Prevention and Control, Fuxin 123000, China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.017
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以大连实际工程为背景,通过振动台试验研究了双隧道-砂土-桥桩系统在地震作用下的动力相互作用(SSSI),得到结构、场地的动力响应规律,并与ABAQUS数值模拟结果进行对比。数值模型引入Kelvin本构模型子程序,利用等效线性方法处理砂土在计算过程中的非线性问题。将试验结果与数值模拟结果进行对比,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。在此基础上设计了8种工况,通过对比分析研究了体系内各结构之间的相互作用规律。结果表明,隧道会放大桥桩、临近隧道的峰值加速度,而桥桩却会对侧穿隧道的峰值加速度起到减弱作用;隧道与桥桩的存在均会增大彼此的截面剪力与弯矩,其中受影响的区域主要集中在隧道上下拱,桥桩的桩底与桩-土交界面。

结构-土-结构相互作用  /  振动台试验  /  数值模拟  /  动力响应  /  放大系数

Based on the actual project in Dalian,this paper studies the dynamic interaction (SSSI) of the double tunnel sand bridge pile system under earthquake through shaking table test,obtains the dynamic response law of structure and site,and compares it with ABAQUS numerical simulation. The Kelvin constitutive model subroutine is introduced into the numerical model,and the equivalent linear method is used to deal with the nonlinear problem of sand in the calculation process. The experimental results are compared with the numerical model to verify the reliability of the numerical simulation. On this basis,eight working conditions are designed,and the interaction law between structures in the system is studied through comparative analysis. The results show that the tunnel will amplify the peak acceleration of the bridge pile and adjacent tunnel,but the bridge pile will weaken the peak acceleration of the side tunnel; the existence of the tunnel and bridge pile will increase each other's section shear force and bending moment. The main affected areas are concentrated in the upper and lower arches of the tunnel and the interface between the pile bottom of the bridge pile and the pile-soil.

structure-soil structure interaction (SSSI)  /  shaking table test  /  numerical simulation  /  dynamic response  /  amplification factor
路沙沙, 赵东旭, 白举科, 刘少栋, 尹航. 隧道-土-桥桩相互作用体系振动台试验与数值模拟研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (1) : 168 -181 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.017
Sha-sha Lu, Dong-xu Zhao, Ju-ke Bai, Shao-dong Liu, Hang Yin. Shaking table test and numerical simulation of tunnel-soil-bridge pile interaction system[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (1) : 168 -181 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.017
随着城市化进程的推进,地铁建设迅速发展,其安全性能受到广泛关注。在最近的几次严重地震事件中(如1995年的神户地震、1999年的科贾埃利地震、1999年的集集地震、2008年的汶川地震与2022年日本本州东部地震),结构的严重破坏引起了学者们的广泛关注,震区地铁车站的抗震设计变得尤为重要1-2
在分析地铁抗震性能时,嵌入土中的结构是一种典型的模型,它已经被许多学者使用3-11。通过考虑土体的各种特性(如非线性和塑性)和不同的地震动激励条件(如非均匀地震激励),并基于理论研究、数值模拟和振动台试验,众多学者在这一领域的研究中做出了巨大贡献。然而,地铁通常是在一组既存结构的下面或附近建造的。在地面运动下,地表结构、土壤和地铁隧道三者之间存在着复杂的相互作用。这种相互作用会改变地震波传播的波场,对地铁隧道的地震行为产生影响,特别是在埋深较小时,土拱较弱,浅层地下结构容易受到地震动的影响。这些相互作用统称为结构-土-结构相互作用(SSSI)。由于相邻地表结构的存在,地铁的地震反应分析变得非常困难。
对SSSI的研究是由Luco等12首次进行的。随着计算技术的迅速发展,数值模拟对SSSI的进一步研究做出了贡献13-20。杨书燕等21分析了隧道振动对邻近结构的影响。Guo等22利用二维模型研究了考虑地铁车站存在的相邻表面结构的层间位移比。文献[23-25]在频域研究了地下结构与相邻建筑之间的相关效应规律。与理论和数值方法相比,由于振动台试验的复杂性,所以进行的振动台试验较少。Aldaikh等26-27进行了一系列振动台试验,以检查SSSI对至多被两个其他建筑物包围的建筑物的动力响应的影响。Wang等28对一个地表结构-土壤-地下结构体系进行了振动台试验。
然而,目前的研究大多集中在二维或频域,对考虑土体非线性的三维模型的研究还不够深入。三维模型能更准确地反映空间分布复杂的结构体系特性,而土体非线性对结构体系的抗震性能也有不可忽略的影响。因此,有必要对考虑土体非线性的三维模型的SSSI体系作进一步研究。
本文以实际工程为背景,采用振动台试验和数值模拟研究方法,首先通过试验验证数值建模的可靠性;然后通过验证过的数值模型进行对比分析,揭示不同工况下隧道、桥桩峰值加速度与内力的变化规律;对地震作用下的隧道-土-桥桩结构体系相互作用规律进行初步研究,为桥桩结构及地下隧道结构的震害规律性研究和结构设计提供参考和指导。
以中国大连市大连站—梭鱼湾南站区间标准直径盾构段在里程约YK9+642.835处隧道侧穿快轨3号线桥桩为背景,隧道与快轨3号线的平面关系和横断面关系见图1,并在这一基础上设计了一系列振动台试验。
振动台试验在辽宁工程技术大学地震模拟振动台上进行。振动台的平台尺寸为3 m×3 m,最大有效载荷为10 t,使用频率为0.1~50 Hz。刚性箱比柔性剪切箱具有制造方便、易于数值模拟等优点。Ma等29验证了软内衬刚性模型箱的可行性。刚性箱被焊接固定在振动台的钢平台上。模型箱尺寸为2 m×2 m×1.5 m,四周采用聚苯乙烯泡沫板,厚度为200 mm,固定在侧壁上以减小边界效应,如图2所示。考虑到聚苯乙烯泡沫板和桥桩结构,土体尺寸为1.6 m×1.6 m×1.3 m。
振动台试验中模型箱的边界处理效果可通过对各测点实测的地震动特性进行对比分析得出。图3是自由场工况下A18,A19和A20(测点布置详见图5(a))的加速度时程与傅里叶频谱曲线。A20是最接近边界的加速度传感器,对比分析可知,该测点与同一水平层土体内部的两测点A19和A18所采集的加速度峰值及频谱特性趋于一致,进而验证了本试验中边界效应的处理效果较好。
对于模型材料的选择,一般采用微粒混凝土来模拟结构的弹塑性地震反应。然而,在试验中选择有机玻璃是为了考虑系统弹性地震反应规律。有机玻璃具有均匀性好、强度高、弹性模量低的优点30。选择砂性土作为模型土,密度为1614 kg/m3,剪切波波速为55 m/s2。有机玻璃的密度为1180 kg/m3,弹性模量为3 GPa,相应的密度相似比为0.442,弹性模量相似比分别为0.1(桥桩),0.09(矿山法隧道),0.087(盾构隧道)。物理量之间的相似比可以用Buckingham定律31推导求得。桥桩与隧道的相似比如表1所示。
根据实际的工程背景并结合相似比,制作了桥桩与隧道有机玻璃模型并进行了配重。考虑到模型箱的尺寸有限及边界效应,隧道的长度取为0.7 m。
在模型表面结构和隧道中增加质量以满足密度相似比的要求,匹配振动台的性能,并使加速度和频率相似比保持在合理范围内。经过计算,桥桩、左隧道和右隧道结构分别增加了120 kg,60 kg和30 kg32-33的质量。采用东华动力采集仪DH5922D采集加速度,东华应变采集仪DH3817K采集应变和土压力。模型、配重与采集仪见图4
试验分自由场(FF)和双隧道-土-桥桩(DTSP)2个阶段进行。每个阶段包括相同的地震波输入,如表2所示。时间间隔由原始时间间隔0.02 s和时间相似比0.183确定,同时考虑到振动台控制系统的性能,在试验中选择0.00125 s的时间间隔。
试验中分别测量了隧道、桥桩和周围土体的加速度响应、隧道衬砌应变和模型结构与周围土体的接触压力。在振动台试验中使用的传感器包括加速度计、应变计和土压力计。描述传感器的术语如下:A表示加速度计,S表示应变计,P表示土压力计。由于测试目标不同,每个测试阶段的传感器布置见图5
测点主要按规律分布在隧道靠近桥桩一侧的桩身与土体表面。主要检测隧道与桥桩关键测点A19,A02,A07,A12,A04,A09,A11和A06,以便与后面的数值模拟结果进行比较。另外,试验中通过对隧道结构进行挖掘后发现隧道结构没有任何损伤,同时发现隧道监测应变过小。因此,在下文中只给出结构的加速度响应。
试验过程中采用传递函数法测量体系的固有频率。在传递函数法中,频率响应函数(FRF)定义为记录的加速度时程与输入时程的比值。自由场下的A14和双隧道-土-桩的测点A19在WN 0.1g中的传递函数如图6所示。
利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立振动台试验数值模型,如图7所示。利用振动台试验给出的材料参数进行模态分析,得到了两种工况的一阶固有频率,并与图6中由试验得出的FRF曲线的结果进行对比,见表3。参照振动台试验,在自由场与隧道-土-桥桩体系中输入El-Centro波、Taft波和ChiChi波地震动。
为验证数值模型的可靠性,将数值模拟得到的加速度峰值与振动台试验记录的加速度峰值进行对比,如表4所示,差异被发现基本在30%以内。其中DTSP下A04和A19传感器的加速度时程和傅里叶谱曲线分别如图89所示。其中,图9中的傅里叶振幅谱结果已进行了归一化,其值等于数据除以其最大值。由傅里叶频谱图可以看出,试验结果与模拟结果的频率成分有一定的差异,这些差异可能是由于对土体模型与振动台进行简化造成的。前者可能起到滤波作用,后者可能产生一些与地震动混合的高频干扰噪声34。总体而言,试验与模拟监测点地震波的第一固有频率比较接近,再结合二者加速度时程曲线峰值、波形来看,数值模拟的结果相对可靠。
本节在对由隧道、土和桥桩组成的体系的地震反应进行了一系列振动台试验的基础上,进行了相应的缩尺数值模拟。通过对比试验结果与缩尺数值模拟结果的体系基频、加速度曲线和傅里叶频谱曲线,验证了数值建模方法的有效性。在下文的原型数值建模过程中采用了一致的建模方法,其中在隧道、桥桩结构的建模过程中满足相似关系,另外考虑到单向激振以及边界条件的影响而将土体取得足够大。建模过程中的细节,包括土体的尺寸和材料参数、边界条件和本构模型将在下文中详细介绍。
土壤元素的大小与截止频率有关,构件尺寸越小,可以包含在模拟中的频率就越高。然而,单元的数量也会显著影响计算时间,特别是在非线性隐式动力分析中。
通常,在地震分析中,单元长度的上限是由最小的预期波长决定的。在此分析中,垂直方向上的土单元长度由以下因素控制:
式中  为横波波长;为截止频率,这里为25 Hz;为横波速度。在水平方向上,无论行波如何,土单元长度在深度方向上都限制在5倍以内19
采用实体单元C3D8模拟土和混凝土。值得注意的是,混凝土本构模型是弹性的,在这个体系中非线性的唯一来源是土的模型。对土和结构混凝土分别进行建模和网格划分,然后采用预埋单元技术进行组装。因此,将土和混凝土的材料性能分别建模,并分别控制单元尺寸。足尺模型的数值模拟总共分为8个阶段,如表5所示。其中工况5,7和3的有限元离散分别如图10所示,有限元数目分别为148,872;196,720;217,704。其中工况3的细部图如图11所示。
针对岩土动力分析问题,目前可分为非线性和等效线性两类。由于非线性方法参数复杂、难以确定,且计算效率较低,这就使得它很少被应用在三维动力分析中。而等效线性方法通过多个线性迭代过程来模拟土体的非线性与非弹性,其中线性迭代会极大地提升计算效率。尤其在小应变(2%以内)与小振幅(0.3g以内)的情况下,它具有比较理想的结果。因此,目前在岩土动力分析中等效线性方法仍是主流。
等效线性模型实际上是基于黏弹性理论发展而来的,即用黏弹性Kelvin模型的应力-应变关系来反映黏弹性模型的滞回特性和能量损失。Kelvin模型是将一个线弹性弹簧和一个黏壶并联,其应力-应变关系如下:
式中  为土体剪切模量;为黏滞系数;为剪应力;为剪应变;为剪切速率。
根据前人研究经验35,采用以下经验公式来表示最大剪切模量:
式中  表示土体的围压;表示标准大气压;kn为实验确定的材料参数。
土体的剪切模量比和阻尼比是等效线性分析中的关键参数。对于砂土,本文采用关系曲线以及关系曲线进行等效线性计算36-39。砂土的剪切模量比、阻尼比和剪应变的关系见表6
本文以一维场地反应分析的思想为基础,先假设一个初始的剪切模量和阻尼比,在计算过程中记录每个单元经历的最大剪切应变,根据试验求得的剪切模量、阻尼比与周期剪应变之间的关系曲线确定新的剪切模量和阻尼比,再根据新的材料参数进行计算,整个过程重复几次,直到材料性质不再发生明显变化时结束迭代。在此基础上进行场地反应分析可以较为真实地反映场地的地震响应。
图12为四次迭代计算中土体单元最大剪应变沿土体深度的分布曲线。其中第一次迭代的剪应变较大是由于初始迭代时没有考虑阻尼比。迭代几次后发现结果逐渐趋于一致,故将第四次迭代结果中的剪切模量比与阻尼比作为正式计算的参数。
边界条件对于防止模型边界处产生的波重新进入有限元模型非常重要。为了保证结构周围的自由场条件,对模型边界进行了仔细的建模。限制土体YZ方向位移以模拟一维场地。土体足够大,Ls/Hs的比值只要达到540-41就可以保证足够的精度,其中,Hs为土体的厚度,取为40 m,Ls为最外层结构边界与土体边界的距离,这里土体总长度取为428 m。假定地铁车站在地震动作用下随周围土体运动,车站与周围土体之间存在绑定接触条件,桩嵌在土里。输入振动施加在有限元模型的底部边界,即刚性水平基岩。由于结构对诱发振动反应的敏感性,地震波的选取十分重要。结构的场地特性包括很多,其中目标反应谱是一个比较综合的特性。根据结构的基本参数,大连市的设防烈度、地震分组以及场地土类别,确定需要匹配的目标反应谱,筛选与目标反应谱且与控制参数吻合的地震波。本文选择了3条地震波,包括两条天然波以及一条人工波,加速度时程和傅里叶频谱绘制在图13中,记录的5%阻尼比加速度响应谱如图14所示。
本节主要从加速度与内力两个角度对相互作用进行分析,讨论不同工况对该结构体系地震响应的影响。
定义结构点的加速度空间放大系数为工况与工况的峰值加速度之比,即:
同理,定义结构截面点的内力空间放大系数为工况与工况的峰值内力之比,即:
另外,为了方便表达,下文中用代表剪力空间放大系数,代表弯矩空间放大系数。
作为动力响应的评价指标,而对于内力分布,则选取隧道、桥桩的截面弯矩、剪力以及对应的作为评价指标,通过选取土或结构具有代表性的表面与截面进行对比分析。
模态响应是结构或土-结构相互作用体系的重要动力特性,它有助于预测结构在地震时的抗震性能。隧道-桥桩-土体系的基频为1.8724 Hz,第一阶模态如图15所示,结构经历剪切变形。模型土的固有频率的理论值25可确定为:
式中  N阶固有频率;为土体剪切波速;H为土体厚度。通过公式计算出一阶频率=1.878 Hz,这与模态分析结果一致。
图16为DTSP作用下矿山法隧道与盾构隧道的加速度空间放大系数。从图中可以发现,DTSP相较于隧道单独作用,总体上隧道的加速度响应会降低。降低的区域主要集中在隧道与桥桩交叠处(0 m),拱顶(90°)与拱底(-90°)位置。
图17显示了不同隧道截面位置(角度)对加速度空间放大系数的影响。取隧道与桥桩交叠处,即隧道中心截面,对比分析发现:(1)双隧道相较于单一隧道作用,隧道总体上会放大临近隧道的峰值加速度,放大区域主要集中在两隧道拱腰(0°和180°)处。由于该工程背景中两个隧道圆心位于同一水平位置,主要相互作用区域恰好位于两圆心连线与隧道衬砌交点位置,故加速度空间放大系数与两个隧道的相对位置密切相关。(2)STSP与DTSP相较于DTS,加速度空间放大系数减小且大部分小于1,这说明桥桩的存在会减小临近侧穿隧道的峰值加速度,且主要降低的区域位于隧道拱顶(45°~135°)与拱底(-45°~-135°)。(3)STSP的曲线明显小于DTSP,这说明单桩对侧穿隧道的减小相较于桩与另一隧道共同作用更为显著,这又从侧面验证了上述结论(1)和(2)。
图18展示了不同隧道纵向位置对加速度空间放大系数的影响。图中取隧道拱顶(90°)及拱底(-90°),控制变量以进行对比。分析后发现:(1)桥桩会降低侧穿隧道的峰值加速度,二者交汇处尤为明显。(2)桥桩对隧道拱底的影响要大于拱顶,这可能是由于隧道与桥桩的相对位置造成的。对于桥桩而言,上部荷载以及自重的作用造成桩底的土体应力集中,而工程背景中桩底与两个隧道的圆心位于同一水平位置,故桩下部土体的应力集中作用在隧道拱底,因此隧道拱底的要比拱顶的更小。
图19为DTSP作用下桥桩的加速度空间放大系数。从图中发现桥桩沿截面的分布变化很小。与之相反,沿桥桩纵向却有着明显的波动,并在桩底(-21.03 m)附近与桩-土交界面(0 m)附近存在局部的峰值。
图20为不同桥桩纵向位置加速度空间放大系数的分布曲线。由于桥桩临近矿山法隧道一侧(135°)与临近盾构隧道一侧(45°)的分布一致,故只取其中一侧进行后续的对比分析。分析后主要得到以下结论:(1)MTSP,DTSP和STSP的值在0 m附近均大于1,这说明隧道的存在会放大桩-土交界面附近桥桩的峰值加速度。(2)三条曲线主要在-21.03 m与-15 m位置处存在小于1的局部峰值,而这两个位置对应隧道的拱顶与拱腰附近,这说明隧道的存在会减小临近桥桩的峰值加速度,并在桥桩对应于隧道拱顶、拱腰的位置处影响最大。
图2122分别为MTS与DTSP作用下截面剪力与弯矩随时间和隧道纵向的空间分布。文中剪力与弯矩的方向均沿着地震激振方向。从图中可以发现:(1)桥桩的存在会使隧道的剪力峰值、弯矩峰值向二者交叠处偏移。另外值得注意的是,隧道两端(-30 m和30 m)存在很大的锯齿状剪力,这可能是由于模型边界条件所造成的,故后续考虑剪力峰值时忽略隧道边界的影响。(2)隧道弯矩在隧道与桥桩交叠处达到最大值,而此处的剪力为零,这正符合弯矩与剪力之间的微分关系。(3)剪力与弯矩的时程曲线与输入地震波的时程曲线趋于一致,在地震波峰值时刻剪力也达到峰值。同时,由于地震动的性质,隧道剪力与弯矩随着时间会出现正负剪力、正负弯矩交替更迭的现象。后续研究中将剪力与弯矩取绝对值,方便进行对比分析。
图23为不同隧道纵向位置剪力放大系数的分布曲线。对比分析发现:(1)桥桩的存在会显著放大隧道的剪力,而临近的其他隧道对隧道的剪力有一定的减小作用。(2)桥桩会显著增大隧道对应于桥桩1/4~1倍半径范围内(0.5~2 m,-0.5~-2 m)的剪力,在隧道对应与桥桩中心位置(0 m)的反而很小。随着远离桥桩,在隧道1~10倍桥桩半径范围内(2~20 m,-2~-20 m)的持续衰减。
图24为不同隧道纵向位置弯矩放大系数的分布曲线。对比分析发现:(1)与剪力类似,桥桩的存在会放大隧道的弯矩,而临近的其他隧道相对来说会减小隧道的弯矩。(2)桥桩会放大隧道对应于桥桩0~1/5半径范围内的(-10~10 m)弯矩,但随着远离桥桩,弯矩会呈现先减小后增大的规律。其中,由于边界条件造成隧道模型边缘产生弯矩峰值对于研究隧道-土-桥桩体系相互作用规律并无影响,故不考虑边界附近的分布规律。
图2526分别为SP与DTSP作用下截面剪力与弯矩随时间和桥桩纵向的空间分布。从图中可以发现:(1)两个侧穿隧道的存在对桥桩地震激振方向的截面剪力与弯矩的影响很小。这是由于出于实际工程安全的考虑,两个隧道的位置位于桥桩下方,这就使地震作用下隧道周围土产生的应力集中,但并没有作用于桩身,而是作用于桥桩的下部土体上。在后续研究中,可以做相应的参数分析,通过改变隧道的埋深进一步研究隧道对桥桩的动力相互作用规律的影响。(2)桥桩截面剪力峰值出现桩底,在土下桩身1/2处和桩-土交界面处剪力最小,相应地在这两个位置截面弯矩出现峰值。
图27为不同桥桩纵向位置剪力放大系数的分布曲线。对比分析发现:(1)隧道的存在整体上会放大桥桩的截面剪力,放大的幅度与隧道尺寸,距离与隧道数量密切相关。(2)桥桩截面剪力被隧道放大的区域主要集中在桩底与桩-土交界面;另外,在土下桩身1/2处会出现从下至上呈先缩小后放大的剪力波动。
图28为不同隧道纵向位置弯矩放大系数的分布曲线。对比分析发现:(1)隧道的存在会减小桩底、土面以上桩的截面弯矩。(2)在隧道的影响下桥桩截面弯矩被隧道放大的区域主要集中在土表面以下,其中桩-土交界面这一临界位置尤为显著。
本研究初步探讨了多结构体系各构件之间的动力及内力相互作用机制。利用ABAQUS软件建立了多结构体系的有限元模型,并通过振动台试验进行了验证。揭示了不同工况下隧道、桥桩峰值加速度与内力的变化规律。在对比分析部分,通过输入三条地震动,做了大量的数值计算工作,主要结论如下:
(1)桥桩会降低侧穿隧道的峰值加速度,且主要降低的区域位于隧道拱顶与拱底,其中拱底受桥桩的影响较拱顶更为显著;而隧道的存在会增大临近隧道的峰值加速度,放大区域主要集中在隧道拱腰处。相应地,隧道的存在会放大桩-土交界面附近桥桩的峰值加速度,但会减小临近桥桩对应于隧道拱顶、拱腰的位置处桥桩的峰值加速度。
(2)桥桩会显著增大隧道对应于桥桩1/4~1倍半径范围内的剪力,相应地放大隧道对应于桥桩0~1/5半径范围内的弯矩;而隧道则会降低临近隧道的剪力与弯矩。相应地,隧道的存在会放大桥桩的剪力,显著增大桩-土交界面处桥桩的弯矩。
(3)结构激振方向的剪力与弯矩随时间的变化趋势与输入的地震动加速度时程相一致,二者在同一时刻达到峰值,且该方向的剪力、弯矩会随时间产生方向交替更迭的现象。
需要注意的是,上述结论中桥桩、隧道受影响的部位、范围均以大连市隧道近距离侧穿桥桩实际工程背景为前提,可以为以后其他类似工况提供参考,也可为后续的参数分析做准备。根据本研究的结果,隧道、土、桥桩之间存在着复杂且不可忽略的动力相互作用。因此,在进行结构设计之前,有必要对这个复杂系统建立三维精细化模型,并进行计算。
  • 辽宁省教育厅项目(LJKZ0336)
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2024年第37卷第1期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.017
  • 接收时间:2022-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-02-28
  • 修回日期:2022-07-27
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辽宁省教育厅项目(LJKZ0336)
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    1辽宁工程技术大学土木工程学院, 辽宁 阜新 123000
    2辽宁省矿山沉陷灾害防治重点实验室, 辽宁 阜新 123000

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赵东旭(1997―),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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