Article(id=1228011508693664707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1656345600000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-28, revisedDate=1660060800000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770710359023, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770710359023, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770710359023, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770710359023, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228011505698931621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770710358308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795378159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=137, endPage=147, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228011510228780011, articleId=1228011508693664707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Optimal design and seismic performance of hybrid base isolation system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to cope with excessive displacement requirements of the isolation layer in the base isolated structure,a hybrid isolation system is proposed in this paper through the base isolated system (BIS) + tuned tandem mass dampers-inerters (TTMDI). The Bouc-Wen hysteretic model is used to simulate the nonlinear force-deformation behaviors of the isolation layer. Employing the stochastic equivalent linearization,pattern search optimization algorithm,as well as the earthquake ground motion model simultaneously,the optimum design framework of the BIS+TTMDI system is established in the frequency domain. The performance of the BIS+TTMDI system is systematically evaluated in terms of its robustness,effectiveness,stiffness and damping coefficient,stroke and sensitivity to seismic frequency contents,and compared with BIS + the tuned mass damper (TMD),tandem tuned mass damper (TTMD),and tuned mass damper-inerter (TMDI),respectively. The dynamic elasto-plastic analysis of a seven story hybrid base-isolated system,respectively including the BIS+TTMDI and BIS+TMDI systems,is carried out under the near-field earthquake ground motions. The results show that the BIS+TTMDI system has the best seismic performance and strong robustness. Furthermore,the total damping requirement of the TTMDI in the BIS+TTMDI system is less than half of the TMDI in the BIS+TMDI system,which is more economical and practical.

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为解决基础隔震结构中隔震层位移需求过大的问题,提出了一种基础隔震结构(Base Isolated Structure,BIS)+串并联调谐质量阻尼器惯容器(Tuned Tandem Mass Damper-Inerter,TTMDI)的混合隔震体系。采用Bouc-Wen滞回模型模拟隔震层的非线性力-变形行为,基于随机等效线性化和模式搜索优化算法并考虑地震动模型,在频域内建立了BIS+TTMDI体系的优化设计框架。分别从鲁棒性、有效性、刚度和阻尼系数、冲程及对地震频率敏感性方面对BIS+TTMDI体系的性能进行评估,并与BIS+调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper,TMD)、串并联调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Tandem Mass Damper,TTMD)和调谐质量阻尼器惯容器(Tuned Mass Damper-Inerter,TMDI)进行比较。通过对近场地震动下某七层混合基础隔震结构(包括BIS+TTMDI和 BIS+TMDI体系)的动力弹塑性分析,评价了其减/隔震性能。结果表明:BIS+TTMDI体系具有最好的减/隔震性能和强鲁棒性;而且在BIS+TTMDI体系中TTMDI的总阻尼需求不到BIS+TMDI体系中TMDI的一半,因而更为经济实用。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
曹黎媛(1991―),女,博士,讲师。E-mail:
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李春祥(1964—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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李春祥(1964—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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Control performance of structure-NFVD-TTMDI[J]. 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figureFileBig=wPnzxtcfN8+lprECLnwf6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042503119631192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=CN, label=图3, caption=对于不同值,BIS+TTMDI体系对TTMDI摄动的鲁棒性, figureFileSmall=S2r5jTZJOUYLOGgbtMjIKw==, figureFileBig=wPnzxtcfN8+lprECLnwf6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042503190934361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variation of minimum displacement variance of the isolation layer min.R versus for different values of , figureFileSmall=4OunBotAGe9HnZhEK7TfuQ==, figureFileBig=+HRjkz5MfQLN7n+DruenoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042503262237530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=CN, label=图4, caption=在不同的下,最小化隔震层位移方差min.R的变化, figureFileSmall=4OunBotAGe9HnZhEK7TfuQ==, figureFileBig=+HRjkz5MfQLN7n+DruenoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042503325152091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Variation of the optimal damping coefficients of TTMDI and TMDI versus for different values of , figureFileSmall=sVX8rnh+uwp36+DMmIr7lA==, figureFileBig=QoFBOLAxQ+oI/dqvX+rvMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042503400649564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=CN, label=图5, caption=对于不同的,TTMDI和TMDI最优阻尼系数随的变化趋势, figureFileSmall=sVX8rnh+uwp36+DMmIr7lA==, figureFileBig=QoFBOLAxQ+oI/dqvX+rvMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042503476147037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Variation of the optimal stiffness of TTMDI and TMDI versus for different values of , figureFileSmall=ANawN8AIe6StqrRFqLq9kA==, figureFileBig=S1LJiZDHbIhZx8AtdGZ/dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042503589393246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=CN, label=图6, caption=对于不同的,TTMDI和TMDI最优刚度随的变化, figureFileSmall=ANawN8AIe6StqrRFqLq9kA==, figureFileBig=S1LJiZDHbIhZx8AtdGZ/dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042503690056543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Variation in variances of control system strokes versus -, figureFileSmall=FhbRu9sVTEWyBXqerL8eTg==, figureFileBig=mkOe0dKbCGczscrv+7uaIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042503778136928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=CN, label=图7, caption=控制系统冲程方差随-的变化, figureFileSmall=FhbRu9sVTEWyBXqerL8eTg==, figureFileBig=mkOe0dKbCGczscrv+7uaIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042505187423073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, 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label=图9, caption=地震波加速度反应谱, figureFileSmall=+1TG9Q5RtlPcG54eR/gVRQ==, figureFileBig=zZWDlIU1nRDxrQXgBps+Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042505514578789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Dynamic response of the superstructure (Note: "0" represents the isolation layer), figureFileSmall=aA0QlC7TaMOo4PH6QPV9eA==, figureFileBig=UYIbBJv+2uBnuptYFU/vgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042505564910438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=CN, label=图10, caption=上部结构响应(注:“0”代表隔震层), figureFileSmall=aA0QlC7TaMOo4PH6QPV9eA==, figureFileBig=UYIbBJv+2uBnuptYFU/vgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042505640407911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Hysteresis curves of isolation bearings for different systems, figureFileSmall=j+nn9GDb9cS8EQr4b18h3g==, figureFileBig=/Y0XXAIn1wUUNFCoKUUk8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042505694933864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=CN, label=图11, caption=各体系隔震支座滞回曲线, figureFileSmall=j+nn9GDb9cS8EQr4b18h3g==, figureFileBig=/Y0XXAIn1wUUNFCoKUUk8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042505808180073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mass and stiffness coefficients of a seven-storey base isolated structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层数质量/kg刚度/(kN⋅m-1)
隔震层50000屈服前:13333屈服后:1333.3
15000091385
25000091385
35000091385
45000091385
55000091385
65000091385
75000091385
), ArticleFig(id=1228042505900454762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

某七层基础隔震结构的质量及刚度系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层数质量/kg刚度/(kN⋅m-1)
隔震层50000屈服前:13333屈服后:1333.3
15000091385
25000091385
35000091385
45000091385
55000091385
65000091385
75000091385
), ArticleFig(id=1228042506001118059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Value ranges of the parameters to be optimized and related parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数范围或取值
质量块总质量比
总惯容质量比
TMD1和TMD2的质量比
), ArticleFig(id=1228042506105975660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

优化参数和相关参数的取值范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数范围或取值
质量块总质量比
总惯容质量比
TMD1和TMD2的质量比
), ArticleFig(id=1228042506185667437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Information about near-field earthquake wave

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号地震波记录站年份震级震中距/km脉冲周期Tp/sPGA/g
RSN4115Parkfield-02_CAParkfield-Fault Zone 1220046.010.71.190.276
RSN1045Northridge-01Newhall-W Pico Canyon Rd19946.6921.52.980.419
RSN6911Darfield_New ZealandHORC20107.013.09.920.450
RSN180Imperial Valley-06El Centro Array #519796.5323.14.130.594
RSN8063Christchurch_New ZealandChristchurch Botanical Gardens20116.27.50.553
RSN959Northridge-01Canoga Park-Topanga Can19946.696.00.358
RSN4457Montenegro_YugoslaviaUlcinj-Hotel Albatros19797.116.30.183
), ArticleFig(id=1228042506248581998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

近场地震波信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号地震波记录站年份震级震中距/km脉冲周期Tp/sPGA/g
RSN4115Parkfield-02_CAParkfield-Fault Zone 1220046.010.71.190.276
RSN1045Northridge-01Newhall-W Pico Canyon Rd19946.6921.52.980.419
RSN6911Darfield_New ZealandHORC20107.013.09.920.450
RSN180Imperial Valley-06El Centro Array #519796.5323.14.130.594
RSN8063Christchurch_New ZealandChristchurch Botanical Gardens20116.27.50.553
RSN959Northridge-01Canoga Park-Topanga Can19946.696.00.358
RSN4457Montenegro_YugoslaviaUlcinj-Hotel Albatros19797.116.30.183
), ArticleFig(id=1228042506324079471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Peak displacement response of the seismic isolation layer for different systems under near-field seismic excitation(Unit:m)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制体系地震波
RSN4115RSN1045RSN6911RSN180RSN8063RSN959RSN4457平均值
BIS0.18840.52430.37300.05410.16560.11930.14840.2247
BIS+TTMDI0.16290.42700.29090.04600.11460.08530.11860.1779
位移减震率13.54%18.55%21.99%15.08%30.80%28.50%20.08%20.84%
BIS+TMDI0.17470.44080.30020.04900.13340.09990.12380.1888
位移减震率7.29%15.94%19.50%9.44%19.44%16.26%16.58%15.98%
), ArticleFig(id=1228042506407965552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508693664707, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

近场地震作用下各体系的隔震层位移峰值响应(单位:m)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制体系地震波
RSN4115RSN1045RSN6911RSN180RSN8063RSN959RSN4457平均值
BIS0.18840.52430.37300.05410.16560.11930.14840.2247
BIS+TTMDI0.16290.42700.29090.04600.11460.08530.11860.1779
位移减震率13.54%18.55%21.99%15.08%30.80%28.50%20.08%20.84%
BIS+TMDI0.17470.44080.30020.04900.13340.09990.12380.1888
位移减震率7.29%15.94%19.50%9.44%19.44%16.26%16.58%15.98%
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混合基础隔震体系优化设计及性能
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李春祥 , 龙秋雨 , 曹黎媛
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(1): 137-147
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(1): 137-147
混合基础隔震体系优化设计及性能
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李春祥 , 龙秋雨, 曹黎媛
作者信息
  • 上海大学力学与工程科学学院土木工程系,上海 200444
  • 李春祥(1964—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

曹黎媛(1991―),女,博士,讲师。E-mail:
Optimal design and seismic performance of hybrid base isolation system
Chun-xiang LI , Qiu-yu LONG, Li-yuan CAO
Affiliations
  • Department of Civil Engineering,School of Mechanics and Engineering Science,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.014
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为解决基础隔震结构中隔震层位移需求过大的问题,提出了一种基础隔震结构(Base Isolated Structure,BIS)+串并联调谐质量阻尼器惯容器(Tuned Tandem Mass Damper-Inerter,TTMDI)的混合隔震体系。采用Bouc-Wen滞回模型模拟隔震层的非线性力-变形行为,基于随机等效线性化和模式搜索优化算法并考虑地震动模型,在频域内建立了BIS+TTMDI体系的优化设计框架。分别从鲁棒性、有效性、刚度和阻尼系数、冲程及对地震频率敏感性方面对BIS+TTMDI体系的性能进行评估,并与BIS+调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper,TMD)、串并联调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Tandem Mass Damper,TTMD)和调谐质量阻尼器惯容器(Tuned Mass Damper-Inerter,TMDI)进行比较。通过对近场地震动下某七层混合基础隔震结构(包括BIS+TTMDI和 BIS+TMDI体系)的动力弹塑性分析,评价了其减/隔震性能。结果表明:BIS+TTMDI体系具有最好的减/隔震性能和强鲁棒性;而且在BIS+TTMDI体系中TTMDI的总阻尼需求不到BIS+TMDI体系中TMDI的一半,因而更为经济实用。

混合基础隔震  /  结构振动控制  /  优化设计  /  等效线性化  /  动力弹塑性分析

In order to cope with excessive displacement requirements of the isolation layer in the base isolated structure,a hybrid isolation system is proposed in this paper through the base isolated system (BIS) + tuned tandem mass dampers-inerters (TTMDI). The Bouc-Wen hysteretic model is used to simulate the nonlinear force-deformation behaviors of the isolation layer. Employing the stochastic equivalent linearization,pattern search optimization algorithm,as well as the earthquake ground motion model simultaneously,the optimum design framework of the BIS+TTMDI system is established in the frequency domain. The performance of the BIS+TTMDI system is systematically evaluated in terms of its robustness,effectiveness,stiffness and damping coefficient,stroke and sensitivity to seismic frequency contents,and compared with BIS + the tuned mass damper (TMD),tandem tuned mass damper (TTMD),and tuned mass damper-inerter (TMDI),respectively. The dynamic elasto-plastic analysis of a seven story hybrid base-isolated system,respectively including the BIS+TTMDI and BIS+TMDI systems,is carried out under the near-field earthquake ground motions. The results show that the BIS+TTMDI system has the best seismic performance and strong robustness. Furthermore,the total damping requirement of the TTMDI in the BIS+TTMDI system is less than half of the TMDI in the BIS+TMDI system,which is more economical and practical.

hybrid base isolation  /  structural vibration control  /  optimum design  /  equivalent linearization  /  dynamic elasto-plastic analysis
李春祥, 龙秋雨, 曹黎媛. 混合基础隔震体系优化设计及性能. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (1) : 137 -147 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.014
Chun-xiang LI, Qiu-yu LONG, Li-yuan CAO. Optimal design and seismic performance of hybrid base isolation system[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (1) : 137 -147 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.014
高效提升重要社会功能建筑(例如政府和医院建筑、通讯大楼等)的抗震性能,实现其震后功能可恢复,对城市或地区运营至关重要。传统抗震设计难以实现高烈度区建筑的可恢复抗震;而基础隔震体系(Base Isolated System,BIS)是实现建筑震后功能恢复的一种可行策略。近年的强震表明,设计合理的基础隔震建筑在震后可立即使用。BIS的基本原理为:通过在上部结构和基础之间插入侧向柔性隔震层,延长结构基本周期,从而降低上部结构受到地震的影响。而对近场地震动,在发震的很短时间内,大部分能量到达结构,迫使结构在很少几个位移循环内消耗该能量,即使是基础隔震建筑也可能遭受严重破坏;其主要原因为:近场地震动具有早期到达的高能、丰富而强烈的长周期速度脉冲分量,当与BIS等效自振周期相近时,发生类共振而进一步放大隔震层位移。因此,近场地震动下隔震层的位移需求过大是BIS的关键共性问题。
增大BIS附加阻尼或在隔震层增设黏滞阻尼器(Viscous Damper,VD)是解决此关键共性问题的直接策略1。陈瑞生等2提出了采用非支配排序遗传算法-Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ)对黏滞阻尼器的参数进行多目标优化,其数值分析表明:黏滞阻尼器减震效果与隔震层附加阻尼有关,提供过大的附加阻尼会增大上部结构的加速度,而增大的加速度会对振动的敏感高科技设备和设施产生威胁。另外,最常见的策略是将BIS与调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper,TMD)进行集成3-5;尽管TMD可以有效减少隔震层位移,但其大冲程和大质量需求极大地限制了其工程应用。近年发展的TMD-惯容器(Tuned Mass Damper-Inerter,TMDI)推动了该问题的解决,一些学者系统地研究了BIS+TMDI体系的减/隔震性能6-10。惯容器的质量放大功能使物理质量很小的TMDI具备高有效性,因而BIS+TMDI有工程可实现性。但在实际工程应用中,TMDI仍然存在短板:不总具有强鲁棒性。为大幅提升BIS+TMDI对不同地震动的鲁棒性,突破BIS的关键共性问题,Cao等11提出了高性能混合被动基础隔震体系—BIS+串并联调谐质量阻尼器惯容器(Tuned Tandem Mass Dampers-Inerters,TTMDI)体系,即BIS+TTMDI体系。
现有研究表明,隔震装置的非线性恢复力可简化为由线性刚度和线性黏性阻尼进行表示,这种理想化假设在一定地震作用下对低阻尼橡胶轴承而言是合理的,但在强地震激励下,隔震装置易于超过弹性变形阈值而表现为非线性,其恢复力不再保持线性行为。比如,铅芯橡胶隔震支座(Lead Rubber Bearing,LRB)在强震中(特别在近断层地震动作用下)总是表现出明显非线性。严格地说,在这些情况下,在BIS分析中应适当考虑其非线性滞回行为。研究表明,TMD应用于非线性结构时的性能与线性情况显著不同(更差),主要是因为非线性范围内刚度变化引起的失谐效应12-14。显然,在强震作用下,假设BIS为理想线性行为,很难真实评估TMD,TMDI,TTMD和TTMDI的实际减震性能。此外,高性能TTMDI用于非线性BIS的优化设计及其减/隔震性能尚未被研究。综上所述,本文考虑隔震层非线性力-变形行为,研究BIS+TTMDI混合体系的减/隔震性能。
隔震层采用铅芯橡胶隔震支座(Lead Rubber Bearing,LRB),LRB的恢复力特性由Bouc-Wen滞回模型10表示,其数学表达式如下:
式中  为LRB的恢复力;为LRB的初始刚度;为LRB屈服后与屈服前刚度的比值;为LRB的屈服强度;为满足式(2)的无量纲滞回量;为隔震层的屈服位移;参数为控制滞回曲线形状的无量纲参数。
图1给出了地震地面运动加速度作用下结构-BIS+TTMDI体系的力学模型。将TTMD装置安装在隔震层,通过惯容器将质量块TMD1和TMD2与地面相连,在地震地面运动加速度作用下BIS+TTMDI体系的运动方程的矩阵形式为:
式中  表示地震地面加速度;分别表示BIS+TTMDI的质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵,表示为:
其中:分别为隔震层、上部结构第i层和TMD1,TMD2质量块相对于地面的位移;上标“·”表示对时间t的一阶导数,“··”表示对时间t的二阶导数;分别为隔震层、上部结构第i层和TMD1,TMD2质量块的质量;分别为上部结构第i层、TMD1和TMD2的刚度;cii=1,2,…,n),ct1ct2cT分别为上部结构第i层阻尼、TMD1阻尼、TMD2阻尼和TMD1与TMD2间的连接阻尼;代表地震地面运动加速度;b1b2分别表示惯容器1和惯容器2的惯容系数;分别表示惯容器两个端点的加速度;代表惯容器的惯性力。
隔震层屈重比表示为:
式中  为基础隔震结构的总质量(),为重力加速度。
由橡胶提供的黏滞阻尼,可以通过阻尼比进行评定,可表示为:
式中  为隔震结构的固有频率;为隔震结构的周期,表示为:
BIS+TTMDI混合隔震体系优化过程主要包括非线性隔震体系随机等效线性化和使用模式搜索法进行优化两部分。由于隔震层具有非线性特征,通过等效线性方程代替非线性微分方程10
式中 等效阻尼系数和等效刚度是通过最小化线性和非线性方程之间的均方差获得的。对于可表示15为:
式中  表示期望值;的标准差。
本文采用修正Kanai-Tajimi模型8,该模型假定基岩地震加速度过程为零均值理想白噪声过程。将基岩上土层视为双重滤波器,其滤波方程可以表示为:
式中  Wt)为基岩扰动加速度,模拟零均值高斯白噪声过程;代表场地土的特征频率和阻尼比;表示第二层(高通)滤波器的响应与输出;是用于调整Kanai-Tajimi谱的滤波器参数。与式(9)相关的功率谱密度函数16表示为:
式中  S0表示基岩白噪声谱强度;表示外部波动频率;PGA为峰值地面加速度。
等效线性系统状态空间方程可表示为:
式中 状态向量 为外激励向量;为系统增广矩阵。其中:=
系统响应协方差矩阵可表示为:
式中  表示基岩层激励的输入矩阵,除了对角线上最后一项为之外,其他所有项都为零。响应协方差矩阵的元素可表示为:
在平稳随机激励下,系统响应协方差矩阵与时间无关,因此协方差矩阵可简化为:
式(13)为李雅普诺夫方程,使用MATLAB进行求解,每个响应方差分别对应于对角线上的每个元素,等效线性系数可以通过求解响应协方差矩阵得到。但包含等效线性系数,因此需要进行迭代求解,直到满足一定的收敛准则。
引入变量:
对BIS+TTMDI混合隔震体系,优化目标定义为:使隔震层位移方差最小:
式中  为参数取值下界,为参数取值上界,表示隔震层位移方差。值越小,说明BIS+TTMDI体系对隔震层位移的控制效果越好。
基础隔震体系和地震动模型参数设置如下:假定上部结构为七层框架结构,阻尼比,周期为0.7 s;隔震支座黏滞阻尼比,隔震支座屈服位移,隔震支座屈服后与屈服前刚度比,屈重比,模拟隔震层非线性行为的Bouc-Wen模型相关参数Aγβη分别取为1,0.5,0.5和18;隔震层及上部结构各层质量和刚度如表1所示。关于阻尼的构造,通过刚度比例阻尼进行计算17-19。对于坚硬场地,Kanai-Tajimi模型参数设定如下6:覆盖土层特征频率 rad/s,特征阻尼比,用于调整Kanai-Tajimi谱的滤波器参数 rad/s,=0.6,以及输入白噪声谱强度S0=0.05 m2/s3,根据式(10)计算出相应的PGA=0.379g
BIS+TTMDI混合隔震体系的目标函数求解复杂,选择合适的优化算法有利于节省计算资源和提高计算效率。模式搜索算法是一种解决最优问题的直接搜索算法,它按照固定模式和步长进行探索移动,去寻求函数下降的最佳方向,逐步逼近最优点,进而求得最优解。根据BIS+TTMDI体系的最优评价准则,采用模式搜索法进行参数优化,图2给出了BIS+TTMDI体系的具体优化过程。表2给出优化参数和相关参数取值范围。这里值得说明的是:BIS+TMD体系为BIS+TMDI体系在时的特殊情况,BIS+TTMD体系为BIS+TTMDI体系在时的特殊情况。
在真实地震中,由于结构特性的变化或对控制装置参数认识不准确,BIS+TTMDI体系可能会出现“失谐效应”。其中,有研究表明隔震层参数的变化是引起控制装置失谐的主要原因之一。为此,当质量化取一定值时,考虑隔震层刚度比不同取值,分别对TTMDI的最优刚度及最优连接阻尼值进行均匀地缩,通过BIS+TTMDI体系控制有效性相对最优值的变化来评估该体系的鲁棒性。缩放比例为80%~120%。为了便于比较,定义鲁棒性评价指标20
式中  为原TTMDI参数情况下得到的最小隔震层位移方差。而为仅改变TTMDI参数而BIS参数不变情况下求得的最小隔震层位移方差。即用摄动后隔震层位移方差相对于其最优值的增量来衡量外界条件发生变化时控制系统有效性的降低程度20R越小,有效性降低程度越小,即BIS+TTMDI体系的鲁棒性越强。
图3给出了=0.2,=0.001,0.005,0.01时,不同α情况下R随缩放比例()的变化趋势。值得一提的是,α可以代表隔震层的非线性程度,即α=0.1为强非线性,α=1.0为线性。由图3可知:分别对刚度摄动,其缩放比例越接近100%(最优值)时,R越小。然而对连接阻尼摄动,R几乎不随变化。整体来看,BIS+TTMDI对阻尼摄动的鲁棒性最强,例如=0.8时,对应的刚度1、刚度2、阻尼变化的R分别为:15.97%,6.19%,0.42%();29.41%,11.16%,0.66%();47.38%,14.28%,0.88%();81.40%,20.50%,1.17%()。可以看出阻尼摄动下,R随隔震层刚度比的变化不明显,而对刚度影响显著,且BIS+TTMDI对阻尼和刚度摄动的鲁棒性会随着值的减小而增强。换而言之,非线性()隔震层下BIS+TTMDI体系的鲁棒性显著强于线性()隔震层下BIS+TTMDI的鲁棒性。这一结论证实TTMDI用于非线性隔震层研究的必要性。为了贴合实际工程应用,后续着重讨论不同混合隔震体系在时的减/隔震性能。
图4给出了=0.001,0.01时,BIS+TMDI和BIS+TTMDI体系的最小化隔震层位移方差()随的变化情况。从图中可以看出,在相同下,BIS+TTMDI体系对隔震层位移的控制效果优于BIS+TMDI体系。增大质量块总质量,BIS+TTMDI及BIS+TMDI的减震效果提升不明显,当值一定时,BIS+TTMDI和BIS+TMDI体系的减震效果随总惯容质量比的增加显著提高,其主要原因在于惯容器在控制体系中增加了虚拟质量,极大提高了其有效惯容质量,从而获得良好的减震效果。值得注意的是,增大,BIS+TTMDI及BIS+TMDI减震效果的提升不明显,而增大仍可以有效提高装置的减震效果。因此,适当的惯容质量可以使BIS+TTMDI保持较高减震效果的同时,进一步减少质量块对物理质量的需求,从而达到减震装置的轻质化。
根据上文提出的BIS+TTMDI优化设计方法,图5给出了对于不同的,TTMDI和TMDI的最优阻尼系数随的变化趋势。值得一提的是:TMD1和TMD2的最优阻尼系数均为零,从而没有给出与相关的图。其主要原因是TMD1和TMD2所需的阻尼通过其连接阻尼来实现,使得TTMDI处于最优状态,因此大大地简化了系统。此外,TTMDI所需的总阻尼随的增大而增大。
图6给出了对于不同的,TTMDI最优刚度随的变化趋势。从图6可以看出:TTMDI的的增大而增大,表明在TTMDI中TMD1和TMD2的刚度同时起到调谐作用,且TMD2刚度作用大于TMD1刚度。TTMDI的总刚度需求高于TMDI的刚度需求。
由于在基础隔震结构中安装TTMDI的空间是有限的,所以在实际工程中必须考虑TTMDI体系中质量块的冲程。为了评估和比较混合隔震体系中TTMDI相对隔震层的位移(冲程),图7给出了TTMDI,TTMD,TMDI和TMD质量块冲程方差随的变化趋势。由图7可以看出:由于惯容器的作用,TTMDI体系中质量块的冲程随的增大而显著减小;与此同时,TTMDI体系中TMD1和TMD2质量块的冲程比较接近,例如:质量比为0.01,惯容比为0.02时,TMD1质量块的冲程方差为0.48234 m2,TMD2质量块的冲程方差为0.47789 m2。因此对结构空间需求小。当值一定时,的TTMDI中质量块的冲程大于的TTMDI中质量块的冲程,这意味着越大,TTMDI体系中质量块的冲程越小。值得注意的是:当时,对于不同的组合,TTMDI体系的质量块冲程差别不大。TTMDI的冲程与TMDI比较接近,但都远小于TTMD和TMD的冲程。此外,在实际工程中,为TTMDI装置设置合适的,不仅可以获得较好的减震效果,而且还可以将TTMDI的冲程控制在合理范围内。
为了考虑地震频率成分对BIS+TTMDI体系性能的影响,引入频率比,则可以根据地震激励的类型对BIS+TTMDI的最优参数和性能进行评价:代表可能发生共振的条件,代表比BIS软的场地条件,表示比BIS硬的场地条件。为了定量表示安装TTMDI后对隔震层位移的控制效果,引入隔震层位移控制有效性指标,表示为:
式中  表示受控结构隔震层的位移方差;而表示无控结构隔震层的位移方差。值越小,则表明BIS+TTMDI体系控制效果越好。
图8给出了频率比对混合隔震体系的影响。在共振条件→1时,注意到BIS+TMD和BIS+TTMD的Jxb>1,出现放大位移需求的情况,BIS+TTMDI的性能依然优于BIS+TMDI,体现出该体系的高性能。在>1.5时,TTMDI的最优参数几乎与地震无关,而且>1.5的这个频率范围在实际应用中相当普遍。这一优势在实际应用中是非常重要的,因为在一个特定的安装地点,实际的地震激励不一定与优化设计过程中的假设一致,可能会受到断层距离和接近程度的影响。然而TTMDI装置的最优参数在很大的范围内几乎是恒定的,说明该装置控制性能对地震频率成分敏感性较低,不易产生失谐效应。
根据前面所述的优化设计方法,给出控制装置具体设计参数为:(TTMDI);(TMDI)。仍选用第2.2节中某七层混合基础隔震体系为算例,隔震层及上部结构相关参数的设置与2.2节中一致。背景工程的抗震设防烈度为8度,设计地震分组为第二组,Ⅱ类场地,通过七条近场地震动进一步验证BIS+TTMDI混合隔震体系的减/隔震性能。地震动参数信息如表3所示。图9给出了地震波加速度反应谱,图中T表示结构自振周期。
表4给出了各体系在近场地震作用下的隔震层峰值响应。从表4可以看出,各体系在不同地震作用下的减震效果有所差异,主要是丰富的地震频率所引起的。除此以外,相对BIS体系而言,近场脉冲型地震波(RSN4115,RSN1045,RSN6911,RSN180)作用下BIS+TTMDI体系的控制效果比BIS+TMDI体系略高(5%以内);在近场非脉冲地震(RSN8063,RSN959,RSN4457)中,BIS+TTMDI体系相较于BIS+TMDI体系的控制效果更为显著,比如,RSN8063作用下,BIS+TTMDI的位移减幅为30.80%,BIS+TMDI的位移减幅为19.44%,前者的控制效果比后者高出11.36%。这一现象说明BIS+TTMDI体系在近场地震中能更有效地控制隔震层位移。
图10给出了地震作用下各体系的上部结构的位移和加速度响应。从图10(a)中可以看出,相对BIS体系而言,BIS+TTMDI体系可以显著减少上部结构的相对位移;BIS+TMDI体系对上部结构相对位移的控制不显著。除此以外还发现,上部结构相对位移是显著小于隔震层位移的,其主要原因是隔震层和控制装置(TTMDI或TMDI)协同作用起到良好的耗能效果,使得传到上部结构的能量较少。从前面的分析内容可知,BIS+TTMDI体系能较好地控制位移响应。为了进一步考虑上部结构设备及设施的安全性,还需对上部结构的楼层绝对加速度进行分析。图10(b)给出了地震作用下各体系的楼层平均绝对加速度响应。从图10(b)中可以看出,相对BIS而言,BIS+TTMDI(TMDI)皆能抑制上部结构绝对加速度的放大,且BIS+TTMDI体系的控制效果更优。这一特性使得BIS+TTMDI具备较好的工程应用前景。
为了从能量的角度解释BIS+TTMDI(TMDI)能有效减少地震响应的原因。图11给出了地震作用下各体系的隔震支座滞回曲线,限于篇幅,仅以RSN6911(近场脉冲型)和RSN959(近场非脉冲型)为例。从图11可以看出,BIS+TTMDI和BIS+TMDI体系中的滞回曲线面积小于BIS体系,说明隔震支座与控制装置TTMDI/TMDI达到了协同耗能的效果。除此以外还发现,BIS+TTMDI中隔震层的滞回面积小于BIS+TMDI体系,意味着TTMDI承担的耗能更多,即隔震层的位移需求显著减少,从而达到保护隔震支座的目的。
考虑强震下特别是近断层地震动作用下隔震层非线性的实际情况,在频域内体现了BIS+TTMDI混合隔震体系的减隔震性能,时域动力弹塑性分析进一步验证了BIS+TTMDI混合隔震体系的优越性能,为工程应用提供了依据。得出的主要结论如下:
(1)BIS+TTMDI混合隔震体系的鲁棒性在非线性隔震层情况下显著强于线性情况。
(2)在惯容质量和质量块质量相同时,TTMDI系统对总阻尼的需求不到TMDI系统的一半,且隔震效果更好,因而更为经济实用。
(3)TTMDI系统冲程与TMDI系统冲程接近,远小于TTMD系统和TMD系统冲程,因而更易于工程应用。
(4)当场地土层与隔震结构的频率比大于1.5时,TTMDI系统参数对地震频率的敏感性降低,且保持着良好的控制性能。
(5)BIS+TTMDI和BIS+TMDI混合隔震体系能有效地减小隔震层位移需求,其中BIS+TTMDI混合隔震体系的有效性最好。
  • 上海市青年科技英才扬帆计划资助项目(21YF1412700)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978391)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.014
  • 接收时间:2022-06-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-28
  • 修回日期:2022-08-10
基金
上海市青年科技英才扬帆计划资助项目(21YF1412700)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978391)
作者信息
    上海大学力学与工程科学学院土木工程系,上海 200444

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曹黎媛(1991―),女,博士,讲师。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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