Article(id=1228011509477999564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1649347200000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-08, revisedDate=1658937600000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770710359210, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770710359210, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770710359210, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770710359210, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228011505698931621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770710358308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795378159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=83, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228011509805155289, articleId=1228011509477999564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Study on modal participation in dynamic responses of cylindrical shells, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering the simply-supported cylindrical shells,the modal participation in dynamic responses is studied by considering the influence of sine and cosine modes,and a method for determining the order of modal truncation according to the distribution characteristics of modal participation factors is proposed. The dynamic responses of cylindrical shells under the impact excitation and rotating traveling wave excitation are obtained by the superposition of the sine and cosine modes,and the reliability of the determination method is verified by the convergence of responses. The results of theoretical calculations and finite element simulations show that the influence of sine and cosine modes must be considered simultaneously in calculation of the dynamic responses for cylindrical shells,which is different from the case of modal characteristics analysis. When cylindrical shells are subjected to impact excitation,the participation degree of each order sine and cosine modes is related to the location of the excitation point and observation point. When cylindrical shells are subjected to rotating traveling wave excitation,the participation degree of each order sine and cosine modes is closely related to the order and frequency of the excitation.

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以两端简支圆柱壳体为例,研究了考虑正、余弦模态成分影响的圆柱壳体动力响应中的模态参与问题,提出了根据模态参与因子的分布特征判定模态截断阶次的方法,采用正、余弦模态叠加得到了圆柱壳体在冲击激励及旋转行波激励作用下的动力响应,基于响应的收敛性验证了判定方法的可靠性。理论计算与有限元仿真结果表明,与圆柱壳体模态特性分析不同,在求解圆柱壳体动力响应时必须同时考虑正、余弦模态成分的影响;冲击激励作用下,圆柱壳体各阶正、余弦模态在响应中的参与程度与激振点和观测点的位置相关;旋转行波激励作用下,圆柱壳体各阶正、余弦模态在响应中的参与程度与激励的阶次和频率密切相关。

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祝长生(1963―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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徐港辉(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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徐港辉(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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徐港辉(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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Parameters of impact excitation example

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
幅值q0/(N•s•m-1)时间tex /s位置xex/m位置θex/rad阻尼比ξmn
10.005l/2π/60.005
), ArticleFig(id=1228042493132993235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011509477999564, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冲击激励算例的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
幅值q0/(N•s•m-1)时间tex /s位置xex/m位置θex/rad阻尼比ξmn
10.005l/2π/60.005
), ArticleFig(id=1228042493246239445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011509477999564, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Necessary and sufficient conditions for sine and cosine modal participation factors equal to 0

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模态阶次m阶次n
余弦模态2k3(2k+1)
正弦模态2k6k
), ArticleFig(id=1228042493376262872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011509477999564, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正、余弦模态参与因子等于0的充要条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶次m阶次n
余弦模态2k3(2k+1)
正弦模态2k6k
), ArticleFig(id=1228042493472731866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011509477999564, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Parameters of rotating traveling wave excitation example

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幅值q1/Pa阶次p频率fex/Hz相位φex/rad阻尼比ξmn
1+25500π/30.01
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旋转行波激励算例的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
幅值q1/Pa阶次p频率fex/Hz相位φex/rad阻尼比ξmn
1+25500π/30.01
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Comparison of modal frequencies of cylindrical shell obtained by theoretical calculation and finite element method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方法及误差不同阶次下的模态频率/Hz
(1,2)(1,3)(1,1)(2,2)(2,3)(1,4)
相对误差/%1.642.88-0.041.313.414.49
理论计算142222902330332134304074
有限元法139922262331327833173899
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理论计算与有限元法得到的壳体模态频率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方法及误差不同阶次下的模态频率/Hz
(1,2)(1,3)(1,1)(2,2)(2,3)(1,4)
相对误差/%1.642.88-0.041.313.414.49
理论计算142222902330332134304074
有限元法139922262331327833173899
), ArticleFig(id=1228042494017991396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011509477999564, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Excitation points and observation points set in the verification procedure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激振点(xex, θex)观测点(xob, θob)
图17(a)(l/2, π/6)(l/10, π/6)
图17(b)(l/10, π/6)(9l/10, π/6)
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验证过程中设置的激振点与观测点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激振点(xex, θex)观测点(xob, θob)
图17(a)(l/2, π/6)(l/10, π/6)
图17(b)(l/10, π/6)(9l/10, π/6)
), ArticleFig(id=1228042494294815465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011509477999564, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Necessary and sufficient conditions for responses obtained by superposition of (mn) order sine and cosine modes equal to 0

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激振点观测点阶次m阶次n
(l/2, π/6)(l/10, π/6)2k-
(l/10, π/6)(9l/10, π/6)10k-
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第(mn)阶正、余弦模态叠加响应等于0的充要条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激振点观测点阶次m阶次n
(l/2, π/6)(l/10, π/6)2k-
(l/10, π/6)(9l/10, π/6)10k-
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圆柱壳体动力响应中的模态参与问题研究
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徐港辉 , 祝长生
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(1): 83-94
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(1): 83-94
圆柱壳体动力响应中的模态参与问题研究
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徐港辉 , 祝长生
作者信息
  • 浙江大学电气工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
  • 徐港辉(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

祝长生(1963―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Study on modal participation in dynamic responses of cylindrical shells
Gang-hui XU , Chang-sheng ZHU
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical Engineering,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.009
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以两端简支圆柱壳体为例,研究了考虑正、余弦模态成分影响的圆柱壳体动力响应中的模态参与问题,提出了根据模态参与因子的分布特征判定模态截断阶次的方法,采用正、余弦模态叠加得到了圆柱壳体在冲击激励及旋转行波激励作用下的动力响应,基于响应的收敛性验证了判定方法的可靠性。理论计算与有限元仿真结果表明,与圆柱壳体模态特性分析不同,在求解圆柱壳体动力响应时必须同时考虑正、余弦模态成分的影响;冲击激励作用下,圆柱壳体各阶正、余弦模态在响应中的参与程度与激振点和观测点的位置相关;旋转行波激励作用下,圆柱壳体各阶正、余弦模态在响应中的参与程度与激励的阶次和频率密切相关。

圆柱壳体  /  正余弦模态  /  模态参与  /  模态叠加  /  模态截断  /  动力响应

Considering the simply-supported cylindrical shells,the modal participation in dynamic responses is studied by considering the influence of sine and cosine modes,and a method for determining the order of modal truncation according to the distribution characteristics of modal participation factors is proposed. The dynamic responses of cylindrical shells under the impact excitation and rotating traveling wave excitation are obtained by the superposition of the sine and cosine modes,and the reliability of the determination method is verified by the convergence of responses. The results of theoretical calculations and finite element simulations show that the influence of sine and cosine modes must be considered simultaneously in calculation of the dynamic responses for cylindrical shells,which is different from the case of modal characteristics analysis. When cylindrical shells are subjected to impact excitation,the participation degree of each order sine and cosine modes is related to the location of the excitation point and observation point. When cylindrical shells are subjected to rotating traveling wave excitation,the participation degree of each order sine and cosine modes is closely related to the order and frequency of the excitation.

cylindrical shells  /  sine and cosine modes  /  modal participation  /  modal superposition  /  modal truncation  /  dynamic responses
徐港辉, 祝长生. 圆柱壳体动力响应中的模态参与问题研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (1) : 83 -94 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.009
Gang-hui XU, Chang-sheng ZHU. Study on modal participation in dynamic responses of cylindrical shells[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (1) : 83 -94 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.009
圆柱壳体作为常见的结构,广泛应用于机电、航空航天和航海等领域,如电机定子、航空发动机机匣、潜艇船体等。在复杂激励条件下,圆柱壳体容易产生振动噪声、疲劳损伤甚至故障失效。因此,开展圆柱壳体在不同激励作用下的动力响应分析具有重要的理论价值和工程意义。
作为圆柱壳体动力响应分析的基础,圆柱壳体自由振动分析是相关研究的一个热点。由于壳体振动的复杂性,在不同的假设下形成了诸多壳体理论1。然而圆柱壳体自由振动的解析解仅在少数边界条件(如两端简支)下可以相对容易地求得,而在其他边界条件下,由于圆柱壳体轴向振型函数较为复杂,其自由振动的解析解难以求得。为了突破边界条件的限制,基于不同的壳体理论,学者们在圆柱壳体轴向振型函数构建方面开展了诸多有效的尝试,如采用Chebyshev多项式2、波传播法3、Haar小波4、复数形式的势函数5、梁函数16及改进的傅里叶级数7等,为典型边界条件(自由、简支、固支)下圆柱壳体自由振动的准确分析开辟了路径。近年来,相关研究正朝着复杂边界条件方向发展7-9
在自由振动理论的基础上,圆柱壳体在不同激励下的动力响应分析也得到了不断的丰富。文献[10-11]以外部承受静水压力的简支圆柱壳体为对象,采用模态叠加法先后研究了壳体在分布冲击激励下的瞬态动力响应和在集中谐波激励下的稳态动力响应。Qu等12提出了区域分解法对圆柱壳体在集中谐波激励下的稳态响应及集中阶跃激励下的瞬态响应进行了研究。陈美霞等13采用波传播法研究了集中谐波激励作用下,含端板与不含端板的水中圆柱壳体的位移响应。王宇等14通过模态叠加法求解了固支-自由圆柱壳体在集中谐波激励下的稳态和瞬态响应,并将理论方法推广到典型边界条件下旋转圆柱壳体强迫振动响应的计算15。李榆银等16在辛空间采用波传播法分析了圆柱壳体在两端简支等边界条件下的强迫振动,得到了壳体在集中谐波激励下的稳态响应;Gao等17将该方法进一步推广到了各向正交异性圆柱壳体的振动分析。杨永宝等18与庞福振等19以弹性边界圆柱壳体为对象,分别采用模态叠加法与区域能量分解法研究了壳体在集中谐波激励下的稳态响应。近年来,复杂激励(如随机激励20、分布驻波激励21)下圆柱壳体的动力响应分析也逐渐引起了学者们的关注。
综合以上文献可知,圆柱壳体在典型边界条件下(自由、简支、固支)及典型激励(如集中谐波激励等)作用下的振动特性已有较为广泛且深入的研究;并且目前在进行壳体动力响应分析时,普遍采用了模态叠加的思想或方法。需要指出的是,由于圆柱壳体沿周向存在旋转周期性,其各阶弯曲模态均由频率相同、振型相似的正、余弦模态成分组成521-23。然而,诸多研究2-468-1113-141820在构建圆柱壳体轴向振型函数的同时,忽略了圆柱壳体周向振型的完整表达。虽然该问题对于壳体自由振动的分析影响有限,但其对于壳体在激励作用下的动力响应求解具有重要的影响。此外,在采用模态叠加法求解壳体动力响应时,需要进行模态截断,然而在已有研究中,各阶模态在响应中的参与程度缺乏直观的显现,模态截断阶次的选定基本依靠人为假设,缺少阶次判定的参考基准。
鉴于目前研究的不足,本文以两端简支圆柱壳体为例,通过正、余弦模态叠加求解了集中冲击激励与分布旋转行波激励下圆柱壳体的动力响应。在此过程中,对圆柱壳体动力响应中的模态参与问题开展了研究,根据模态参与因子的分布特征,为模态截断阶次的判定提供了参考基准;通过分析正、余弦模态对圆柱壳体动力响应的影响规律,验证了在圆柱壳体动力响应求解过程中同时考虑正、余弦模态成分的必要性。
图1为圆柱壳体结构示意图。圆柱壳体的基本结构参数有中性面半径r、厚度h及轴向长度l。本文以厚径比h/r小于0.2的薄圆柱壳体为研究对象。o-xθz为建立在壳体端面的柱坐标系,任意一点P处沿轴向x、切向θ及径向z方向上的位移分别用uvw表示。uvw既是空间坐标(xθ)的函数,也是时间坐标t的函数。
根据Reissner薄壳理论,可以建立以位移uvw为变量的圆柱壳体振动微分方程为122
式中  ρ为壳体材料的密度;为位移变量对坐标的偏微分算子;分别为壳体中性面上单位面积沿xθz方向所受的外载荷。
式(1)所示的圆柱壳体动力学模型是关于时空坐标的偏微分方程组,可以借助变量分离法5进行求解。设圆柱壳体第(mn)阶模态位移为:
式中  mn分别为壳体模态的轴向阶次和周向阶次;分别为壳体沿三个方向上的模态振型函数,与时间无关,表征了壳体不同位置的相对振幅;为待定时间项,且为壳体第(mn)阶模态角频率,为对应的模态频率。
两端简支圆柱壳体的模态振型函数可设为:
余弦模态:
正弦模态:
式中  为壳体第(mn)阶余弦模态振型的振幅;为壳体第(mn)阶正弦模态振型的振幅。
将式(3)与(4)分别与式(1)和(2)联立,并令外载荷为零,可以得到关于各阶余、正弦模态振型振幅的齐次线性方程组分别为:
式中 
分别为壳体材料的泊松比与弹性模量。
为使各阶模态振型的振幅有非零解,令式(5)和(6)的系数矩阵行列式为零,则得到:
式中
根据式(7)可知,圆柱壳体各阶正、余弦模态对应于相同的模态角频率。式(7)为的一元三次方程,每一阶次(mn)可解得三组模态角频率的解,其中最小值对应于壳体的径向弯曲模态。
将模态角频率代回式(5)和(6),可以确定两类模态振型各阶振幅之间的相对比值:
根据式(8)可知,圆柱壳体各阶正、余弦模态对应的振幅大小也是相同的。
线性条件下,根据模态叠加原理,结构的总响应等于各阶模态响应的叠加。对于圆柱壳体而言,各阶模态响应又由正、余弦模态响应叠加组成。联立式(8)与式(2)~(4),可得圆柱壳体各阶模态位移为:
式中  为待定的正、余弦模态参与因子22,又称为模态坐标,表征了各阶模态在响应中的参与程度;在此基础上,式(3)和(4)所示的各阶余、正弦模态振型函数表达式变换为:
为了方便表达,以下舍去标志(xθ),将振型函数简写为
圆柱壳体属于连续结构,具有无穷自由度,对应有无穷阶模态。而在两端简支边界条件下,通过模态分析可知圆柱壳体的轴向模态阶次,此时圆柱壳体总位移响应为:
将式(9)~(12)代入式(1),在式(1)各方程两端分别乘对应的模态振型函数,然后将方程组进行叠加,再沿壳体中性面进行积分,根据模态振型正交性条件22可得:
式中  ;当且仅当M=mN=n时,,其余情况下
将式(1)所示模型转换到模态坐标空间中,有:
式中  为人为引入的模态阻尼比22分别为正、余弦模态对应的模态激振力,且有:
式中  为模态质量,计算公式为;正、余弦模态对应的模态质量分别记为
式(14)和(15)与单自由度系统的振动方程相似,零初始条件下,根据Duhamel积分公式可以得到各阶模态参与因子的表达式为:
式中 
本文主要关注圆柱壳体的径向位移响应,联立式(17)与式(9)~(12),可得圆柱壳体观测位置处的径向位移响应为:
结构的响应与激励形式密切相关,现有文献对于圆柱壳体在集中冲击激励及分布旋转行波激励下的动力响应研究还不够充分,本节对圆柱壳体在这两类激励下的动力响应计算方法进行研究。
在圆柱壳体的模态试验中,经常采用锤击的方式施加激励。冲击力锤产生的激励是一种脉冲信号,理想的脉冲信号可以用Dirac 函数表示。以径向冲击激励下的圆柱壳体为例,此时壳体所受外载荷可表示为:
式中  为冲击激励的幅值,单位为N•s/m22分别为冲击激励作用的时间和位置。
将式(19)代入式(16),可得冲击激励下圆柱壳体对应的模态激振力为:
将式(20)代入式(17),此时模态参与因子的表达式为:
式中 
联立式(21)与式(10)~(11),可得冲击激励下圆柱壳体余、正弦模态对应的模态参与因子为:
从式(21)~(23)可以看出,冲击激励下壳体的正、余弦模态参与因子与激励的幅值及激振点位置密切相关。如对于正弦模态,当激振角度时,根据式(23)知正弦模态参与因子恒为0,此时将只有余弦模态参与壳体响应。
将式(22)和(23)代入式(18),可以计算径向冲击激励下圆柱壳体的径向位移响应。
电机定、转子气隙间的旋转电磁力波引起的定子结构(机壳、定子铁心等)的振动是电机振动噪声的重要来源,已有诸多研究采用圆柱壳体作为电机定子结构的分析模型24-25。根据旋转电磁力波的时空分布特征,考虑如图2所示的沿轴向均匀分布的单频旋转行波激励,此时壳体所受外载荷可表示为:
式中  分别为旋转行波激励的幅值、阶次、角频率和相位,激励幅值单位为Pa;图2中力波阶次为+2阶,即p=+2。
将式(24)代入式(16),可得旋转行波激励下圆柱壳体对应的模态激振力为:
此时模态激振力中的积分公式无法直接展开。
对于圆柱壳体的余弦模态,将式(10)代入式(25),可得:
根据三角函数积分性质有:
式中  k为自然数。
联立式(26)~(28)可知,当时,无论阶次n的大小,圆柱壳体余弦模态的模态参与因子均为0,表示对应的模态没有被激起;而当时,如果激励阶次p与模态阶次n不相等(即),则该阶模态的参与因子亦为0,此时只有阶次的模态才会被激起,基于此,式(26)变换为:
式中 
将式(29)代入式(14)中,此时式(14)类似于单自由度系统强迫振动方程,对应的模态参与因子存在瞬态和稳态两个部分,其中瞬态部分会受到阻尼的衰减作用而最终消失,而稳态部分满足:
式中 
类似地,对于圆柱壳体的正弦模态,将式(11)代入式(25),可得:
根据三角函数积分性质有:
可以看出,类似于壳体余弦模态,当时,圆柱壳体的正弦模态参与因子亦为0,对应的模态也没有被激起。而当时,只有阶次的模态才会被激起,此时式(31)变换为:
式中 
则正弦模态参与因子的稳态部分为:
式中 
从式(30)与(34)可以看出,旋转行波激励下,圆柱壳体正、余弦模态参与因子的稳态部分与激励的阶次及角频率密切相关。只有阶次的模态才会参与到壳体的稳态响应中,且当激励角频率与壳体模态角频率相等或接近时,该阶模态在壳体稳态响应中的参与程度将显著提升。
将式(30)与(34)代入式(18),可以计算旋转行波激励下圆柱壳体的径向位移响应。
本节将通过算例对圆柱壳体在径向冲击激励及旋转行波激励作用下的动力响应进行理论计算和分析,并与有限元仿真结果进行对比验证。算例中圆柱壳体的主要参数包括:内直径为227.5 mm,外直径为260 mm,密度ρ=7600 kg/m3,弹性模量E=195 GPa,泊松比μ=0.27,长度l=400 mm。
在计算圆柱壳体动力响应前需要先进行模态截断。考虑到模态参与因子反映了各阶模态在响应中的参与程度,拟通过分析圆柱壳体模态参与因子的分布特征为模态截断阶次的判定提供参考基准。此外,实际工程中圆柱壳体结构多为欠阻尼系统,因此本文算例中主要考虑了壳体小阻尼比的情况。
集中冲击激励下圆柱壳体的余、正弦模态参与因子计算公式如式(22)和(23)所示。以表1所示冲击激励为例,计算得到的圆柱壳体(1,2)阶余弦模态参与因子随时间的变化曲线如图3所示。
图3可知,冲击激励下圆柱壳体的模态参与因子是随时间逐渐衰减的。为了表征不同阶次模态参与因子的相对大小,选取模态参与因子包络曲线的最大幅值作为指标参数,则冲击激励下余、正弦模态参与因子对应的指标参数分别为:
由此可得表1冲击激励下圆柱壳体各阶余、正弦模态参与因子的相对分布,如图45所示。
根据图45可知:正、余弦模态参与因子的分布特征并不相同,算例中正弦模态参与因子幅值的平均水平相比余弦模态的更高;随着模态阶次(mn)的增加,正、余弦模态参与因子的幅值呈现明显的减小趋势,即高阶模态参与因子的幅值相对较小,表征着高阶模态在响应中的参与程度相对较低。从图45可以直观地看出,当阶次mn大于15时,正、余弦模态参与因子的幅值都比较小,因此可以将模态截断阶次设置在15阶附近。在此基础上,通过进一步比较15阶附近模态参与因子的相对大小,最终选定算例圆柱壳体余弦模态与正弦模态的截断阶次分别为(15,14)阶与(15,15)阶。
此外,从图45中还可以发现正、余弦模态的参与因子在某些阶次上存在交变为0的现象,呈现出规律性的变化。根据式(35)和(36)可得算例圆柱壳体在表1所示冲击激励下正、余弦模态参与因子为0的充要条件如表2所示(其中任意一个阶次满足即可)。
可以验证表2所示规律与图45所示现象完全吻合。在表2的基础上舍去参与因子为0的阶次,可以进一步减少模态叠加的阶数。而在计算响应之前,还需要确定仿真时间步长,因此需要先确定采样频率的大小。根据选定的模态截断阶次,通过理论计算得到了圆柱壳体m=1~15,n=0~15阶模态对应的模态频率分布,如图6所示。
图6中圆柱壳体(15,15)阶模态频率为85.8 kHz,根据采样定理可知,采样频率至少要大于被采信号最高频率的两倍,为进一步规避信号失真的风险,本文选取采样频率为500 kHz。在表1所示的激励条件下,本算例中取观测点位置,根据式(18)可以计算圆柱壳体在径向冲击激励下的动力响应。
首先以余弦模态响应为例(取式(18)前半部分),验证所选模态截断阶次的合理性。通过理论计算得到了截断阶次为(5,5),(15,14)及(20,20)阶时观测点处圆柱壳体余弦模态响应的时域对比图与频域对比图,分别如图78所示。
图7所示的时域图中可以看出,截断阶次过低将导致模态叠加后的响应难以准确表达实际响应的特征;而按本文方法选定的截断阶次基本实现了响应的收敛,与更高截断阶次的模态叠加响应之间差距很小。
图8为响应对应的频域图。其中在图8(a)中,黑色曲线对应于截断阶次为(5,5)阶时模态叠加所得的响应,可以看出其频率成分截止到(5,5)阶模态处,更高阶次的模态频率仅存在于红色曲线中(如(1,6)阶和(3,6)阶)。两条曲线在其余共振峰处基本是重合的,这表明各阶模态之间存在一定的相对独立性。此外,从图8(b)可以看出,截断阶次为(15,14)阶与(20,20)阶时的响应频域图也是基本重合的,进一步验证了本文模态截断方法与截断阶次的有效性。
图78中仅展示了余弦模态响应对应的特征,对于正弦模态响应(取式(18)后半部分)也有类似的特征。为了进一步揭示正、余弦模态响应之间的关系,通过理论计算得到了冲击激励下壳体正、余弦模态响应的时域对比与频域对比,如图9所示。
图9中可以看出,算例中圆柱壳体的余弦模态响应明显小于正弦模态响应,这与图45中正、余弦模态参与因子之间的相对关系是一致的。其中在图9(b)所示的频域图中还可以进一步看出算例中壳体的正、余弦模态响应在频率成分上存在差异,例如(1,3)阶模态频率仅存在于正弦模态响应中,而(1,0),(3,0)及(3,6)阶模态频率仅存在于余弦模态响应中,这与表2所示规律一致。
基于以上分析可知,冲击激励作用下圆柱壳体的正、余弦模态响应同时存在,且频率成分及幅值不完全相同,即正、余弦模态在总响应中的参与程度不完全一致,因此在求解壳体总响应时需要同时考虑。
根据2.2节的理论分析可知,旋转行波激励下圆柱壳体的振动属于强迫振动,本文主要关注响应的稳态部分。在计算响应之前,同样需要进行模态截断。
表3所示旋转行波激励为例,根据式(34)和(30)可知圆柱壳体(1,2)阶正、余弦模态参与因子随时间变化的趋势相同,其中余弦模态参与因子的时变图如图10所示。
图10中可以看出,旋转行波激励下圆柱壳体模态参与因子包络曲线的幅值恒定不变,因此可作为表征模态参与因子相对大小的指标参数,由此可知,此时正、余弦模态对应的指标参数可分别按式(34)中与式(30)中计算。
需要指出的是,根据式(27)与(32)可知,在表3所示旋转行波激励作用下,圆柱壳体各阶模态中只有阶次n=p=2的模态被激起,因此此时壳体的模态截断阶次只取决于阶次m。基于此,由式(30)与(34)可知,此时圆柱壳体正、余弦模态对应的参与因子指标参数是相等的,因此在本节后续分析中,将两种模态合并在一起进行讨论。
由式(34)与(30)可得表3所示激励下圆柱壳体正、余弦模态参与因子的分布,如图11所示。
图11中可以看出,当阶次m为偶数时,正、余弦模态参与因子等于0,这与式(28)的分析一致。此外,图11显示此时圆柱壳体(3,2)阶模态参与因子幅值最大,根据式(30)与(34)可知,激励频率与圆柱壳体模态频率之间的相对关系对圆柱壳体模态参与因子的幅值有重要影响;而理论计算得到圆柱壳体(1,2),(3,2)和(5,2)阶模态频率分别为1422,5143和8873 Hz,表3中的激励频率为5500 Hz,其与圆柱壳体(3,2)阶模态频率较为接近,因此这可能是导致圆柱壳体(3,2)阶模态参与因子幅值最大的原因。
为了进一步验证以上分析,参考圆柱壳体(15,2)阶频率大小(55.8 kHz),将激励频率设置在0.5~56 kHz(p不变),研究不同频率的旋转行波激励作用下壳体正、余弦模态参与因子的分布规律,结果如图12所示。图12中水平方向的各彩色实线对应于同一阶次m及不同的激励频率,表示的是壳体(m,2)阶模态参与因子随频率的变化关系,其中时曲线峰值约为,未完全展示。
图12中可以看出,当激振频率与圆柱壳体模态频率相等时,圆柱壳体该阶模态的参与因子幅值在局部达到峰值,而当激振频率与壳体模态频率差距变大时,该阶模态的参与因子幅值逐渐变小;这与图11所反映的规律是一致的,由此验证了前文分析的合理性。
图11中可以看出,当阶次m大于5时,正、余弦模态参与因子的幅值非常小(与m=5时存在数量级差距),由此可以将模态截断阶次设置在5阶。本算例中也取观测点位置
首先,验证所选截断阶次的合理性。通过理论计算得到了截断阶次分别为时观测点处壳体的时域响应(正、余弦模态叠加),结果如图13所示。图中对应的曲线为只考虑(3,2)阶模态时的响应。
图13可以看出,截断阶次时圆柱壳体的响应基本已实现收敛,验证了本文采用的模态截断方法的有效性。图13中各曲线均通过正、余弦模态叠加所得,为了进一步比较正、余弦模态响应之间的相对关系,以为正、余弦模态的截断阶次,分别计算了正、余弦模态叠加前后圆柱壳体的时域响应,结果如图14所示。
图14中可以看出,旋转行波激励下圆柱壳体的正、余弦模态响应也是同时存在的,虽然两种模态响应具有相同的频率,但是两者在幅值与相位上均存在差异,即此时正、余弦模态在总响应中的参与程度也不是完全一致的。因此在求解圆柱壳体总响应时必须同时考虑两种模态成分。
接下来,进一步分析激振频率变化时壳体响应的变化规律。以壳体的(3,2)阶频率5143 Hz为例,当激振频率在5143 Hz附近变化时,通过理论计算得到了圆柱壳体的时域响应如图15所示。
图15中黑色曲线对应于激振频率最接近壳体模态频率时的情况,虚线与实线分别对应于激振频率低于与高于壳体模态频率时的情况。从图15中可以看出,激振频率与圆柱壳体模态频率越接近,圆柱壳体的响应越强;当激振频率逐渐远离圆柱壳体模态频率时,圆柱壳体的响应水平不断下降。这与图12所反映的模态参与因子随激励频率的变化规律是相似的。
本节将采用有限元软件ANSYS的模态分析与瞬态动力学仿真对理论分析结果进行验证(采用六面体网格,划分了5535个实体单元)。首先,验证本文模态特性分析结果的有效性,理论计算与有限元法得到算例圆柱壳体前6阶模态频率(单位:Hz)如表4所示,表中相对误差是以有限元法结果为基准计算的。需要说明的是,同一阶次的正、余弦模态对应于相同的模态频率(如式(7)所示),表中没有重复展示。类似地,限于篇幅,仅给出(1,2)阶和(2,2)阶余弦模态对应的模态振型,分别如图16(a),(b)图16(c),(d)所示,其中图16(a),(c)为理论计算结果,图16(b),(d)为有限元法结果。
根据表4可知,理论计算得到的圆柱壳体模态频率与有限元法结果较为吻合,相对误差均在5%以内(该误差可能与壳体厚径比偏大相关),图16所示的模态振型结果也验证了理论计算的准确性。
在模态分析的基础上,通过理论计算与有限元法得到了冲击激励下圆柱壳体的瞬态动力响应,如图17所示。为了提升结果的可靠性与可信度,在验证过程中设置了两组激振点与观测点,如表5所示,激励的其余参数与表1相同。
图17(a)中蓝色、红色曲线与图9(b)中曲线是相同的。从图17(a),(b)可以看出,基于正、余弦模态叠加的理论计算结果与有限元仿真结果之间具备良好的一致性,而仅考虑正弦模态或余弦模态时不能得到完备的响应。例如图17(a)有限元仿真结果中同时包含(1,3)阶与(1,1)阶模态频率成分,而理论计算的余弦模态响应中只包含(1,1)阶频率,(1,3)阶频率成分只在正弦模态响应存在,因此只有两种模态叠加后的响应才能与有限元仿真结果相对应。
对比图17(a)与(b)可知,冲击激励的激振点和观测点对壳体响应中的频率成分具有影响,例如在图17(a)中,阶次的模态没有被激起,而在图17(b)中,壳体前6阶模态全部被激起。可以验证以上现象与2.1节的理论分析是相符的——根据式(9),(22)和(23)可以推断,在表5所示的激振点与观测点下,壳体第(mn)阶正、余弦模态叠加后的响应等于0的充要条件如表6所示(其中任意一个阶次满足即可)。
根据表6可知:对于第一组激振点/观测点,m为偶数阶时壳体正、余弦模态叠加后的响应为0,因此响应频域图中不会存在阶次m=2的模态频率成分,与图17(a)相对应;而对于第二组激振点/观测点,当且仅当m=10,20,…时,对应的正、余弦模态叠加响应等于0,因此响应频域图中包含阶次m=2的模态频率成分,与图17(b)相一致。综上所述,理论计算结果与有限元仿真结果具备良好的一致性,验证了理论分析的有效性。
本文以两端简支圆柱壳体为例,对圆柱壳体动力响应中的模态参与问题进行了研究。首先在壳体模态特性分析中同时考虑了正、余弦模态成分,然后根据模态参与因子的分布特征对模态截断阶次进行了判定,最后采用正、余弦模态叠加得到了壳体在冲击激励、旋转行波激励作用下的动力响应。研究方法对其他边界条件下圆柱壳体的动力响应分析也具有参考意义。通过理论计算和有限元仿真验证,本文得到的主要结论如下:
(1) 圆柱壳体的正、余弦模态对应于相同的模态频率和幅值相等的模态振型,在圆柱壳体的模态分析(自由振动)中,为了简便,可以只考虑其中一种。而对于圆柱壳体的动力响应而言,两种模态成分同时参与响应,并且各自在响应中的参与程度不一定相同,在计算圆柱壳体总响应时需要同时被考虑。
(2) 集中冲击激励作用下,圆柱壳体各阶正、余弦模态在响应中的参与程度与激振点和观测点的位置相关,不同位置的激振点和观测点下所得的圆柱壳体响应中,频率成分也有所不同。
(3) 分布旋转行波激励作用下,只有周向阶次与激励阶次相同的模态成分才会被激起,而被激起的模态在响应中的参与程度与激励频率和该阶模态频率之间的相对差距有关。例如当激励频率和该阶模态频率接近甚至相等时,该阶模态对应的响应水平会有显著的提升,即产生了共振现象。
由于边界条件主要影响圆柱壳体的轴向振型而非周向振型,可以验证上述结论对于其他边界条件下的圆柱壳体也是适用的。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51975516)
  • 重点基础研究项目(ZD-232-00)
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2024年第37卷第1期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.009
  • 接收时间:2022-04-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-08
  • 修回日期:2022-07-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51975516)
重点基础研究项目(ZD-232-00)
作者信息
    浙江大学电气工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027

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祝长生(1963―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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