Article(id=1228011506890113962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1647964800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-23, revisedDate=1655654400000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770710358592, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770710358592, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770710358592, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770710358592, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228011505698931621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770710358308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795378159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228011507104023469, articleId=1228011506890113962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Long-term tracking and variability analysis of modal parameters of a long-span cable-stayed bridge, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enrich the measured database of the modal parameters of the long-span cable-stayed bridge,based on the data collected by the structural health monitoring system of the Sutong Bridge,the modal parameters of the bridge during 2010 are obtained using the established automated modal identification and tracking method. On that basis,the variability of the modal parameters of the bridge with the changing temperature and wind speed is analyzed. Results show that the frequency of the bridge is controlled by both temperature and wind speed. The frequency decreases with the increased temperature and increases with the increased wind speed. The variability of the damping ratio of the main girder of the bridge is significantly greater than that of the frequency. The damping ratio of the first-order lateral bending modes of the main girder fluctuates between 0.5% and 15% at low wind speed interval. It gradually decreases and stabilizes at about 2% when the wind speed is greater than 9 m/s. The damping ratio of the first four vertical bending modes of the bridge is mainly affected by the aerodynamic damping. It increases slightly with the increase of wind speed at the low wind speed intervals. The obtained results can provide a reference for assessing the in-service performance and issuing operational management of the bridge.

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为了丰富大跨度斜拉桥模态参数的实测数据库,依托苏通大桥结构健康监测系统采集的数据,采用所建立的模态自动识别和追踪方法,获取了2010年期间该桥的模态参数值,并据此分析了在温度和风速作用下桥梁模态参数的变异性。研究结果表明,大桥主梁模态频率的变化受温度和风速共同影响,随着温度的升高而降低,随着风速的升高而增加。大桥主梁模态阻尼比的变异性显著大于模态频率,低风速下主梁一阶侧弯阻尼比在0.5%~15%之间波动,风速大于9 m/s时逐渐降低并稳定在2%左右。大桥主梁前四阶竖弯阻尼比受气动阻尼的影响较大,在风速较小时随着风速的增加略有增加。研究结果可为大桥的服役性能评估与运营管理提供参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王浩(1980―),男,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:
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茅建校(1990—),男,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师。E-mail:

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茅建校(1990—),男,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师。E-mail:

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China Civil Engineering Journal200942(4):100-106., articleTitle=Identification of modal parameters of bridges considering temperature and wind effects, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228042462107725848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, awardId=52108274, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52108274), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228042462200000543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, awardId=51978155, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978155), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228042453928833820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042453941416733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, companyId=1228042453928833820, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, 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caption=苏通大桥加速度计和风速仪布置图, figureFileSmall=j+HhDbSV/51OMgW+Wz4Yow==, figureFileBig=4ajcXi+btlphFYEg0NYotA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042459977020348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Layout of the sensors of the mid-span section of the grider of Sutong Bridge (Unit: m), figureFileSmall=riGWwaOntBq/Le+ggZ12Rw==, figureFileBig=Dsf9CFp1U41c4ftbr1L8VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042460098655170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=CN, label=图2, caption=苏通大桥主梁跨中传感器布置图(单位:m), figureFileSmall=riGWwaOntBq/Le+ggZ12Rw==, figureFileBig=Dsf9CFp1U41c4ftbr1L8VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042460253844426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The monitored temperature and wind speed of the mid-span section of the girder of Sutong Bridge, figureFileSmall=O//AYPWUhKikfqdDU9bkhQ==, figureFileBig=cV0jJ7YB8yJovpiNZ2qGPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042460337730513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=CN, label=图3, caption=苏通大桥主梁跨中实测温度和风速, figureFileSmall=O//AYPWUhKikfqdDU9bkhQ==, figureFileBig=cV0jJ7YB8yJovpiNZ2qGPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042460430005207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Relationship between acceleration RMS of girder and environmental factors, figureFileSmall=+6lFd69cgCq4vSvvE4V5Lw==, figureFileBig=Eg9GtaMfu0X0vLmGkeSSdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042460564222938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=CN, label=图4, caption=主梁加速度RMS与环境因素的关系, figureFileSmall=+6lFd69cgCq4vSvvE4V5Lw==, figureFileBig=Eg9GtaMfu0X0vLmGkeSSdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042460740383710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The modal frequencies tracking results of the girder of Sutong Bridge, figureFileSmall=XXvnZ2m9yI+rE4u12vNgBw==, figureFileBig=CcF0hLoqzam2zv6p2gAE9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042460841047012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=CN, label=图5, caption=苏通大桥主梁模态频率追踪结果, figureFileSmall=XXvnZ2m9yI+rE4u12vNgBw==, figureFileBig=CcF0hLoqzam2zv6p2gAE9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042460975264745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The modal damping ratios tracking results of the girder of Sutong Bridge, figureFileSmall=tepJThKp/9AEUT2C1AjMEQ==, figureFileBig=+vEw9zpTvgGeRKq+pkGxQQ==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1228011506890113962, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The variation of modal frequencies of the girder with the average wind speed, figureFileSmall=2d06eYt5bX7K758vkA832g==, figureFileBig=cBXdlNjB4p5aj68Oi9nQCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042461453415419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=CN, label=图8, caption=主梁模态频率随平均风速的变化, figureFileSmall=2d06eYt5bX7K758vkA832g==, figureFileBig=cBXdlNjB4p5aj68Oi9nQCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042461537301504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The variation of modal damping ratios of the girder with the average wind speed, figureFileSmall=op7xEkGhF/Kh0xkn6wDVKw==, figureFileBig=LSoWD03JAKc38MyDp6kcKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042461642158082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=CN, label=图9, caption=主梁模态阻尼比随平均风速的变化, figureFileSmall=op7xEkGhF/Kh0xkn6wDVKw==, figureFileBig=LSoWD03JAKc38MyDp6kcKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042461772181511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Statistics of the modal parameters identification results of Sutong Bridge

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态频率模态阻尼比模态振型记号
均值/HzCOV/%均值/%COV/%
0.10843.153.4265.18对称侧弯LS1
0.18490.310.8247.43对称竖弯VS1
0.21760.340.8054.10反对称竖弯VAS1
0.33360.712.2718.82对称竖弯VS2
0.38870.682.0127.93反对称竖弯VAS2
0.44710.581.1833.00对称竖弯VS3
0.52740.571.4531.19对称竖弯VS4
0.57180.521.1353.21扭转T1
0.62000.661.6525.52扭转T2
0.66411.042.0623.53对称竖弯VS5
), ArticleFig(id=1228042461906399245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506890113962, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

苏通大桥模态参数识别结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态频率模态阻尼比模态振型记号
均值/HzCOV/%均值/%COV/%
0.10843.153.4265.18对称侧弯LS1
0.18490.310.8247.43对称竖弯VS1
0.21760.340.8054.10反对称竖弯VAS1
0.33360.712.2718.82对称竖弯VS2
0.38870.682.0127.93反对称竖弯VAS2
0.44710.581.1833.00对称竖弯VS3
0.52740.571.4531.19对称竖弯VS4
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大跨度斜拉桥模态参数长期追踪及其变异性分析
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茅建校 , 桂桂 , 王浩 , 杨朝勇
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(1): 52-59
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(1): 52-59
大跨度斜拉桥模态参数长期追踪及其变异性分析
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茅建校 , 桂桂, 王浩 , 杨朝勇
作者信息
  • 东南大学混凝土及预应力混凝土结构教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 211189
  • 茅建校(1990—),男,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王浩(1980―),男,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:
Long-term tracking and variability analysis of modal parameters of a long-span cable-stayed bridge
Jian-xiao MAO , Gui GUI, Hao WANG , Chao-yong YANG
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Concrete and Pre-stressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, Southeast University,Nanjing 211189,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.006
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为了丰富大跨度斜拉桥模态参数的实测数据库,依托苏通大桥结构健康监测系统采集的数据,采用所建立的模态自动识别和追踪方法,获取了2010年期间该桥的模态参数值,并据此分析了在温度和风速作用下桥梁模态参数的变异性。研究结果表明,大桥主梁模态频率的变化受温度和风速共同影响,随着温度的升高而降低,随着风速的升高而增加。大桥主梁模态阻尼比的变异性显著大于模态频率,低风速下主梁一阶侧弯阻尼比在0.5%~15%之间波动,风速大于9 m/s时逐渐降低并稳定在2%左右。大桥主梁前四阶竖弯阻尼比受气动阻尼的影响较大,在风速较小时随着风速的增加略有增加。研究结果可为大桥的服役性能评估与运营管理提供参考。

大跨度斜拉桥  /  模态参数  /  结构健康监测  /  长期追踪  /  变异性

To enrich the measured database of the modal parameters of the long-span cable-stayed bridge,based on the data collected by the structural health monitoring system of the Sutong Bridge,the modal parameters of the bridge during 2010 are obtained using the established automated modal identification and tracking method. On that basis,the variability of the modal parameters of the bridge with the changing temperature and wind speed is analyzed. Results show that the frequency of the bridge is controlled by both temperature and wind speed. The frequency decreases with the increased temperature and increases with the increased wind speed. The variability of the damping ratio of the main girder of the bridge is significantly greater than that of the frequency. The damping ratio of the first-order lateral bending modes of the main girder fluctuates between 0.5% and 15% at low wind speed interval. It gradually decreases and stabilizes at about 2% when the wind speed is greater than 9 m/s. The damping ratio of the first four vertical bending modes of the bridge is mainly affected by the aerodynamic damping. It increases slightly with the increase of wind speed at the low wind speed intervals. The obtained results can provide a reference for assessing the in-service performance and issuing operational management of the bridge.

long span cable-stayed bridge  /  modal parameters  /  structural health monitoring  /  long-term tracking  /  variability
茅建校, 桂桂, 王浩, 杨朝勇. 大跨度斜拉桥模态参数长期追踪及其变异性分析. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (1) : 52 -59 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.006
Jian-xiao MAO, Gui GUI, Hao WANG, Chao-yong YANG. Long-term tracking and variability analysis of modal parameters of a long-span cable-stayed bridge[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (1) : 52 -59 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.006
大跨度斜拉桥是典型的柔性结构,风、车辆、温度等的长期作用将造成桥梁结构服役性能的持续退化1,从而降低其服役安全与可靠性。准确掌握频率、阻尼比等模态参数在桥梁全生命周期内的变化规律2-3,是大跨度斜拉桥梁运营维护的关键内容之一。例如,采用模态频率进行桥梁损伤识别和抗力退化规律分析,根据阻尼比评估桥梁结构的抗风安全性,根据频率、阻尼比和振型进行结构振动控制等。近年来,在已有时/频域方法的基础上逐步形成了以频域峰值自动提取和稳定图聚类分析为代表的两类模态参数自动识别技术4-7。同时,为准确追踪大跨度桥梁的时变模态参数,利用频率误差和振型相似准则等发展了一系列桥梁模态参数动态追踪方法8-10。总体而言,上述方法为大跨度桥梁模态参数的追踪识别提供了稳定可靠的方法。
大跨度桥梁的模态参数易受到温度、风、车辆等因素的影响,其识别值往往难以直接反映桥梁的真实服役状态。利用大跨度桥梁的现场监测数据,国内外学者已充分研究了温度影响下桥梁固有频率的演变规律9-13,关于风场特性对桥梁结构模态频率影响的研究也持续被报道14-16。值得注意的是,大跨度桥梁的动力特性与其结构形式、地形状况和环境条件等息息相关,不同桥梁所表现的模态参数的演变规律也可能存在差异,仍需要开展更多的实测分析以掌握更全面的规律。目前,针对大跨度桥梁开展阻尼识别及其演变规律的研究仍相对较少,桥梁实测阻尼比的公开参数较为匮乏,限制了研究人员对桥梁阻尼比形成机理的理解以及桥梁涡振预警和控制等工作的开展17
鉴于以上情况,本文以苏通大桥为研究对象,依托该桥结构健康监测系统(Structural Health Monitoring System,SHMS)积累的长期结构振动数据,识别和追踪了该桥2010年的模态频率和阻尼比,据此分析了温度和风速等实测环境因素对大桥模态参数的作用规律,以期为大桥的运营维护提供科学的数据参考。
苏通大桥主跨跨径为1088 m,2008年建成通车时为世界第一大跨度斜拉桥。大桥主梁采用扁平流线形钢箱梁,含风嘴全宽为41 m,苏通大桥索塔为倒Y形,总高为300.4 m,索塔主要由上塔柱、中塔柱、下塔柱和横梁组成。塔柱与横梁采用空心箱形截面设计。索塔与主梁间横桥向设置抗风支座,纵桥向安装具有限位功能的黏滞阻尼器,不设置竖向支座。辅助墩与过渡墩的墩顶采用单向滑动钢支座。大桥结构刚度低、自振周期长,对风荷载的作用较为敏感。为评估和预测各种灾害影响下的桥梁健康状态,保障其运营安全,该桥建立了较为全面的SHMS。该系统由4个子系统构成:传感器子系统、数据采集与传输子系统、数据管理与控制子系统和结构健康评估子系统。传感器子系统包括应变片、温度计、加速度计、全球定位系统(GPS)、风速仪等10余种传感器,可对运营过程中桥梁的荷载和响应进行监测。本文利用苏通大桥SHMS中加速度计、温度计和风速仪的监测数据开展研究,重点分析环境因素对桥梁模态参数的作用效应,所选用加速度计和风速仪的布置如图1所示。
图1所示,大桥主梁共安装了7组(共14个)双向加速度传感器,其中5组均匀分布于主梁跨中,剩余2组分别位于两边跨跨中,采样频率为20 Hz。大桥SHMS中包含4个超声风速仪,其中2个安装于桥塔顶端(MS2和MS6分别安装于北塔和南塔塔顶),2个安装于主梁跨中(MS4安装于上游侧,MS4'安装于下游侧),采用支架安装以降低主梁对风场的干扰效应,采样频率为1 Hz。风向监测时,地球北极方向为0°,正东方向为90°。为了分析结构温度场对桥梁静、动力特性的影响,选用如图2所示的大桥主梁跨中温度传感器(T01,T03,T06,T08,T11,T12,T15和T16)的监测数据开展后续分析,采样频率为10 Hz。
温度和风速是影响大桥服役性能的重要环境因素,图3为2010年苏通大桥主梁跨中截面结构温度和风速的实测值。由图3(a)可知,该年份内主梁温度介于‒15~55 ℃之间,年最大温差可达70 ℃,日最大温差可达40 ℃。大桥主梁跨中截面不同测点的温度变化趋势基本一致,即主梁跨中截面所有测点的平均温度可有效反映桥址区环境温度场的变化趋势,后续将采用该平均温度进行分析。图3(b)为大桥主梁跨中下游测点MS4'处的10 min平均风速值,监测时段内大桥主梁跨中平均风速均低于20 m/s,无强台风等特殊气候灾害发生。可以发现,服役期内苏通大桥的温度和风速变化显著,极易引起大桥线形和应力分布的变化,从而改变大桥的静、动力特性18
图4(a)给出了大桥主梁跨中竖向加速度均方根(Root Mean Square,RMS)随主梁跨中平均风速的变化图。当风速小于15 m/s时,大桥主梁加速度RMS与风速的相关性较弱,其值并未随着风速的增加而明显增加。如图4(b)为大桥主梁跨中竖向加速度RMS随主梁跨中平均温度的变化图。当温度小于20 ℃时,大桥主梁加速度RMS与温度的相关性较弱;当温度高于20 ℃时,加速度RMS与温度的相关性显著增加,其值随着温度的升高而显著增加。
随机子空间识别、自然激励技术等模态参数识别方法通常依赖稳定图法进行预分析,稳定图法通过分析相邻模型阶数对应的稳定点之间的模态距离(包括频率差值、振型相似度和阻尼比差值等),以剔除虚假模态等的干扰,从而获得准确的模态参数值。值得注意的是,由于阈值参数需根据经验和数据特点提前进行设定,稳定图法使用时需专业人员深度参与分析,易用性和自动化程度较低。为此,提出了一种大跨度桥梁模态参数自动识别方法7,该方法将模态验证标准向量(Modal Validation Criteria,MVC)作为每个模态点的特征向量,该特征向量包括频率差值、阻尼比差值、振型相关系数、模态相位共线性、模态相位偏差和模态传递范数。并结合主成分分析、k均值聚类算法和层次聚类方法等提取有效模态参数值,该方法的计算流程包括以下6个步骤:
(1)计算稳定图中每个点所对应的所有MVC值,并将获得的MVC值组成一个特征向量。
(2)根据预先设定模态距离的阈值初步滤除部分虚假模态点。
(3)对剩余模态点的高维特征向量进行主成分分析,提取第一阶主成分用于后续分析。
(4)以欧几里得二范数进行距离度量,采用k均值聚类算法将稳定图中的剩余模态分为两组,其中具有较大中心坐标值的一组被认为是虚假模态组,仅保留较小中心坐标值的组用于后续分析。
(5)根据层次树截断簇数和最终获取有效模态数量的关系7,确定层次树最优截断簇数n
(6)采用层次聚类方法将剩余的模态点分为n组,统计每一组模态点的数量,据此采用k均值聚类算法(k=2)将n组模态点分为两类,包含较少成分数量的一类被认为是虚假模态组,剩余若干组模态参数的均值和方差即为最终提取的有效参数。
模态参数的精准追踪是实现大跨度桥梁长期监测的另一关键内容,往往根据前后时刻所识别模态频率和振型的相似性进行模态追踪。但是,大跨度桥梁桥址区环境特征持续变化,使得其结构模态参数的变异性突出。本文在前述模态参数自动识别方法的基础上,引入高斯混合模型(Gaussian Mixture Model,GMM),通过线形叠加的高斯分布函数对模态样本进行拟合聚类,以进行模态参数基准列表的自动确定与更新,据此实现了桥梁模态参数的动态追踪10
根据苏通大桥主梁跨中10个双向加速度传感器(共计20个通道)记录的2010年加速度数据,采用上述方法识别并追踪了苏通大桥主梁前10阶模态参数。模态频率的追踪结果如图5所示,采用不同颜色区分不同阶的模态频率。模态阻尼比的追踪结果如图6所示。各阶模态频率和阻尼比的统计值如表1所示,其中,L代表lateral为侧向,S代表symmetry为对称,V代表vertical为竖向,T代表torsion为扭转,AS代表anti-symmetry为反对称。图6中模态阻尼比追踪结果第一行从左至右再过渡到第二行与表1中从上至下模态阶次依次对应。
表1可知,模态频率的变异系数(Coefficient Of Variation,COV)较小,其中第一阶侧弯频率的COV值最大,其值为3.15%;竖弯和扭转频率的COV总体呈现出随频率增加而增加的规律,一阶对称竖弯VS1的COV最小(为0.31%),第五阶对称竖弯VS5的COV最大(为1.04%)。此外,模态阻尼比的COV均显著大于模态频率,值得注意的是,阻尼比的COV呈现出低阶模态较大而高阶模态较小的规律。
在上述工作的基础上,结合苏通大桥SHMS记录2010年的温度、风速数据,详细分析了模态频率与环境因素(风速和温度)间的相关性,图7显示了苏通大桥主梁前10阶模态频率随温度的变化。
图7可知,大桥主梁各阶模态频率随着温度升高均呈现减小的趋势,减小速率随着温度的升高而逐步降低。具体地,当温度处于[-10 ℃,20 ℃]之间,模态频率的下降速率较快,温度低于0 ℃时模态频率的变化速率较为显著;当温度高于20 ℃时,模态频率随温度的变化速率趋于平缓。上述现象与Reynders等12的研究结果相似,他们也发现在低温区间内桥梁模态频率受温度的影响更为明显。由此可以推断,在低温区间内,大桥结构的整体刚度有较大幅度的增加,这可能与主梁、铺装层的材料特性相关。图7采用不同颜色标出了不同样本点对应的风速情况,可以发现大桥主梁前4阶模态频率(LS1,VS1,VAS1和VS2)的颜色分层较为明显。即同一温度状态下,风速较大的样本对应的频率值更大。随着模态阶数的增加,颜色分层现象逐步降低。
图8绘制了大桥主梁模态频率随桥址区平均风速的变化图,并采用不同颜色区分不同样本点的温度高低。对所有模态而言,均可以观察到明显的颜色分层现象(即同一风速情况下,温度较低的样本对应的频率值更高),这与图7中观察到的频率-温度现象一致。值得注意的是,对同一色带而言(对应于相近的温度),模态频率随着风速的增加而增加。其中,LS1随风速变化的趋势最为显著,当平均风速大于6 m/s时,模态频率随着风速的增加而显著增加;当平均风速小于6 m/s时,模态频率处于一个比较稳定的状态。据此可推断,随着风速的增加,静风荷载(包括阻力、升力和升力矩)逐渐增大,增强了缆索体系的应力刚化效应,从而造成主梁各阶模态频率的增加,其中主梁一阶侧弯的模态频率受影响程度最为显著。上述分析表明,温度和风荷载对桥梁的模态频率影响显著,采用高阶多项式等方法建立模态频率与环境因素间的关系模型,可以有效分离模态频率的环境作用效应。
桥梁的实测阻尼由气动阻尼和机械阻尼两部分组成。气动阻尼取决于风与桥梁之间的相互作用效应,随着风场的变化而变化,可以是正阻尼,也可以是负阻尼。从实测结果中减去气动阻尼即可得到机械阻尼。如Kareem等15所述,机械阻尼是对结构耗散振动能量、恢复静止状态能力的衡量。材料阻尼和界面阻尼是两种典型的机械阻尼,它们可以将振动能量转化为热量,从而控制结构振动。已有研究发现15-19,桥梁的实测阻尼比主要受结构振幅和风速的影响较大,与温度的相关性较弱,因而本文将详细分析桥址区风速和桥面振动水平对模态参数的影响。图9显示了苏通大桥主梁实测阻尼比随桥址区平均风速的变化,并采用不同颜色区分了不同样本点的振动强度,文中采用大桥主梁跨中竖向加速度RMS值表示桥面的振动强度。
图9所示,随着桥址区平均风速的增加,苏通大桥主梁各阶模态阻尼比均未呈现出明显的变化规律。对大桥第一阶侧弯模态LS1而言,当平均风速低于9 m/s时,阻尼比值在0.5%~15%之间波动,离散性较大;当平均风速大于9 m/s时,LS1的模态阻尼比逐渐降低并稳定在2%左右。类似地,Fujino16在开展日本Hakucho大桥(主跨跨径为720 m的悬索桥)通车前的动力特性测试时发现,当风速小于6 m/s时,该桥一阶竖弯模态(频率约为0.12 Hz)阻尼比较大且离散性显著;当风速大于8 m/s时,该阶模态阻尼比降低并稳定在2%左右。可以推断,塔梁连接处的抗风支座有效约束着主梁的横向振动,在低风速、小振幅情况下,抗风支座等静摩阻力提供了较滑动摩阻力更大的阻尼。
当平均风速低于9 m/s时,大桥的各阶竖弯模态阻尼比总体在1%~3%之间波动,总体离散性较LS1显著降低。可以发现,有少量阻尼比识别值处于4%~5%之间,这是外界激励条件变化导致识别误差增大引起的。当平均风速高于9 m/s时,VS1,VAS1和VS2的模态阻尼比随着风速的增加而小幅增加。桥梁体系阻尼比主要由气动阻尼和机械阻尼两部分组成。气动阻尼依赖于风与主梁的相互作用,可造成桥梁系统总阻尼的降低或增加;机械阻尼受桥梁振动强度的控制,当排除静摩阻力的影响后,机械阻尼随着振动幅值的增加而增加。当平均风速为9~18 m/s时,大桥主梁实测竖弯模态(VS1,VAS1和VS2)的阻尼比随着风速的增加略有增加。1.2节分析表明,由于受车辆、温度等多重因素共同作用,大桥主梁振动幅度与风速间的相关性较弱,即风速增加不会使得桥梁振动显著增加。此外,图9中并未有明显的颜色分层现象,即同一风速作用下加速度RMS对桥梁模态阻尼比的作用规律并不显著。因此,可以推断,当桥址区平均风速为9~18 m/s时,气动阻尼的增加是导致大桥主梁竖弯阻尼比增加的主要原因。
值得注意的是,上述分析结论仅限于小风速下的正常运营状态,并未涉及强/台风等特殊工况。后续研究需要积累更多的强/台风期间的数据,从而更准确地掌握风对大跨度斜拉桥阻尼比的影响规律。
(1)苏通大桥主梁模态参数追踪结果表明,大桥模态频率的变异性较小,竖弯和扭转频率的变异性随频率增加而增大;模态阻尼比的变异性显著大于模态频率,前三阶模态阻尼的变异系数最大,分别为65.18%,47.43%和54.10%。
(2)大桥主梁模态频率的变化受温度和风速共同控制。当温度处于-10~20 ℃之间时,模态频率的下降速率较快;当温度高于20 ℃时,模态频率随温度的变化率趋于平缓。模态频率随着风速的升高而增加,其中侧弯模态LS1受风速变化的影响最为显著。
(3)对大桥主梁一阶侧弯模态LS1而言,低风速情况下阻尼比值在0.5%~15%之间波动,当平均风速大于9 m/s时阻尼比值逐渐降低并稳定在2%左右,这可能与低风速、小振幅情况下塔梁连接处抗风支座提供了较大的静摩阻力有关。
(4)大桥主梁竖弯模态阻尼比受气动阻尼的影响较大,即随着风速的增加略有增加,但仅限于小风速下的正常运营状态。后续研究需要积累更多的强/台风期间的数据,从而准确地掌握风对大跨度斜拉桥阻尼比的影响规律。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52108274)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978155)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.006
  • 接收时间:2022-03-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-23
  • 修回日期:2022-06-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52108274)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978155)
作者信息
    东南大学混凝土及预应力混凝土结构教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 211189

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王浩(1980―),男,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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