Article(id=1228011509335388596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1648224000000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-26, revisedDate=1655827200000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770710359176, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770710359176, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770710359176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770710359176, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228011505698931621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770710358308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795378159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=20, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228011510350410185, articleId=1228011509335388596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Coupled dynamic model of multi-body system of floating offshore wind turbine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of offshore wind power in recent years,the floating offshore wind turbine is proposed to capture more abundant and lasting wind energy in the deep sea,which has become the main direction of wind energy development. Due to the special structures and complex environment,the accurate calculation and analysis of floating offshore wind turbines will be particularly important for a multi-body system. In this paper,the coupling dynamic model of a floating offshore wind turbine is deeply studied. The improved 14-DOF coupling dynamic model of spar floating offshore wind turbine under complex working conditions is established,including an aerodynamic model,hydrodynamic model and structural analysis model,which can accurately calculate its dynamic response and verified by numerical simulation. The main improvements are as follows: expanding its scope of application without using small approximation of the angle in the coordinate rotation matrix; considering the conversion relationship between angular velocity and Euler angular velocity,the motion equation of floating offshore wind turbine with wider application range and more accuracy is derived. Besides,considering the influence of fan blade torsion angle on blade deformation,the accurate in-plane and out-of-plane response of the blade is obtained. Meanwhile,the potential flow theory is used to calculate the hydrodynamic force in order to solve the limitations of the traditional Morison equation algorithm. The simulation analysis shows that the model proposed in this paper can calculate the dynamic response of floating offshore wind turbine system more accurately with wider applicability.

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海上浮式风机是近年来随着海上风电的快速发展,为了捕获深海更丰富、更持久的风能而提出的一种风力发电装置,已成为当今风能开发的主要方向。作为一种多体系统,由于海上浮式风机结构特殊,加上环境复杂,对其进行准确的计算和分析尤为重要。本文对海上浮式风机的耦合动力模型进行了研究,建立了复杂工况下Spar型海上浮式风机改进的14-DOF耦合动力模型,包括气动力模块、水动力模块和结构分析模块等,用于扩展其适用范围和准确计算风机的动力响应,并通过数值仿真对所建模型进行了分析和验证。主要的改进有:不对平台和塔架的转动角度作小量近似,扩展其适用范围;考虑角速度和欧拉角速度的换算关系,不作等化处理。此外,所建模型考虑风机叶片扭转角对叶片变形的影响,得到了较为准确的叶片面内外响应。同时采用线性势流理论对水动力进行计算,较之Morison方程适用性更广。仿真分析表明,本文所建模型可以更准确地计算海上浮式风机系统的动力响应,且具有更广的适用范围。

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李书进(1967—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。电话: (027)87651786; E-mail:

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李书进(1967—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。电话: (027)87651786; E-mail:

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李书进(1967—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。电话: (027)87651786; E-mail:

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Golden, Colorado,US: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2009: 7-18., articleTitle=Definition of a 5-MW reference wind turbine for offshore system development:NREL/TP-500-38060, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228042506970006186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011509335388596, awardId=52378313, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378313), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228042501647434345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011509335388596, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042501655822954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011509335388596, companyId=1228042501647434345, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China), 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Main parameters of OC3-Hywind Spar FOWT

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部位参数数值
总体额定功率/MW5
轮毂高度/m90
额定风速/(m∙s-111.4
额定转子转速/(r∙min-112.1
叶片质量/kg17740
长度/m61.5
阻尼比/%0.477465
机舱轮毂轮毂质量/kg56780
轮毂直径/m3
机舱质量/kg240000
机舱质心位置/m[1.9, 0, 1.75]
塔架质量/kg249718
高度/m77.6
阻尼比/%1
浮台质量/kg7466330
质心位置/m[0, 0, 89.9155]
横摇惯性矩(纵摇)/(kg∙m24229230000
艏摇惯性矩/(kg∙m2164230000
), ArticleFig(id=1228042506579935911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011509335388596, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

算例风机主要参数

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部位参数数值
总体额定功率/MW5
轮毂高度/m90
额定风速/(m∙s-111.4
额定转子转速/(r∙min-112.1
叶片质量/kg17740
长度/m61.5
阻尼比/%0.477465
机舱轮毂轮毂质量/kg56780
轮毂直径/m3
机舱质量/kg240000
机舱质心位置/m[1.9, 0, 1.75]
塔架质量/kg249718
高度/m77.6
阻尼比/%1
浮台质量/kg7466330
质心位置/m[0, 0, 89.9155]
横摇惯性矩(纵摇)/(kg∙m24229230000
艏摇惯性矩/(kg∙m2164230000
), ArticleFig(id=1228042506684793512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011509335388596, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparisons of natural frequencies of coupled model and OpenFAST

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自由度固有频率/Hz误差/%
所建耦合模型OpenFAST
平台横荡0.00830.00830.00
平台纵荡0.00830.00830.00
平台垂荡0.03170.03170.00
平台横摇0.03330.03330.00
平台纵摇0.03330.03330.00
平台艏摇0.12170.12170.00
塔架纵向振动0.46830.47170.73
塔架横向振动0.47000.47501.06
叶片面外振动(1st/2nd/3rd)0.7083/0.6800/0.67830.7066/0.6766/0.67660.24/0.50/0.25
叶片面内振动(1st/2nd/3rd)1.1466/1.0933/1.14661.1450/1.0916/1.14660.14/0.16/0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228042506768679593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011509335388596, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

所建耦合模型和OpenFAST固有频率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由度固有频率/Hz误差/%
所建耦合模型OpenFAST
平台横荡0.00830.00830.00
平台纵荡0.00830.00830.00
平台垂荡0.03170.03170.00
平台横摇0.03330.03330.00
平台纵摇0.03330.03330.00
平台艏摇0.12170.12170.00
塔架纵向振动0.46830.47170.73
塔架横向振动0.47000.47501.06
叶片面外振动(1st/2nd/3rd)0.7083/0.6800/0.67830.7066/0.6766/0.67660.24/0.50/0.25
叶片面内振动(1st/2nd/3rd)1.1466/1.0933/1.14661.1450/1.0916/1.14660.14/0.16/0.00
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海上浮式风机多体系统耦合动力模型研究
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李书进 1 , 郑达成 1 , 孔凡 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(1): 20-30
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(1): 20-30
海上浮式风机多体系统耦合动力模型研究
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李书进1 , 郑达成1, 孔凡2
作者信息
  • 1武汉理工大学土木工程与建筑学院, 湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2合肥工业大学土木与水利工程学院, 安徽 合肥 230009
  • 李书进(1967—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。电话: (027)87651786; E-mail:

Coupled dynamic model of multi-body system of floating offshore wind turbine
Shu-jin LI1 , Da-cheng ZHENG1, Fan KONG2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.003
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海上浮式风机是近年来随着海上风电的快速发展,为了捕获深海更丰富、更持久的风能而提出的一种风力发电装置,已成为当今风能开发的主要方向。作为一种多体系统,由于海上浮式风机结构特殊,加上环境复杂,对其进行准确的计算和分析尤为重要。本文对海上浮式风机的耦合动力模型进行了研究,建立了复杂工况下Spar型海上浮式风机改进的14-DOF耦合动力模型,包括气动力模块、水动力模块和结构分析模块等,用于扩展其适用范围和准确计算风机的动力响应,并通过数值仿真对所建模型进行了分析和验证。主要的改进有:不对平台和塔架的转动角度作小量近似,扩展其适用范围;考虑角速度和欧拉角速度的换算关系,不作等化处理。此外,所建模型考虑风机叶片扭转角对叶片变形的影响,得到了较为准确的叶片面内外响应。同时采用线性势流理论对水动力进行计算,较之Morison方程适用性更广。仿真分析表明,本文所建模型可以更准确地计算海上浮式风机系统的动力响应,且具有更广的适用范围。

海上浮式风机  /  多体系统  /  气动力分析  /  水动力分析  /  耦合模型

With the rapid development of offshore wind power in recent years,the floating offshore wind turbine is proposed to capture more abundant and lasting wind energy in the deep sea,which has become the main direction of wind energy development. Due to the special structures and complex environment,the accurate calculation and analysis of floating offshore wind turbines will be particularly important for a multi-body system. In this paper,the coupling dynamic model of a floating offshore wind turbine is deeply studied. The improved 14-DOF coupling dynamic model of spar floating offshore wind turbine under complex working conditions is established,including an aerodynamic model,hydrodynamic model and structural analysis model,which can accurately calculate its dynamic response and verified by numerical simulation. The main improvements are as follows: expanding its scope of application without using small approximation of the angle in the coordinate rotation matrix; considering the conversion relationship between angular velocity and Euler angular velocity,the motion equation of floating offshore wind turbine with wider application range and more accuracy is derived. Besides,considering the influence of fan blade torsion angle on blade deformation,the accurate in-plane and out-of-plane response of the blade is obtained. Meanwhile,the potential flow theory is used to calculate the hydrodynamic force in order to solve the limitations of the traditional Morison equation algorithm. The simulation analysis shows that the model proposed in this paper can calculate the dynamic response of floating offshore wind turbine system more accurately with wider applicability.

floating offshore wind turbine  /  multi-body system  /  aerodynamic analysis  /  hydrodynamic analysis  /  coupled model
李书进, 郑达成, 孔凡. 海上浮式风机多体系统耦合动力模型研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (1) : 20 -30 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.003
Shu-jin LI, Da-cheng ZHENG, Fan KONG. Coupled dynamic model of multi-body system of floating offshore wind turbine[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (1) : 20 -30 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.003
风能作为一种清洁的可再生能源,近年来日益受到世界各国的重视,在中国的能源战略中也占有重要地位。风能蕴量巨大,积极开发和利用风力发电对改善能源结构和环境有重要意义,是解决中国环境污染和保障中国电力安全的重要途径之一。深海风电相较于陆上风电和近海风电有着风力资源丰富、风速大以及适合大规模开发等优势,已经成为当今风能开发的主要方向1
随着水深的增加,原有传统固定式风机由于在建造难度和费用上的急剧加大而不再适用,海上浮式风机应运而生。与固定式风机不同,海上浮式风机因为所处工作位置以及浮台、锚泊系统等特殊部件的存在,整体结构和受荷环境更为复杂,成为复杂的多体系统,在风、浪、流等多种环境荷载作用下,结构各个部分相互耦合、相互影响,具有相对复杂的动力运动,计算与仿真也更加困难2-3。为保证浮式风机安全、经济、可靠地运行,对多环境荷载作用下漂浮于海上的风机动力耦合模型进行研究,准确计算其系统响应十分有必要,对于海上浮式风机的应用和发展也具有极其重要的价值和意义。
目前,海上浮式风机根据不同海域环境条件发展出了多种结构形式,主要有单浮立柱式(Spar型)、张力腿式(TLP型)、驳船式(Barge型)和半潜式(Semi-Sub型)等4,对其研究最为突出的是美国国家可再生能源实验室(NREL)。其中,以Jonkman为代表的NREL研究人员针对海上浮式风机进行了大量深入的理论研究5,并开发了名为OpenFAST的风机仿真分析软件。该软件包含了空气动力学分析、流体动力学分析以及结构分析等多个计算模块,功能强、准确度高,在世界各地得到广泛应用6
此外,为便于对浮式风机进行更深入的分析和拓展,不少学者根据自身的研究内容和目的对浮式风机模型进行了或简化或深入的探究,建立了多层次、多用途的计算模型。如Stewart等7基于牛顿第一定律为不同类型的浮式风机建立了3-DOF动力学模型,用于风机振动控制的研究;Si等8基于达朗贝尔原理建立了Spar型浮式风机的5-DOF动力学模型,用于对其振动被动控制的设计;He等9基于欧拉-拉格朗日方程也建立了Spar型浮式风机5-DOF动力学模型,同样用于风机的振动控制。但由于自由度的简化,上述模型的部分参数需要利用LM算法进行拟合,所得出的系统响应有较大的限制。为更精准地描述浮式风机响应,Jahangiri等10基于拉格朗日方程建立了Spar型浮式风机的13-DOF模型,Yang等11则建立了Spar型浮式风机的14-DOF模型,两者较之前考虑了平台、塔架和叶片之间的耦合动力特性,可以更加精准地分析系统响应。不过在这些模型中,由于认为风机在工作期间平台和塔架转动角度不大,为简化计算,建模时对平台和塔架的转动角度作了小量的假定。比如OpenFAST就限定了平台和塔架的转动角度在±0.2618 rad(即±15°)之间,超过即报错误信息。但这样假定会导致变换矩阵不再正交,因此在OpenFAST中又利用奇异值分解对其进行了正交化处理。并且在角度小量假定后,模型中的角速度与欧拉角速度会等化,忽略了两者间的变换关系。这些处理对于纵、横向尺寸较大的浮式风机,或者有较大的环境激励时,往往会产生较大的计算误差,导致结果不够准确,甚至难以收敛。此外,上述模型还对叶片变形进行了简化,假设叶片的摆振向和挥舞向振动为面外和面内振动,忽略了叶片自身扭转角的影响,与实际的模态振型有一定出入,得到的叶片变形与实际值偏差也较大。我们的研究表明,上述处理对于浮式风机常态运行时的分析具有足够的精度,但对于非常态情形,比如较大幅度的风浪激励,或者对风机进行振动控制、疲劳和可靠性分析时就会带来一定的误差,难以适用。
海上浮式风机一般由风机、塔架、浮式基础和系泊系统等四部分构成,是一个复杂的多体系统,本节建立14-DOF的Spar型海上浮式风机全耦合动力模型,包括气动力、水动力和结构动力三个模块,并作部分改进。同样,先对该模型进行一定的介绍和简化:
(1)假设平台、机舱和轮毂为刚体;塔架、叶片为弹性悬臂梁,忽略它们的轴向变形;系泊系统采用准静态法分析,即忽略系泊阻尼和惯性作用的影响。
(2)不考虑传动系和发电机的影响,转子以恒定速度旋转,这些部件的重量集成到机舱质量中。假设转子的转速为,则第个叶片的方位角可表示为12
(3)外部激励仅考虑气动力、水动力以及静水荷载,忽略结冰、海流、尾迹湍流和闪电的影响。气动力由入流风与叶片的相对运动产生,不考虑风对塔架的影响;水动力由平台和流体的相对运动产生;静水荷载包括浮力和静水回复力。
根据以上假定,将Spar型海上浮式风机简化为图1所示的14-DOF耦合模型。其中,q1q2q3分别对应平台的横荡、纵荡、垂荡、横摇、纵摇和艏摇;分别对应塔架的纵向和横向振动;分别对应三个叶片的摆振向振动;q12分别对应三个叶片的挥舞向振动。
为描述Spar型海上浮式风机系统的运动,建立如图2所示的坐标系,先在局部坐标系定义各部件属性,然后再返回惯性坐标系建立运动方程。图中为惯性坐标系,用于定义平台六自由度;局部坐标系包括平台/塔基坐标系,用于定义塔架振动自由度;倾轴坐标系为;塔顶/机舱坐标系为;叶片方位角坐标系为;轮毂坐标系为;叶偏角坐标系为;用于定义叶片振动自由度的叶片坐标系为
当参考坐标系依次绕轴转动欧拉角,变换后的坐标系可表示为:
式中  R为坐标旋转矩阵。
为简化计算,考虑风机在常态运行时其平台和塔架的转动角度不大,以往模型基本上通过假定风机的转动角度为小量来对方程进行简化处理以提高计算效率,这样就有或0,等。不过这样简化会导致旋转矩阵R不再正交,需要另对其进行正交化处理。而且在建立运动方程的过程中,计算动能所需的角速度与欧拉角速度存在一定的换算关系,即13
式中  ω为角速度;为欧拉角速度到角速度的变换矩阵。但角度小量假定后变换矩阵成为单位阵,即将角速度和欧拉角速度作等化处理会给部分结果带来一定的误差。
为解决小量假定产生的问题,本文将不对模型中的角度进行小量近似,而采用严格的旋转矩阵和变换矩阵描述海上浮式风机复杂多体系统的运动,同时考虑角速度和欧拉角速度的换算关系,对浮式风机的响应进行精准描述。
利用欧拉-拉格朗日方程推导Spar型海上浮式风机运动方程:
式中  为系统动能;为系统势能;为广义坐标;对时间求导;分别为对应的气动力、静水荷载、水动力和系泊荷载;为系统结构阻尼。
系统动能由平台、塔架、机舱、轮毂和叶片的平动动能,以及平台、机舱、发电机和轮毂的转动动能组成。速度矢量为位置矢量对时间的导数,即
为了得到精确的叶片面内外变形,本文考虑叶片自身扭转角对叶片变形的影响,这样第叶片的位置矢量为:
式中
式中  分别为平台转角、塔架转角、倾轴转角、叶片方位角和叶片预弯角的旋转坐标矩阵;为矩阵转置;分别为沿塔架高度纵向和侧向的振动位移;分别为塔架纵向和横向第一阶振型;分别为塔架发生纵向和横向振动时,塔架上部结构产生的额外转动;分别为静水面至塔基高度、塔架高度、倾轴高度、倾轴至轮毂中心距离和轮毂半径;分别为沿叶片半径面外和面内的振动位移;分别为叶片摆振向和挥舞向第一阶振型;为考虑叶片扭转角后叶片的面外振型;为考虑叶片扭转角后叶片的面内振型;为叶片扭转角;分别为塔架和叶片相对塔底和叶片根部的轴向挠度。
轮毂角速度矢量为:
式中  分别为平台和塔架的欧拉角速度到角速度的变换矩阵。
这样,系统动能可以表示为:
式中  分别为平台、机舱和轮毂的质量;分别为塔架和叶片的分布质量;分别为平台、机舱、发电机和轮毂的转动惯量;分别为平台、塔架、机舱、轮毂和叶片的速度矢量;分别为平台、机舱、发电机和轮毂的角速度矢量;rb为叶片半径。
限于篇幅,文中只推导了叶片的速度矢量(式(6))和轮毂的角速度矢量(式(14)),其他矢量可类似推导出。
系统势能由应变势能和重力势能组成,可分别表示为14
式中  分别为塔架分布抗侧刚度、叶片摆振向和挥舞向的分布刚度;为平台、塔架、机舱、轮毂和叶片在惯性坐标系中的分量;表示叶片沿叶片半径的分布函数;分别为平台、塔架、机舱和轮毂的位置矢量,具体求解类似式(6)。
塔架沿纵向阻尼和沿侧向阻尼,以及叶片面外阻尼和面内阻尼分别为:
式中  为塔架阻尼比;为叶片阻尼比。
将公式(5)~(20)所得的系统动、势能等参数代入公式(4),即得到改进后的14-DOF Spar型海上浮式风机全耦合动力模型。
系泊系统采用Jonkman15提出的准静态法进行计算。假设系泊在任意时刻都处于静态平衡,利用悬链线方程得出各个时刻系泊各位置的张力,具体推导过程可参考文献[15-16]。该方法考虑了系泊系统的非线性,忽略了系泊阻尼和惯性的影响,计算表明这样处理对系统响应影响很小,满足本文要求1517。不过,为了简化系泊与平台之间的三角连接,需额外增加平台偏航刚度
Spar型海上浮式风机所受的静水荷载可表示为:
式中  为海水密度;为重力加速度;为平台静止时的排水量;为克罗内克函数;为线性静水回复矩阵,表征触水面积和浮心位置变化的影响。
对于与入射波波长相比尺度较小的Spar型浮式平台,波浪荷载以拖拽力和惯性力为主,大多数的研究都是采用Morison方程18来计算,不过该方法没有给出竖向波浪力的计算公式,尽管后来Dinh等18和Jahangiri等10对其进行改进,给出了竖向波浪力的计算方法,但对于浮式平台垂荡方向的响应计算还是有一定误差。这里与OpenFAST类似,将Jonkman15提出的线性势流理论和Morison方程相结合来计算本模型的水动力,其中,利用势流理论计算绕射力和辐射力,利用Morison方程计算黏性阻力,则水动力可表示为:
式中
由下式乘以绕射力传递函数得到。
为黏性阻力,可对分布黏性阻力积分得到。
式中  为附加质量矩阵;为波浪绕射力;为服从线性波理论的浪高时程,可利用谱表现法19对随机波浪进行数值模拟;为单侧波浪功率谱,可采用JONSWAP谱;间分布的独立随机相位角;为波数;为浪向角;为绕射力传递函数;式(22)倒数第二项为辐射力,表征水动力的附加质量和阻尼;表示由方向的单位速度引起的方向的水动力;为黏性阻力;为水平阻力系数,为平台直径;为流体速度;为平台高度处的速度。
不过Jonkman20指出上述计算不能较好地概括平台的水动力阻尼,因此给出了额外的线性阻尼
采用叶素动量理论11计算叶片气动力。根据二维空气动力学,叶素段速度及作用力如图3所示。图中为入流角;为入流风与叶片的相对速度;分别为轴向和切向诱导因子;为攻角;为桨距角;为叶片扭转角;c为叶片弦长;分别为叶片升力和阻力;分别为叶片法向力和切向力,其中切向力的方向与y轴相反。
根据图3可知:
轴向诱导因子和切向诱导因子可分别表示为:
式中  为叶素段半径;为叶片数;为叶素段弦长;分别为升力系数和阻力系数;为叶尖损失因子和轮毂损失因子的乘积,即:
Buhl21对该模型进行了修正,提出当轴向诱导因子时,推力系数及轴向诱导因子要改写成:
叶素段法向力和切向力的表达式分别为:
本文以文献[20]中NREL给出的OC3-Hywind Spar型浮式平台搭载5 MW基准风力发电机为研究对象,对建立的耦合动力模型进行数值分析,并与OpenFAST计算结果进行对比,验证所建模型的准确性。平台和风机的主要参数如表1所示,详细参数见文献[2022]。
通过所建模型计算分析对象在静水无风时各方向的自由振动,可得系统各自由度的固有频率见表2,并与OpenFAST结果进行比较。可以看出两者几乎一致,表明本文所建耦合模型可以准确表征浮式风机的动力特性。
选取风机在静水无风、转子转速=0、初始位移条件下的自由振动进行计算并与OpenFAST结果进行对比分析。结果表明,两者除少量方向略有差别外(下节讨论),其他绝大部分都吻合得非常好,部分对比见图4,验证了小角度下所建模型的准确性。
为验证本模型水动力模块的准确性,对耦合模型仅在周期为8.1 s、波高为2.44 m的规则波作用下的动力反应进行计算,通过与OpenFAST结果对比发现各方向响应吻合良好,验证了本模块的准确性。图5列出了部分对比结果,可以看出结果基本一致。另外,为探讨本模型水动力模块与传统Morison方程的异同,图中同时给出了采用Morison方程的计算结果。对比发现,采用了线性势流理论的本模型计算结果与OpenFAST结果非常吻合,而利用Morison方程的计算结果则在平台垂荡方向与OpenFAST结果有较大的误差(见图5(b)),其他响应基本吻合,表明了Morison方程的局限性。
对耦合模型仅在转子转速、轮毂高度处风速、幂律指数的定常风作用下的动力反应进行计算,通过与OpenFAST结果对比发现各方向响应吻合良好,部分对比见图6,验证了本模型气动力模块的准确性。
给风机同时加以定常风(转子转速、轮毂高度处风速、幂律指数)和规则波(周期、波高)作用,探讨浮式风机在风浪联合作用下的反应。计算并通过与OpenFAST结果对比表明,采用本文各模块能得到浮式风机在风浪联合作用下的准确反应,特别是在叶片变形对响应影响的处理方面。
图7列出了部分响应在三种计算方式下的时程对比,包括考虑叶片自身扭转角影响的本文模型、OpenFAST以及忽略叶片自身扭转角的影响,假定叶片的摆振向和挥舞向振动为面外和面内振动的耦合模型。对比发现,忽略叶片扭转角对叶片变形的影响会对叶片面内振动造成非常大的误差(见图7(f));而考虑叶片自身扭转角影响后,系统各个响应与OpenFAST结果基本吻合,可见叶片扭转角对叶片变形的影响不可忽视,同时也反映了本模型的准确性。
图8为所建模型计算得到的风机在平台纵摇角度分别为5°,10°,15°和20°时的部分方向自由振动响应时程及与OpenFAST结果的计算对比,由于OpenFAST限定了计算最大允许角度在±0.2618 rad(即±15°)之间,图中只给出了5°,10°及15°的结果。可以看出,在小角度比如5°时,所建模型的计算结果与OpenFAST结果几乎完全吻合;但随着平台转角的增大,所建模型与OpenFAST结果开始出现误差,且误差随着角度的增大有逐渐变大的趋势(见局部放大图)。表明角度的小量假定会对风机计算结果带来影响,尽管误差在可接受范围内;同时也说明本文所建模型不仅适用于小角度情况,也能对大转角情况进行计算,具有更广的应用范围。
另外,在图4所示的模型各体系自由振动响应对比中可以发现,大多数计算结果与OpenFAST给出的结果吻合,如平台的横荡、纵荡、垂荡以及横摇和纵摇等,但也有部分存在或多或少的差异,比如模型塔架的振动虽然与OpenFAST基本吻合,但存有少许的频率差,见图4(d);同样,如图4(c)所示,模型平台的艏摇与OpenFAST相比振幅相差不大,但振动频率存在较大的误差,达到14.1%。分析发现,造成这种现象的主要原因是OpenFAST利用角度小量近似简化了平台转角和塔架转角的坐标转换,以及直接将角速度矢量当作欧拉角速度,没有考虑两者间的转换关系。特别是当平台横摇和纵摇的角度稍大一点时,上述简化会对平台的艏摇产生影响,出现一定的误差,这一点从图9中更能清楚地看到。
图9为风机在不同初始条件下进行自由振动,计算得到的平台艏摇响应时程。可以清楚地看到,当在平台横摇方向转角为5°、其他初始为0(见图9(a))时,和平台纵摇方向转角为5°、其他初始为0(见图9(b))时,模型与OpenFAST计算得到的平台艏摇响应相差较大,而仅当在平台艏摇方向转角为5°、其他初始为0(见图9(c))时,两者结果完全吻合。表明用OpenFAST计算时平台的横摇和纵摇会影响艏摇的振幅和频率精度,由于多体系统的耦合特性,进而对叶片响应造成影响,带来一定误差,特别是叶片的面外振动(见图4(e))。这些误差在通常情况下对浮式风机计算的影响不大,但在某些特殊情况,比如利用变桨距方法对风机的振动进行抑制时就会带来较大的影响,不容忽视。
对海上浮式风机多体系统的耦合动力模型进行了深入研究,建立了复杂工况下Spar型海上浮式风机改进的14-DOF耦合动力模型,包括气动力模块、水动力模块和结构分析模块等,用于准确计算其动力响应,得到的主要结论有:
(1)不对坐标旋转矩阵中的角度进行小量近似,同时考虑角速度和欧拉角速度的换算关系,导出了应用范围更广且更为精准的海上浮式风机复杂多体系统的运动方程;
(2)角度的小量假定会使平台的横摇和纵摇对平台的艏摇产生影响,进而对叶片面外振动带来较大误差;
(3)忽略叶片扭转角对叶片变形的影响会对叶片面内振动造成非常大的误差,本模型考虑风机叶片扭转角对叶片变形的影响,得到了准确的叶片面内外响应;
(4)数值仿真分析表明,本文模型可以更准确地计算系统的动力响应,适用性更广。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378313)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.003
  • 接收时间:2022-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-03-26
  • 修回日期:2022-06-22
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378313)
作者信息
    1武汉理工大学土木工程与建筑学院, 湖北 武汉 430070
    2合肥工业大学土木与水利工程学院, 安徽 合肥 230009
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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