Article(id=1227591815524709106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698681600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-31, revisedDate=1702224000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610296373, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610296373, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610296373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610296373, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591806980915649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='9', pageStart='1935', pageEnd='2204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610294337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610356968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2044, endPage=2051, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591816015442689, articleId=1227591815524709106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Load adaptive sliding mode control of electromagnetic quasi-zero-stiffness isolators, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) isolators have excellent vibration isolation performance in the low-frequency range. However, in complex excitation environments, such as load mismatch condition, vibration isolation performance and corresponding stability deteriorate. To improve the vibration isolation performance of electromagnetic zero-stiffness isolators (E-QZS) and reduce the sensitivity to load, a load adaptive sliding mode control method of E-QZS is proposed. The theoretical model of an electromagnetic zero-stiffness isolator is established and a sliding mode control is designed. The range of gain coefficients for stable operation is determined using Lyapunov’s theorem. Additionally, we have devised a load-adaptive control law and conducted a corresponding stability analysis. Through simulation and experimental research, the results demonstrate that setting appropriate gains can enhance vibration isolation performance by 90%. Furthermore, the introduction of a load-adaptive sliding mode controller effectively reduces the impact of sudden load changes on isolation performance, thereby improving the robustness of the isolation system.

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准零刚度(quasi-zero-stiffness, QZS)隔振器可实现低频隔振性能。但其在诸如负载失配等复杂的激励环境下,隔振性能和稳定性会变差。为提高电磁准零刚度(electromagnetic-QZS,E-QZS)隔振器的隔振性能,降低其对负载突变的敏感度,提出了E-QZS的负载自适应滑模控制(load adaptive sliding mode control,LASMC)方法。建立了电磁准零刚度隔振器的理论模型,设计了滑模控制器(sliding mode control, SMC),利用李雅普诺夫定理确定了稳定情况下增益系数的范围。设计了负载自适应控制律并进行稳定性分析。开展了仿真和试验研究,结果表明:合适的增益可提升90%的隔振性能;负载自适应滑模控制器的引入可有效降低载荷突变对隔振性能的影响,从而提升隔振器隔振性能的鲁棒性。

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马洪业(1994—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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马原卉(1999—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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马原卉(1999—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1227653072931979977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591815524709106, language=CN, label=图11, caption=LASMC控制下E-QZS隔振器载荷突变前后的位移响应和控制电压, figureFileSmall=bKBmGXyzVcQosADyhMaByA==, figureFileBig=zY8ti8EYWx1cT2uTSgbqdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653073192026838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591815524709106, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Parameters of the E-QZS vibration isolator

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参数数值
弹簧刚度k11/(N·m−1)1915
阻尼系数c/(N·s·m−1)1
线性刚度k12/(N·m−1)−775
非线性刚度k3/(N·m−3)−1.75×106
额定质量m/kg0.5
非额定质量m0/kg0.6
机电耦合系数Ce/(N·A−1)8
电阻R89
电感L/H0.0091
激励幅值Y0/mm1
线圈匝数N/圈1000
导线直径d/mm0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1227653073334633183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591815524709106, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

E-QZS隔振器的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
弹簧刚度k11/(N·m−1)1915
阻尼系数c/(N·s·m−1)1
线性刚度k12/(N·m−1)−775
非线性刚度k3/(N·m−3)−1.75×106
额定质量m/kg0.5
非额定质量m0/kg0.6
机电耦合系数Ce/(N·A−1)8
电阻R89
电感L/H0.0091
激励幅值Y0/mm1
线圈匝数N/圈1000
导线直径d/mm0.5
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电磁准零刚度隔振器的负载自适应滑模控制研究
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马原卉 , 凌鹏 , 赵杰烽 , 马洪业 , 严博
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(9): 2044-2051
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(9): 2044-2051
电磁准零刚度隔振器的负载自适应滑模控制研究
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马原卉 , 凌鹏, 赵杰烽, 马洪业 , 严博
作者信息
  • 浙江理工大学机械工程学院,浙江 杭州 310018
  • 马原卉(1999—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

马洪业(1994—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Load adaptive sliding mode control of electromagnetic quasi-zero-stiffness isolators
Yuanhui MA , Peng LING, Jiefeng ZHAO, Hongye MA , Bo YAN
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310068
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准零刚度(quasi-zero-stiffness, QZS)隔振器可实现低频隔振性能。但其在诸如负载失配等复杂的激励环境下,隔振性能和稳定性会变差。为提高电磁准零刚度(electromagnetic-QZS,E-QZS)隔振器的隔振性能,降低其对负载突变的敏感度,提出了E-QZS的负载自适应滑模控制(load adaptive sliding mode control,LASMC)方法。建立了电磁准零刚度隔振器的理论模型,设计了滑模控制器(sliding mode control, SMC),利用李雅普诺夫定理确定了稳定情况下增益系数的范围。设计了负载自适应控制律并进行稳定性分析。开展了仿真和试验研究,结果表明:合适的增益可提升90%的隔振性能;负载自适应滑模控制器的引入可有效降低载荷突变对隔振性能的影响,从而提升隔振器隔振性能的鲁棒性。

非线性隔振  /  准零刚度  /  自适应滑模控制  /  主动控制

Quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) isolators have excellent vibration isolation performance in the low-frequency range. However, in complex excitation environments, such as load mismatch condition, vibration isolation performance and corresponding stability deteriorate. To improve the vibration isolation performance of electromagnetic zero-stiffness isolators (E-QZS) and reduce the sensitivity to load, a load adaptive sliding mode control method of E-QZS is proposed. The theoretical model of an electromagnetic zero-stiffness isolator is established and a sliding mode control is designed. The range of gain coefficients for stable operation is determined using Lyapunov’s theorem. Additionally, we have devised a load-adaptive control law and conducted a corresponding stability analysis. Through simulation and experimental research, the results demonstrate that setting appropriate gains can enhance vibration isolation performance by 90%. Furthermore, the introduction of a load-adaptive sliding mode controller effectively reduces the impact of sudden load changes on isolation performance, thereby improving the robustness of the isolation system.

nonlinear vibration isolation  /  quasi-zero-stiffness  /  adaptive sliding mode control  /  active control
马原卉, 凌鹏, 赵杰烽, 马洪业, 严博. 电磁准零刚度隔振器的负载自适应滑模控制研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2044 -2051 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310068
Yuanhui MA, Peng LING, Jiefeng ZHAO, Hongye MA, Bo YAN. Load adaptive sliding mode control of electromagnetic quasi-zero-stiffness isolators[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2044 -2051 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310068
精密仪器、产品的生产制造过程往往对振动响应有着极严的要求,通常采用隔振[1]、吸振[2]、减振超材料[3-4]等方式来降低振动带来的影响。一般而言,由弹簧和黏性阻尼器构成的线性隔振器在大于系统固有频率2倍的频率区间内才能产生隔振效果,但难以同时满足重载支撑和低频隔振的需求。为了解决上述问题,IBRAHIM[5]提出了具有高静低动刚度特性的非线性隔振器,其高静承载能力和低固有频率的特点受到人们的广泛关注。
基于此,CARRELLA等[6]提出了一种“三弹簧”QZS结构,其结构由两个斜弹簧与一个竖直弹簧并联而成,通过参数调节,该系统在静平衡位置附近区域可实现准零刚度特性。严博等[7]设计了一种永磁式变刚度非线性隔振器,基于磁非线性构建的等效负刚度实现了大加速度激励下的高性能低频隔振。YAN等[8]针对仿生结构在复杂激励环境下隔振性能有限的问题,将仿蟑螂隔振器与电磁分流阻尼结合,通过调整电磁驱动元件的几何参数和装配结构可以提高电磁耦合系数,从而提高等效阻尼,显著降低了峰值传递率。周加喜等[9]利用竖直布置的凸轮和水平布置的弹性滚子,设计了一种凸轮-滚子式隔振器,其在大幅值激励下具有良好的隔振性能。GATTI[10]提出了一种由多对斜弹簧组成的装置,通过改变几何配置能够获得硬化、软化、大变形准零刚度等非线性力-位移特性。YAN等[11]提出了一种具有磁斥力和磁吸力作用的新型被动变刚度非线性隔振器,磁斥力在高频处起到软化弹簧的作用;磁吸力在低频处起到硬化弹簧的作用,从而提高隔振性能。与由几何结构构成的QZS隔振器相比, E-QZS隔振器因其具有行程长、非线性强、响应快、无接触、易于控制、成本低等特点而得到广泛研究[12-15]
虽然QZS隔振器具有良好的隔振性能,但其峰值响应和峰值频率还受到激励幅值的影响,在较大或复杂的扰动下可能诱发突跳现象[16-17],从而使隔振性能和稳定性恶化。根据不同的振动环境调整被动隔振器从而达到其最优性能是一项复杂的工作。在某些情况下,如需快速响应或在宽频率范围内隔振,被动隔振器可能不适用。为了获得安全、稳定的隔振性能,学者们提出了许多方法来消除QZS隔振器的不稳定性和非线性效应[18-19]。值得强调的是,采用主动控制方法[20-21]可以克服非线性的缺点,从而获得显著的抑振性能。主动控制系统利用各种反馈方法,如位移、速度、加速度或这些方法的组合来抑制主系统的振动[22]。SUN等[23]证明,在主动控制系统中加入时滞不仅增强了QZS隔振器的鲁棒性和稳定性,而且在谐振频率范围内显著提高了隔振器的抑振性能。YAN等[24]提出了混合时滞前馈和反馈的控制方法,显著提升了非线性隔振器的隔振性能和稳定性。关于非线性隔振及时滞控制研究可参考文献[25]。这些方法结构简单,易于实现,但依赖于精确的系统和干扰模型。一旦与模型的真实参数产生较大偏差,系统便很容易发散,难以获得满意的抑振性能。因此,SMC技术应运而生,其具有鲁棒性强、响应快、可以在线监测、实现简单、抗干扰能力强等优点[26-28]。到目前为止,它被应用于各种技术领域。FANG等[26]提出了一种快速定时滑模控制器来解决双稳态双级隔振器在外部干扰下的无效性。HUANG等[29]提供了一种改进的滑模控制方法来降低纱线振动。SNAMINA等[30]评估了调谐减振系统中动态阻尼器的滑模控制参数。
QZS隔振器对负载变化非常敏感。当外加载荷与额定载荷不匹配时,QZS隔振器的工作点将远离理想的最小刚度静平衡位置。由于偏差,固有频率急剧增加,导致低频抑振效果恶化。AN等[31]研究了承载失谐质量的气动QZS隔振器的动力学行为,得出质量失谐更容易产生分岔和混沌的复杂非线性行为。对于传统的负刚度结构与线性弹簧并联的QZS隔振器,载荷仅由线性弹簧承载。因此,通常通过调整线性弹簧的压缩来调整QZS隔振器的额定负载以匹配施加的负载。LE等[32]在QZS隔振器中引入了由一个由螺旋千斤顶、两个锥齿轮和一个电机组成的机构,可以调整隔振器参数以适应不同的负载。值得注意的是,在符合非线性补偿方法的QZS隔振器中,载荷由负刚度和正刚度结构共同承担。因此,新型的QZS隔振器[33]的额定负载调整是通过手动改变负刚度和正刚度结构的配置来实现的。现有的额定负荷调整方法依赖于操作人员和附加机构,操作繁琐,且无法在隔振器运行期间在线调节。
本文提出了一种基于E-QZS隔振器的LASMC方法。针对E-QZS隔振器的非线性力学特性,设计了滑模控制率,抑制了E-QZS的非线性特性,使峰值传递率从20降低到2,通过数值仿真和试验验证了滑模控制的性能。此外,在SMC的基础上,设计了LASMC方法,实现了新型E-QZS的隔振性能对质量突变不敏感。
图1为E-QZS隔振器原理图,由质量-弹簧-阻尼器元件和非线性磁性元件组成。三个线性弹簧沿圆周分布提供线性刚度和黏性阻尼。安装在底板上的三个直线轴承引导中心轴沿垂直方向运动,从而减小滑动摩擦力、提高运动精度。此外,这些线性弹簧和直线轴承还可以避免负载板倾倒。环形永磁体包括两个移动永磁体(PMms)和三个基座永磁体(PMbs),这些永磁体构成了非线性磁元件。两个PMms安装在负载板的中心轴线上,三个PMbs周向均匀地分布在底板上。两个PMms之间的距离通过垫片调节。PMms和PMbs之间的径向距离也可以由PMbs的基座调整。作动器由安装在负载板上的线圈和磁效应元件中的永磁体组成。底板与激振器或外部振动源相连。图2表示图1内部的永磁体的分布,其中所有环形永磁体沿其轴向磁化。由于有基础激励,PMms和PMbs之间沿z方向有相对运动。非线性磁力取决于永磁体间的相对位置。PMm1和PMm2的磁化方向相反,PMb1、PMb2和PMb3的磁化方向相反。Mm和Mb分别代表PMm和PMb的剩磁强度。HD分别代表PMb和两个PMm中点处的垂直和水平距离,采用文献[11]中的方法计算得出H = 12.5 mm,D = 25.8 mm。θ代表PMb与水平面间的夹角,θ = 80°。该配置可使永磁体间产生具有硬化特性的磁负刚度效果,从而与线性弹簧耦合以实现QZS特性。线性刚度系数k定义为k = k11+k12,其中k11为弹簧的刚度,k12为磁力的等效线性刚度系数。采用文献[11]中的方法计算了磁体间的磁力并利用多项式拟合方法确定了k12和非线性刚度系数k3,其中k12 = −775 N·m−1, k3 = −1.75× 106 N·m−3
E-QZS的理论模型如图3所示。图中,xy为负载板和底座的绝对位移。当E-QZS受到基础激励y=y0cos(ωt)时,控制方程可以写为:
mx¨+cx˙+kx+k3(xy)3=cy˙+ky+Fe
式中,m为待隔离额定质量;y0ω分别为基础激励的幅值和频率;c为黏性阻尼系数;Fe为电磁作动器产生的控制力[34]
Fe=CeI(t)
式中,Ce为机电耦合系数;t为时间。
由式(1)可以看出隔振器的隔振性能主要由Fe决定。作动器的控制方程为:
LI˙(t)+RI(t)=gu(t)
I=eRLt(gLu(t)eRLtdt+C)
式中,RL为线圈的总电阻和等效电感;g表示增益;u为滑模控制律,可用于控制电压,从而产生控制力;C为积分常数。
SMC对系统扰动和外部干扰具有良好的鲁棒性,适用于非线性系统。事实上,SMC已经得到了广泛的关注和应用。该方法的主要思想是在相空间中设计一组滑模曲面和一系列开关函数。这些开关由控制器快速转动,以驱动所有状态向滑模表面(也称为切换表面)移动,并使状态沿着期望的轨迹滑动以变得稳定。因此,SMC的第一步是定义滑模表面s(t),它代表了期望的全局行为,如稳定性和跟踪性能。
本文选取的s(t)是关于跟踪误差的方程:
s(e;t)=(ddt+a)n1e(t)
式中,e(t)为跟踪误差, e(t)=x(t)r(t)r(t)为目标值,在本研究中r(t)=0,即e(t)=x(t)a为调优参数,这是由设计人员选择的,值得注意的是,a必须大于零,以保证limtx(t)0, 并决定了系统在滑动面上的收敛速度;n为系统阶数。
SMC控制律 u(t)由两个可加部分组成:连续部分uC(t)和不连续部分uD(t)
u(t)=uC(t)+uD(t)
式中,uC(t)=f(x(t)),其中f(x(t))为被控变量的函数。uD(t)在滑动表面上不连续,具有非线性特性,代表控制律的开关,一般设计为uD(t)=Ksign(s(t)),因为它允许结构之间以假设的无限快的速度变化。但是在实践中,由于控制计算存在时间延迟或物理执行器的限制,从而导致滑动表面周围出现抖振,这在实践中是不可取的。为了减少抖振,可以将符号函数sign(·)替换为饱和函数sat(·),其表达式如下:
uD(t)=K×sat(sε)
sat(y)={y,|y|1sign(y),|y|>1
式中,K为决定到达滑模面速度的调优参数;ε为用于减少抖振问题的调优参数,为了提高精度应选择尽可能小的值。但是当有时间延迟或者建模误差时,ε太小会引起抖振。
将式(2)、(4)代入式(1),并对t求导得到下式:
mx+(c+RLm)x¨+(k+RLc)x˙+RLkx+RLk3(xy)3+3k3(xy)2(x˙y˙)=cy¨+(k+RLc)y˙+RLky+CeLgu
取滑模面:s(x)=a1x+a2x˙+x¨,其中,a1a2表示多项式系数。
在滑模控制中,需满足赫尔维兹稳定性判据,即多项式p2+a2p+a1=0p+a1=0的特征值实数部分为负,其中,p代表变量。取p2+2λp+λ2=0,则(p+λ)2=0,取特征值λ>0可满足多项式p2+a2p+a1=0p+a1=0的特征值实数部分为负,对应得到a2=2λ,a1=λ2
定义李雅普诺夫方程为V=12s2,李雅普诺夫稳定性条件必须满足不等式 V˙=ss˙0,其中:
s˙=a1x˙+a2x¨+x=a1x˙+a2x¨+1m[cy¨+(k+RLc)y˙+RLk1y+CeLgu(c+RLm)x¨+(k+RLc)x˙+RLk+RLk3(xy)3+3k3(xy)2(x˙y˙)]
为了使V˙0,取控制律u:
u=LmgCe[Ksign(s)cy¨(k+RLc)y˙RLky+(c+RLm+ma2)x¨(k+RLc+ma1)x˙RLkxRLk3(xy)33k3(xy)2(x˙y˙)]
则:
V˙=ss˙=s[Ksign(s)]=K|s|0
最后,为了保证控制器的稳定性,需要保证K>0
将E-QZS隔振器的其他不确定部分和干扰记作Δ,则式(1)可写作mx¨=Δ+u,假设不确定参数m的上下界定义为0<m1<m<m2,不确定项有界表示为|Δ|WW为一大于零的常数。
定义滑模面:s=e˙+ae=x˙+ax,则:
ms˙=m(x¨+ax˙)
m^m的估计值,定义李雅普诺夫函数为:
V=12ms2+12σm~2
式中,m~=m^m,系数σ>0
V˙=mss˙+1σm~2=s(mx¨+max˙)+1σm~m^˙=s(u+Δ+max˙)+1σm~m^˙
控制律设计为:
u=m^ax˙μsηsign(s)
式中,收敛常数μ>0,鲁棒项常数η >D。则:
V˙=s[m^ax˙μsηsign(s)+Δ+max˙]+1σm~m^˙=s[m~ax˙μsηsign(s)+Δ]+1σm~m^˙=μs2η|s|+Δs+m~(1σm^˙sax˙)
取自适应率为:
m^˙=σsax˙
则:
V˙=μs2η|s|+Δsμs20
当且仅当s=0时,V˙=0,即当V˙0时,s=0。根据LaSalle不变性原理,闭环系统为渐进稳定,即当t时,s0。系统的收敛速度取决于η
由于V0,V˙0,则当t时,V有界;因此可以证明m^有界,但无法保证m^收敛于m。原因如下:
根据LaSalle不变性原理只能证明t时,s0,无法得到m~0。还可以从另一个角度进行分析,由于V˙=μs2η|s|+Δs,当s=0时,V˙=0,此时V不再减小,因此无法保证m~0
为了防止m^过大而造成控制输入信号u过大或m^0的情况,需要通过自适应律的设计使m^的变化在[mminmmax]范围内,可采用一种映射自适应算法,对式(16)进行如下修正:
m^˙=Projm^(σsax˙)
Projm^(·)={0m^mmax·>00m^mmin·<0·
即当m^超过最大值时,如果有继续增大的趋势,即m^˙>0,则取m^值不变,即m^˙=0;当m^超过最小值时,如果有继续减小的趋势,即m^˙<0,则取m^值不变,即m^˙=0
需要说明的是,采用该映射自适应算法,可保证m~(1σm^˙sax˙)0,从而保证V˙0
在Simulink/MATLAB中对E-QZS隔振系统和控制器进行了仿真。E-QZS隔振器参数如表1所示。该结果基于隔振系统的位移输出响应测量得到。输入扫频正弦激励作为输入扰动,幅值为1 mm。为了满足控制器设计所规定的条件,aK必须满足a>0,K>0;a的大小决定了滑模面的形状,a越大,滑模面在相平面上越陡峭,即到达目标值的速度越快;K为决定到达滑模面速度的调优参数,但如果控制器过于激进,就会产生抖振。抖振是围绕所需平衡点的高频振荡,在实际中是不可取的,通过选择较小的增益K,当系统轨迹接近开关表面时,减小运动动量,抖振的振幅将被减小。最后选择a=90,K=1100为经过数次仿真及试验验证得出的最优控制参数[35]。得到的结果如图4所示,其中无控表示隔振器是被动的,由于阻尼的存在削减了非线性效应,所以仿真中并未出现后续试验中的跳跃现象。图4的传递率(T)结果记录了未受控系统的最大传递率响应为20。采用该控制器后,SMC将传递率抑制到2。
图5为E-QZS隔振器在自适应滑模控制器控制下,额定载荷0.5 kg和中途附加0.1 kg载荷时对传递率的影响。由图5可知,在任意频率突然增加载荷的仿真结果与额定载荷的传递率基本一致,表明控制系统具有稳定的工作性能,因此隔振效果对载荷的改变并不敏感。
图6为E-QZS隔振器的样机,包括负载平台、线性弹簧、非线性磁元件结构以及下底板,线圈安装在底板与永磁铁之间。图7为E-QZS隔振器试验装置。下底板安装在TIRA激振器上,激振器由控制系统和加速度传感器构成的闭环系统进行控制。两个加速度传感器分别固定在E-QZS隔振器的下底座和负载平台上。一个用于测量激励加速度,另一个用于测量响应加速度,两个加速度传感器测量的数据传输到计算机并绘制传递率图线。试验中正弦激励的扫频宽带和扫频速度分别为[3,22] Hz 和83 Hz/min。 利用半物理设备dSPACE MICROLABBOX搭建的Matlab2018实时模块对主动控制算法进行仿真。两个激光位移传感器安装在光学平台上,用以测量输入和输出位移响应,位移信号由dSPACE处理。然后通过功率放大器对发出的控制信号进行放大。控制参数可通过dSPACE进行调节。主系统已确定的参数列在表1中。
图8(a)为E-QZS隔振器在有无SMC控制下的传递率。从图中可以看到明显的非线性特性即跳跃现象。采用SMC时,系统响应不仅可以在共振区得到明显的抑制,而且不影响高频的隔振性能,同时消除了跳跃现象。图8(b)中的4张小图从上到下为K=1100时分别在3、8、12、16 Hz时,未控制和控制下的隔振器的加速度响应。8 Hz时,与不加控制的试验结果相比,SMC控制下的加速度响应减小了73.3%,验证了SMC的有效性。
图9为额定载荷与非额定载荷下E-QZS隔振器在相同激励下的试验传递率曲线,可以看出,两个隔振器均出现了非线性特性即跳跃现象,相比于额定载荷,非额定载荷的隔振器的共振频率和共振峰均有明显增大。
图10为E-QZS隔振器在负载自适应滑模控制器控制下,额定载荷和中途载荷突变时传递率的变化。图10(a)为系统在6 Hz,即未达到共振峰时,突然增加载荷的隔振效果,系统的传递率经过短暂的跳变后立即恢复原状,最后呈现的传递率在共振区内不增反降。图10(b)为系统在7 Hz,即达到共振峰时,突然增加载荷的隔振效果,试验结果与额定载荷的传递率基本一致。试验结果表明控制系统是稳定的,并且实现了对载荷突变不敏感。值得说明的是,试验结果与图5的仿真结果不一致,这是因为在试验中改变载荷会导致隔振器的平衡位置发生变化,而这一点是无法在仿真中呈现的。
图11为LASMC控制器下E-QZS隔振器分别在6、7 Hz时发生载荷突变的位移响应和控制电压。箭头表示在该处载荷突变。图11(a)和(c)两幅位移响应图表明,在发生载荷突变时,隔振器的平衡位置发生改变,但是位移响应的振幅没有明显变化,始终保持在平衡位置附近的2 mm左右,说明LASMC控制系统是稳定的,而且隔振器依然可以保持良好的隔振性能。
针对准零刚度隔振器在复杂的激励环境下,即负载失配时,隔振性能和稳定性变差的问题,提出了一种载荷自适应滑模控制方法。建立了E-QZS隔振器的理论模型,设计了滑模控制率。在此基础上改进了算法,提出了负载自适应滑模控制器,使得隔振器对负载变化不敏感。通过仿真和试验验证了自适应滑模控制器的优越性能。结果表明:
(1)合适的增益K可将峰值传递率从20降低到2,同时不影响高频区的隔振器性能,消除了跳跃现象,从而实现E-QZS隔振器隔振性能的极大提升。
(2)改进后的载荷自适应滑模控制器可有效应对QZS隔振器隔振性能对载荷敏感的问题,从而实现稳定的、良好的隔振性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52175125)
  • 浙江理工大学基本科研业务费资助项目(23242094)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310068
  • 接收时间:2023-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-31
  • 修回日期:2023-12-11
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52175125)
浙江理工大学基本科研业务费资助项目(23242094)
作者信息
    浙江理工大学机械工程学院,浙江 杭州 310018

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马洪业(1994—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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