Article(id=1227591814727795321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694448000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-12, revisedDate=1701187200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610296183, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610296183, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610296183, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610296183, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591806980915649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='9', pageStart='1935', pageEnd='2204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610294337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610356968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1977, endPage=1985, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591816036418184, articleId=1227591814727795321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=The applicability of different vulnerability methods for engineering structures under nonstationary stochastic mainshock-aftershock sequences, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the development of performance-based earthquake engineering, the ‘risk-probabilistic’ oriented performance evaluation method has gradually gained the attention of researchers, an important part of which is seismic vulnerability analysis. At this stage, there are different kinds of vulnerability methods, and more researches focus on how to combine probability theory with earthquake engineering, but the reasonable comparison for the accuracy and applicability of different methods still requires further research. Based on the nonstationary random mainshock-aftershock sequences, this paper compares three methods commonly used in seismic vulnerability at this stage: linear fitting method, maximum likelihood estimation, and Monte Carlo method. Then, based on a reinforced concrete frame, a case study is carried out, and the applicability of these three methods as well as the influence of random aftershocks are discussed. Generally speaking, the results obtained by the three methods are similar, and the development trends are relatively consistent, which also proves the effectiveness of these three methods to a certain extent. The Monte Carlo method has a long calculation period, the maximum likelihood estimation is more suitable for the performance level of minor damage, and the linear fitting method is more accurate after excluding the scattered points in the collapse state. After considering non-stationary random aftershocks, the obtained structural vulnerability shows an overall left-shifting trend. If the influence of random aftershocks is not considered, the probabilistic risk caused by earthquake sequences will be greatly underestimated.

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随着基于性能的地震工程理论的发展,以“风险性-概率性”为导向的工程结构性能评估方法逐渐得到研究人员的重视与推广,其中的重要一环即地震易损性分析。现有的易损性计算方法种类繁多,更多的研究侧重于介绍如何将概率理论与地震工程结合,而对于不同概率计算方法的准确性与适用性仍有待进一步探究。本文基于非平稳随机主余震序列,同时结合现阶段地震易损性分析中常用的三种方法:线性拟合法、最大似然估计法、蒙特卡罗法展开研究,对比了这三种方法的易损性计算原理,基于一榀框架展开实例分析,讨论了这三种方法的概率结果准确性、适用性以及随机余震对于结构性能的影响规律。总体而言,三种易损性计算方法得到的结果相似,发展趋势与分布范围较为一致,这也在一定程度证明了这三种方法的有效性;研究结果表明,蒙特卡罗法计算周期长,最大似然估计法更加适用于轻微损伤的性能水准,线性拟合法在排除倒塌状态的散点后具有更高的准确度。在考虑了非平稳随机余震后,得到的概率易损性曲线整体呈现左移趋势,如若不考虑随机余震的影响,将大幅低估地震序列对结构造成的概率破坏风险。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
冯德成 (1987—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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曹徐阳 (1993—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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曹徐阳 (1993—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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曹徐阳 (1993—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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The median values for all limit states considering only nonstationary stochastic mainshocks in seismic fragility

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
易损性方法OP极限状态IO极限状态LS极限状态CP极限状态
线性拟合法(单一主震)0.122 (18.45%)0.484 (3.42%)0.882 (7.43%)1.603 (4.50%)
最大似然估计法(单一主震)0.101 (1.49%)0.474 (1.28%)0.837 (1.95%)1.463 (4.63%)
蒙特卡罗法(单一主震)0.103 (0%)0.468 (0%)0.821 (0%)1.534 (0%)
), ArticleFig(id=1227653067806540175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814727795321, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单一非平稳随机主震下各极限状态地震易损性曲线的中位值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
易损性方法OP极限状态IO极限状态LS极限状态CP极限状态
线性拟合法(单一主震)0.122 (18.45%)0.484 (3.42%)0.882 (7.43%)1.603 (4.50%)
最大似然估计法(单一主震)0.101 (1.49%)0.474 (1.28%)0.837 (1.95%)1.463 (4.63%)
蒙特卡罗法(单一主震)0.103 (0%)0.468 (0%)0.821 (0%)1.534 (0%)
), ArticleFig(id=1227653067907203486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814727795321, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

The median values for all limit states after considering nonstationary stochastic aftershocks in seismic fragility

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
易损性方法OP极限状态IO极限状态LS极限状态CP极限状态
线性拟合法(主余震序列)0.096 (14.29%)0.432 (0.69%)0.835 (6.37%)1.539 (4.55%)
最大似然估计法(主余震序列)0.079 (5.95%)0.423 (2.76%)0.796 (1.40%)1.412 (4.08%)
蒙特卡罗法(主余震序列)0.084 (0%)0.435 (0%)0.785 (0%)1.472 (0%)
), ArticleFig(id=1227653068033032616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814727795321, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

考虑非平稳随机余震后各极限状态地震易损性曲线的中位值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
易损性方法OP极限状态IO极限状态LS极限状态CP极限状态
线性拟合法(主余震序列)0.096 (14.29%)0.432 (0.69%)0.835 (6.37%)1.539 (4.55%)
最大似然估计法(主余震序列)0.079 (5.95%)0.423 (2.76%)0.796 (1.40%)1.412 (4.08%)
蒙特卡罗法(主余震序列)0.084 (0%)0.435 (0%)0.785 (0%)1.472 (0%)
), ArticleFig(id=1227653068133695920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814727795321, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

The variability ratio of exceeding probability of each seismic level after considering nonstationary stochastic aftershocks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
易损性方法OP极限状态IO极限状态LS极限状态CP极限状态
频遇地震(线性拟合法)7.45%5.49%3.11%2.06%
频遇地震(最大似然估计法)3.53%2.89%1.75%0.38%
设防地震(线性拟合法)41.75%7.67%5.03%3.28%
设防地震(最大似然估计法)39.89%6.31%4.29%2.56%
罕遇地震(线性拟合法)4.33%28.95%7.90%6.12%
罕遇地震(最大似然估计法)5.63%32.41%6.57%4.54%
), ArticleFig(id=1227653068221776311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814727795321, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

考虑非平稳随机余震后各地震水准超越概率的变化比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
易损性方法OP极限状态IO极限状态LS极限状态CP极限状态
频遇地震(线性拟合法)7.45%5.49%3.11%2.06%
频遇地震(最大似然估计法)3.53%2.89%1.75%0.38%
设防地震(线性拟合法)41.75%7.67%5.03%3.28%
设防地震(最大似然估计法)39.89%6.31%4.29%2.56%
罕遇地震(线性拟合法)4.33%28.95%7.90%6.12%
罕遇地震(最大似然估计法)5.63%32.41%6.57%4.54%
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非平稳随机主余震序列下工程结构易损性计算方法的适用性研究
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曹徐阳 1 , 冯德成 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(9): 1977-1985
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(9): 1977-1985
非平稳随机主余震序列下工程结构易损性计算方法的适用性研究
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曹徐阳1 , 冯德成2
作者信息
  • 1.河海大学土木与交通学院,江苏 南京 210098
  • 2.东南大学混凝土与预应力混凝土结构教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210096
  • 曹徐阳 (1993—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

冯德成 (1987—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
The applicability of different vulnerability methods for engineering structures under nonstationary stochastic mainshock-aftershock sequences
Xuyang CAO1 , Decheng FENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309031
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随着基于性能的地震工程理论的发展,以“风险性-概率性”为导向的工程结构性能评估方法逐渐得到研究人员的重视与推广,其中的重要一环即地震易损性分析。现有的易损性计算方法种类繁多,更多的研究侧重于介绍如何将概率理论与地震工程结合,而对于不同概率计算方法的准确性与适用性仍有待进一步探究。本文基于非平稳随机主余震序列,同时结合现阶段地震易损性分析中常用的三种方法:线性拟合法、最大似然估计法、蒙特卡罗法展开研究,对比了这三种方法的易损性计算原理,基于一榀框架展开实例分析,讨论了这三种方法的概率结果准确性、适用性以及随机余震对于结构性能的影响规律。总体而言,三种易损性计算方法得到的结果相似,发展趋势与分布范围较为一致,这也在一定程度证明了这三种方法的有效性;研究结果表明,蒙特卡罗法计算周期长,最大似然估计法更加适用于轻微损伤的性能水准,线性拟合法在排除倒塌状态的散点后具有更高的准确度。在考虑了非平稳随机余震后,得到的概率易损性曲线整体呈现左移趋势,如若不考虑随机余震的影响,将大幅低估地震序列对结构造成的概率破坏风险。

随机地震动  /  主余震序列  /  非平稳过程  /  地震易损性  /  概率性能

With the development of performance-based earthquake engineering, the ‘risk-probabilistic’ oriented performance evaluation method has gradually gained the attention of researchers, an important part of which is seismic vulnerability analysis. At this stage, there are different kinds of vulnerability methods, and more researches focus on how to combine probability theory with earthquake engineering, but the reasonable comparison for the accuracy and applicability of different methods still requires further research. Based on the nonstationary random mainshock-aftershock sequences, this paper compares three methods commonly used in seismic vulnerability at this stage: linear fitting method, maximum likelihood estimation, and Monte Carlo method. Then, based on a reinforced concrete frame, a case study is carried out, and the applicability of these three methods as well as the influence of random aftershocks are discussed. Generally speaking, the results obtained by the three methods are similar, and the development trends are relatively consistent, which also proves the effectiveness of these three methods to a certain extent. The Monte Carlo method has a long calculation period, the maximum likelihood estimation is more suitable for the performance level of minor damage, and the linear fitting method is more accurate after excluding the scattered points in the collapse state. After considering non-stationary random aftershocks, the obtained structural vulnerability shows an overall left-shifting trend. If the influence of random aftershocks is not considered, the probabilistic risk caused by earthquake sequences will be greatly underestimated.

stochastic ground motion  /  mainshock-aftershock sequence  /  nonstationary process  /  seismic vulnerability  /  probabilistic performance
曹徐阳, 冯德成. 非平稳随机主余震序列下工程结构易损性计算方法的适用性研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (9) : 1977 -1985 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309031
Xuyang CAO, Decheng FENG. The applicability of different vulnerability methods for engineering structures under nonstationary stochastic mainshock-aftershock sequences[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (9) : 1977 -1985 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309031
20世纪90年代以来,基于性能的地震工程逐渐成为国际上地震工程领域的主要发展方向。基于性能的地震工程发展可分为三个阶段,第一阶段以确定性的结构性态反应为性能目标;第二阶段以结构整体可靠度为性能目标;第三阶段(即目前)以控制地震风险和地震损失为性能目标[1]。21世纪初,美国太平洋地震工程研究中心建立了基于性能的地震工程概率决策数学框架,将地震危险性、地震易损性(能力及需求)、地震损失作为核心研究内容,并以地震风险作为最终的性能目标[2-5]
作为其中最重要的一环,地震易损性的研究近年来引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。概率地震易损性分析表征的是在不同地震危险性水平下,工程结构达到或超过某种极限状态的可能性,地震易损性从概率角度定量描述了工程结构的抗震性能,从宏观角度刻画了地震动强度与工程结构损伤状态之间的关系,进而评价结构的概率安全水平。CORNELL等[6]建立了工程结构抗震设计和性能评估的全概率框架,其中的易损性分析基于结构需求和结构能力之间的概率关系及对数正态分布假设。在此过程中,最小二乘线性拟合被用以计算相关参数,增量动力分析[7]被用以开展大量的地震时程计算。研究人员进而又提出了多条带分析[8]和云图分析[9]等方法,用以高效开展动力计算评估。同时期,SHINOZUKA等[10]提出了基于最大似然估计法的易损性计算理论,并根据收集得到的桥梁损伤数据,对比分析了经验易损性与最大似然易损性的计算结果。MAI等[11]采用核密度估计的方法计算一个三层钢框架结构的易损性,结果表明,该方法并不依赖于地震动强度指标的选择,同时避免了易损性曲线形状的限制(例如对数正态假设)。LI等[12]构建了基于概率密度演化的可靠度及易损性计算方法,该方法具有坚实的理论基础并被广泛应用于工程结构的概率评估与分析中。此外,作为最直观的方法,蒙特卡罗计算法被广泛应用于工程结构的可靠性与易损性分析中,通过大量的抽样与统计,该方法可以给出未知分布的工程变量的概率特征。
现阶段,地震易损性计算方法种类繁多,更多的研究侧重于介绍如何将概率理论与地震工程结合,而对于不同概率计算方法的准确性与适用性仍有待进一步探究。同时,现有的易损性往往基于天然波,而对于地震动随机性、非平稳性以及其在结构工程中的影响研究仍较为不足。此外,现有的研究注重于单一随机地震动下结构的响应评估,而对于随机主余震序列下的结构损伤规律仍有待深入总结。本文基于非平稳随机主余震序列,同时结合现阶段地震易损性分析中常用的三种方法:线性拟合法、最大似然估计法、蒙特卡罗法展开研究,首先对比了这三种方法的易损性计算原理,进而基于一榀钢筋混凝土框架展开实例分析,讨论了这三种方法的概率结果准确性、适用性以及随机余震对于结构性能的影响规律。
随着地震工程理论的发展,研究人员认识到地震动具有空间、时间、强度等随机性,因此,随机过程理论可以被用来构建真实的地震动以开展工程结构性能评估。自1970年以来,表征随机过程的谱表示方法不断被改进,三类随机地震动模型被提出以开展结构性能分析(即平稳随机过程模型、强度非平稳随机过程模型、强度-频率非平稳随机过程模型)。早期的平稳地震动过程将功率谱视为一个常数(例如白噪声模型),而忽略了场地条件对地震动加速度的影响(例如场地频率和阻尼比)。虽然KANAI和TAJIMI(K-T模型)[13-14]、CLOUGH和PENZIEN(C-P模型)[15]将基岩上的土层作为过滤器并改进了功率谱,但相应的随机过程并未考虑时间的变化,得到的结果仍属于平稳地震动过程。后期研究发现,忽略地震动强度或频率的时变非平稳特性可能无法反映地面运动的实际情况。因此,本文采用非平稳随机地震动时间序列以反映激励输入的真实性,进而保证结构性能评估中计算结果的准确性。通过随机函数的谱表示方法,可构建非平稳随机地震动序列,具体的步骤与公式如下[16]
通过引入CLOUGH-PENZIEN双边演化功率谱密度函数 SX¨g(t,w),非平稳随机地震动模型可以表示为下式:
X¨g(t)=k=1N2SX¨g(t,wk)Δw[cos(wkt)XK+sin(wkt)YK]
式中,wk=kΔw, Δw为间隔频率,其数值由截断频率与截断项数N决定,本文中Δw取值为0.15 rad/s;XKYK表示标准正交随机变量,其取值往往需要通过另外两组正交随机变量(XnYn)的映射与转换得到,即下式所示:
XK=Xn,YK=Yn,K[1,N],n[1,N]
该步骤对于生成的非平稳随机地震动序列非常关键,可以有效避免随机地震动强度与频率的突变(大幅增加或降低)。本文通过MATLAB代码实现,其关键步骤1为rand('state',0)以标定不同的随机状态与初始状态,步骤2 randperm以随机打乱数字序列并生成映射关系,具体可参考文献[17-18]。XnYn可以通过两个独立的随机变量Θ1Θ2来表示,如下式所示。通过此步骤,随机地震动模型中的随机变量维度可以被有效降低为二维,进而极大提升结构随机动力分析的效率。
Xn=sin(nΘ1)+cos(nΘ1),Yn=sin(nΘ2)+cos(nΘ2)
式中,Θ1Θ2在[0, 2π]上均匀分布。对于式(1),CLOUGH-PENZIEN双边演化功率谱密度函数是生成非平稳随机地震动序列的关键,通过考虑强度与频率的非平稳特性,其可以表示为下式:
SX¨g(t,w)=F2(t)wg4(t)+4ξg2(t)wg2(t)w2[w2wg2(t)]2+4ξg2(t)wg2(t)w2w4[w2wf2(t)]2+4ξf2(t)wf2(t)w2S0(t)
式中, w表示频率;wg(t)、wf(t)、ξg(t)、ξf(t)均表示非平稳随机地震动序列的参数,其选择方法可参考文献[19];F(t)表示地震动强度调节函数,其取值可以采用欧进萍等[20]提出的下式:
F(t)=[t/cexp(1t/c)]d
式中,c表示到达峰值加速度的平均时间;d表示地震动形态控制指标;S0(t)表示地震动谱强度参数,其取值可以采用下式:
S0(t)=amax2γ2πwg(t)[2ξg(t)+12ξg(t)]
式中,amax表示峰值加速度的平均值;γ表示等效峰值参数,本文中取值为2.6。
基于非平稳随机地震动理论,本文进一步生成了非平稳随机主余震序列,即主震阶段和余震阶段分别采用两组正交随机变量(XKYK)以及两组随机映射规则来实现地震动序列的构造。此外,在构造非平稳随机主余震序列时,主震与余震的随机地震动参数保持一致(即wg(t)、wf(t)、ξg(t)、ξf(t)等参数),从而使生成的结果满足采用天然波构造主余震序列时的要求(如主震矩震级要求、主余震震中距要求、地震动记录台站要求等)[21]
基于上述计算公式,本文生成了中国7度设防条件下(随机主震峰值加速度水准为0.1g)的200条非平稳随机主余震序列,根据文献[22],随机余震峰值加速度与主震的比值范围取为[0.5297,0.5888]。图1(a)给出了生成的典型非平稳随机主余震序列,图1(b)给出了非平稳随机主余震序列的标准差与目标值的对比,图1(c)给出了非平稳随机主余震序列的平均值与目标值的对比,图1(d)和(e)分别给出了非平稳随机主震与余震加速度响应谱,结果表明,基于上述公式生成的非平稳随机主余震时间序列具有较好的拟合精度与较小的离散程度。
本节结合现阶段地震易损性分析中常用的三种方法:线性拟合法、最大似然估计法、蒙特卡罗法展开研究,首先给出了这三种方法的易损性计算原理,相应理论可为后续的案例分析提供参考[23-27]
线性拟合法是易损性计算中最为常用的一种,通过一系列的非线性动力时程分析,得到不同地震动强度水准下结构的工程需求参数(例如最大层间位移角、最大层间加速度等)[28-29]。基于结构需求与能力的对数正态分布假设,线性拟合法得到的易损性计算公式如下式所示:
P(D>C|IM)=F(a,δc,k,u)=Φ[ln(Sd|IM/δc)/(βd|IM2+βc2)]
式中,D表示结构需求,C表示结构能力,PD>C|IM)表示在地震强度IM时D超越C 的概率并且表示强度指标 (a)、能力中位值 (δc)以及两个回归系数 (ku)的函数,其中δc反映了结构能力的不确定性,本文取为相应规范定义的极限状态阈值;βc表示结构能力的对数标准差,根据JEON等[30]的建议,βc在本文取值为0.2以简化计算;Φ表示标准正态分布函数;Sd|IM表示结构需求中位值,其与强度指标a的关系往往可以表示为幂指数回归关系,如下式所示,通过将普通坐标系转换成对数坐标系,两个回归系数 (ku)可以通过线性拟合的方法求得:
Sd|IM=kau,lnSd|IM=lnk+ulna
βd|IM表示结构需求的对数标准差,可以通过下式计算求得:
βd|IM=x=1M(lnδxlnSd|IM)2/(M2)
式中,δx表示每一条非平稳随机地震动下的结构需求值;M表示非平稳随机地震动的总数量。
最大似然估计法首先定义易损性曲线为对数正态分布的形式,表达式如下式所示,式中包含两个未知参数(即中位值λ和对数标准差β)。因此,最大似然估计法求解易损性曲线即转化为表达式中两个未知参数的合理取值,相关的研究也可参考SHINOZUKA等[10]与BAKER [31]的研究。
P(D>C|IM)=F(a,λ,β)=Φ[ln(a/λ)/β]
式中,P表示超越概率并且是强度指标 a、强度指标中位值λ以及强度指标对数标准差 β的函数。值得注意的是,式(10)中的λβ仅用以反映地震易损性曲线的形状特征,并不表示某一特定结构响应的分布特征。随后,引入似然函数Q用以计算易损性,如下式所示:
Q(λ,β,{ai,i=1,2,,M})=i=1M[F(ai,λ,β)]mi[1F(ai,λ,β)]1mi
式中,ai表示第i个非平稳随机地震动的强度值;mi取值为1或0,当第i个非平稳随机地震动下结构的需求大于能力值,mi取值为1,反之mi取值为0。通过对式(11)求微分化简以求得极值,从而计算参数λβ的取值,进而建立基于最大似然估计法的易损性曲线,如下式所示:
Q(λ,β)/λ=Q(λ,β)/β=0
在此过程中,式(12)可以被进一步转化为对数的形式以简化计算,如下式所示:
lnQ(λ,β)/λ=lnQ(λ,β)/β=0
蒙特卡罗法通过大量的抽样以得到未知特征变量的统计值,样本数量越大,计算的结果越准确。蒙特卡罗法往往被当成基准参考,同时用以验证其余易损性计算方法或可靠度指标的有效性。基于蒙特卡罗法的地震易损性表达式简洁直观,如下式所示:
P(D>C|IM)=F(a,δc)=Mδc(a)/Mtol(a)
式中,Mtol(a)表示在地震动强度指标a下的总样本数量;Mδc(a)表示在地震动强度指标a下超越极限状态阈值δc的样本数量。
本节基于一榀3跨6层的钢筋混凝土框架展开实例分析,讨论了上述三种地震易损性计算方法的流程,对比了不同方法下概率结果的准确性与适用性,相应的结论可为后续地震易损性计算方法的选择提供参考。该3跨6层钢筋混凝土框架采用《混凝土结构设计规范:GB 50010—2010》[32]设计,图2给出了该框架的尺寸与配筋信息。在本文分析中,采用有限元软件OpenSees开展模拟与动力计算,采用非线性梁柱单元来模拟框架梁和框架柱,同时结合纤维截面模型,分别考虑钢筋纤维(steel02)与混凝土纤维(concrete02)的作用机理进行材料表征;对于框架结构,其节点核心区往往是受力的集中区,也是影响整体结构抗震性能最为主要的部位,本文中采用Joint2D单元以反映连接段的剪切变形与滑移特征。Joint2D单元共有5个弯矩-转角“弹簧”,其中中间的“弹簧”用来反映节点区的弯矩-转角关系,相应的参数可以通过引入Pinching4材料本构及修正斜压场理论进行考虑,Joint2D四周的“弹簧”用来反映梁柱端部的弯矩-转角关系,相应的取值可通过hysteretic材料本构以及拟纤维截面分析进行考虑,在此过程中引入粘结滑移材料本构来充分考虑钢筋滑移对于整体结构受力性能的影响,详细的建模策略可参见文献[33-37]。图3展示了基于OpenSees的钢筋混凝土框架结构建模方法与单元选择。
在本次分析中,根据文献[38]选取四个极限状态,分别为OP极限状态、IO极限状态、LS极限状态和CP极限状态,选择的地震动强度指标为非平稳随机主震的峰值加速度(PGA),工程需求参数为最大层间位移角;对于上述四个极限状态,相应的损伤指标也选用最大层间位移角,相应的阈值分别取为0.2%、1%、2%和4%。采用增量动力分析进行结构的时程响应计算,非平稳随机主震的峰值加速度由0.1g开始按0.1g的间隔逐次递增至2.0g;对于线性拟合法及最大似然估计法,各峰值加速度水准下得到200组数据点,该数据点分别对应200组非平稳随机主余震序列的结果,其中的变量Θ1Θ2取值通过拉丁超立方抽样得到[39];对于蒙特卡罗计算法,各峰值加速度水准下得到10000组数据点,该数据点分别对应10000组非平稳随机主余震序列的结果,其中的变量Θ1Θ2取值通过蒙特卡罗抽样得到。在计算过程中,分别计算仅考虑随机主震的响应结果以及考虑随机主余震序列的响应结果,用以分析随机余震对于结构性能的影响。
图4给出了三种地震易损性方法的计算过程,其中,图4(a)、(b)和(c)分别展示了基于线性拟合法、最大似然估计法和蒙特卡罗法的易损性计算过程。图5展示了单一非平稳随机主震下三种地震易损性方法的结果对比,其中,图5(a)、(b)、(c)分别展示了基于线性拟合法、最大似然估计法和蒙特卡罗法的易损性计算结果,图5(d)展示了三种地震易损性方法的曲线结果对比。图6给出了非平稳随机主余震序列下结构易损性结果的变化情况,其中,图6(a)~(d)分别展示了主余震序列下基于线性拟合法的易损性曲线结果、主余震序列下基于最大似然估计法的易损性曲线结果、考虑/不考虑随机余震对于线性拟合法计算结果的影响、考虑/不考虑随机余震对于最大似然估计法计算结果的影响。表1展示了仅考虑随机主震下各极限状态地震易损性曲线的中位值,表2展示了考虑非平稳随机余震后各极限状态地震易损性曲线的中位值,表3展示了考虑非平稳随机余震后各地震水准超越概率的变化幅度。
总体而言,三种易损性计算方法得到的结果相似,发展趋势与分布范围较为一致,这也在一定程度证明了这三种方法的有效性。对于该3跨6层钢筋混凝土框架,当仅考虑非平稳随机主震时,通过蒙特卡罗法计算得到的各极限状态下的易损性曲线中位值分别为0.103g (OP)、0.468g (IO)、0.821g (LS)和1.534g (CP)。对于OP和IO极限状态,最大似然估计法计算得到的结果具有较好的精度,其与蒙特卡罗法的误差分别为1.49%和1.28%;对于LS极限状态,最大似然估计法计算得到的结果仍然具有较好的精度,其误差比例为1.95%,而线性拟合法得到的结果误差比例为7.43%,这也表明了基于最大似然估计法的地震易损性计算结果更加适用于轻微损伤的性能水准。对于CP极限状态,线性拟合法与最大似然估计法计算得到的结果相似,偏差比例分别为4.50%和4.63%。线性拟合法的计算结果在一定程度上受到倒塌失效点的影响,因此,在线性回归中排除倒塌状态的散点,结果将会有更高的准确度。蒙特卡罗法通过大量的样本抽样进行计算,虽然结果具有较好的精度,但其计算周期长,计算效率低于线性拟合法与最大似然估计法。
在考虑了非平稳随机余震后,得到的结构易损性曲线整体呈现左移趋势,即相同的地震动强度将导致更大的结构失效风险,同时相同的失效概率仅需要更小的地震动强度值。以线性拟合法为例,在考虑非平稳随机余震后,各极限状态曲线的中位值分别降低为0.096g (OP)、0.432g (IO)、0.835g (LS)和1.539g (CP);以最大似然估计法为例,在考虑非平稳随机余震后,各极限状态曲线的中位值分别降低为0.079g (OP)、0.423g (IO)、0.796g (LS)和1.412g (CP)。从表3可以看出,在设防地震水准下,考虑非平稳随机余震后并采用线性拟合法计算得到的超越概率变化幅度最大值达41.75%,在罕遇地震水准下,相应的超越概率变化幅度最大值达28.95%;采用最大似然估计法后,相应的频遇、设防、罕遇地震水准下的超越概率最大变化幅度分别为3.53%、39.89%和32.41%。通过对比分析可以发现,若不考虑随机余震的影响,将大幅低估地震动序列对结构造成的破坏风险,因此,考虑了非平稳随机主余震序列后,在一定程度上可以得到更为客观的概率易损性评价结果,相关计算方法及变化趋势也为相关工程结构的易损性评价及风险决策提供了参考。
本文基于非平稳随机主余震序列,同时结合现阶段地震易损性分析中常用的三种方法:线性拟合法、最大似然估计法、蒙特卡罗法展开研究,首先对比了这三种方法的易损性计算原理,进而基于一榀3跨6层的钢筋混凝土框架展开实例分析,讨论了这三种概率方法计算结果的准确性、适用性以及考虑非平稳随机余震后工程结构概率性能的变化规律。
总体而言,三种易损性计算方法得到的结果相似,发展趋势与分布范围较为一致,这也在一定程度上证明了这三种方法的有效性;蒙特卡罗法需要大量的抽样,虽然结果具有较好的精度,但其计算周期长,计算效率低于线性拟合法与最大似然估计法;最大似然估计法计算得到的结果在OP、IO、LS极限状态下均具有较好的精度,这也在一定程度表明了基于最大似然估计法的地震易损性计算结果更加适用于轻微损伤的性能水准;线性拟合法的计算结果在一定程度上受到倒塌失效点的影响,因此,在线性回归分析中排除倒塌状态的散点,易损性结果将会具有更高的准确度。
在考虑了非平稳随机余震后,得到的结构易损性曲线整体呈现左移趋势,即相同的地震动强度将导致更大的结构失效风险,同时相同的失效概率仅需要更小的地震动强度值。通过对比分析可以发现,如若不考虑随机余震的影响,地震序列对结构造成的概率破坏风险将被大幅低估,因此,在考虑了非平稳随机主余震序列后,在一定程度上可以获得更为客观的概率易损性评价结果。本文对于三种常用地震易损性计算方法的讨论以及非平稳随机主余震序列下地震易损性计算结果的对比分析可为后续研究中的策略选择及工程评价提供参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFC3803004)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52208164)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52361135806)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20220984)
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2025年第38卷第9期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309031
  • 接收时间:2023-09-12
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-12
  • 修回日期:2023-11-29
基金
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFC3803004)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52208164)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52361135806)
江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20220984)
作者信息
    1.河海大学土木与交通学院,江苏 南京 210098
    2.东南大学混凝土与预应力混凝土结构教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210096

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冯德成 (1987—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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