Article(id=1227591812135711371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694275200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-10, revisedDate=1703433600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610295566, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610295566, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610295566, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610295566, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591806980915649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='9', pageStart='1935', pageEnd='2204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610294337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610356968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2098, endPage=2105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591812408341140, articleId=1227591812135711371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Vibration characteristics analysis of thermal bending for cantilever rotor-bearing system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The wedge-shaped oil film in sliding bearings induces uneven heating effects on the journal of a rapidly rotating rotor, resulting in circumferential temperature variations in the journal. The thermal bending caused by these temperature differences exacerbates rotor vibration, leading to a phenomenon known as ‘Morton effect’ or rotor thermal instability. This effect is particularly severe in cantilevered rotors. Initially, an elliptical bearing’s thermal fluid lubrication model is established, and its dynamic coefficients and oil film temperature field are calculated. Subsequently, based on Fourier heat conduction theory, using the obtained oil film temperature as a boundary condition, a finite element method is employed to solve the three-dimensional transient temperature field of the journal to determine the thermal deformation and thermal stress. The thermal stress is then integrated to obtain an equivalent moment for rotor dynamic analysis. Additionally, the sliding bearing oil film thickness is updated based on thermal deformation. Repeating these steps completes the fluid-solid-thermal multi-field coupling analysis of the rotor-bearing system, and the effectiveness of the simulation model is validated against experimental data. Finally, parameter analysis is conducted on the rotor-bearing system with the rotor’s cantilever length and suspended mass as variables. The results indicate that reducing the cantilever length or decreasing the suspended mass effectively reduces system vibration.

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滑动轴承的楔形油膜对于高速旋转的转子轴颈有不均匀加热效应,使得轴颈产生周向温差。周向温差所导致的热弯曲会加剧转子振动,甚至造成转子热失稳,即所谓“莫顿效应”。对于悬臂式转子,莫顿效应尤其严重。本文建立椭圆轴承的热流体润滑模型并计算其动力系数及油膜温度场,基于傅里叶热传导理论,以所得油膜温度为边界条件,采用有限元方法求解轴颈三维瞬态温度场以获得轴颈热变形与热应力,对过热应力积分获得等效弯矩,并将其应用于转子动力学分析,同时基于热变形更新滑动轴承油膜厚度。重复上述步骤便完成了转子-轴承系统的流-固-热多场耦合分析,基于试验数据验证仿真模型的有效性。以转子悬臂长度及悬垂质量为参数,对转子-轴承系统进行参数分析。结果表明,缩短悬臂长度或减小悬垂质量可有效降低系统振动。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
董兴建(1977—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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宋华庆(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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宋华庆(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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宋华庆(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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Parameters of the elliptical bearing

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轴承参数数值
轴承半径/mm140
轴承宽度/mm260
轴承间隙/mm0.17
预负荷0.5
轴瓦数量2
瓦块包角/(°)140
进油温度/℃50
进油压力/MPa0.8
润滑油牌号ISO-VG46
载荷/kN1200
转速/(r·min−1)3000
), ArticleFig(id=1227653080964072361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591812135711371, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

椭圆轴承参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轴承参数数值
轴承半径/mm140
轴承宽度/mm260
轴承间隙/mm0.17
预负荷0.5
轴瓦数量2
瓦块包角/(°)140
进油温度/℃50
进油压力/MPa0.8
润滑油牌号ISO-VG46
载荷/kN1200
转速/(r·min−1)3000
), ArticleFig(id=1227653081085707182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591812135711371, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of operating parameters of elliptical bearings

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参数DYROBES自编程序试验数据
偏心率0.76710.76710.7707
偏位角/(°)79.2079.2081.02
周向温差/℃20.822.222.5
最大油膜压力/MPa4.915.16
Kxx/(N·m−1)4.01×1083.92×108
Kxy/(N·m−1)1.93×1082.51×108
Kyx/(N·m−1)−1.25×109−1.22×109
Kyy/(N·m−1)1.67×1091.50×109
Cxx/(N·s·m−1)1.74×1061.61×106
Cxy/(N·s·m−1)−9.87×105−1.17×106
Cyx/(N·s·m−1)−9.87×105−1.15×106
Cyy/(N·s·m−1)8.86×1068.52×106
), ArticleFig(id=1227653081186370487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591812135711371, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

椭圆轴承工作参数对比

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参数DYROBES自编程序试验数据
偏心率0.76710.76710.7707
偏位角/(°)79.2079.2081.02
周向温差/℃20.822.222.5
最大油膜压力/MPa4.915.16
Kxx/(N·m−1)4.01×1083.92×108
Kxy/(N·m−1)1.93×1082.51×108
Kyx/(N·m−1)−1.25×109−1.22×109
Kyy/(N·m−1)1.67×1091.50×109
Cxx/(N·s·m−1)1.74×1061.61×106
Cxy/(N·s·m−1)−9.87×105−1.17×106
Cyx/(N·s·m−1)−9.87×105−1.15×106
Cyy/(N·s·m−1)8.86×1068.52×106
), ArticleFig(id=1227653081270256575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591812135711371, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

The critical speed of the rotor-bearing system

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阶数仿真 / (r·min−1)试验 /(r·min−1)误差 /%
第1阶1364.31396.92.389
第2阶2727.32749.10.799
), ArticleFig(id=1227653081358336965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591812135711371, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

转子-轴承系统临界转速

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阶数仿真 / (r·min−1)试验 /(r·min−1)误差 /%
第1阶1364.31396.92.389
第2阶2727.32749.10.799
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悬臂式转子-轴承系统热弯曲振动特性分析
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宋华庆 1 , 董兴建 1 , 陈康康 1 , 杨昔科 2 , 张燕 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(9): 2098-2105
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(9): 2098-2105
悬臂式转子-轴承系统热弯曲振动特性分析
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宋华庆1 , 董兴建1 , 陈康康1, 杨昔科2, 张燕2
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学振动、冲击、噪声研究所,上海 200240
  • 2.上海电气电站设备有限公司发电机厂,上海 200240
  • 宋华庆(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

董兴建(1977—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Vibration characteristics analysis of thermal bending for cantilever rotor-bearing system
Huaqing SONG1 , Xingjian DONG1 , Kangkang CHEN1, Xike YANG2, Yan ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Vibration, Shock and Noise, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.Shanghai Electric Power Generation Equipment Co., Ltd., Generator Plant, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309026
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滑动轴承的楔形油膜对于高速旋转的转子轴颈有不均匀加热效应,使得轴颈产生周向温差。周向温差所导致的热弯曲会加剧转子振动,甚至造成转子热失稳,即所谓“莫顿效应”。对于悬臂式转子,莫顿效应尤其严重。本文建立椭圆轴承的热流体润滑模型并计算其动力系数及油膜温度场,基于傅里叶热传导理论,以所得油膜温度为边界条件,采用有限元方法求解轴颈三维瞬态温度场以获得轴颈热变形与热应力,对过热应力积分获得等效弯矩,并将其应用于转子动力学分析,同时基于热变形更新滑动轴承油膜厚度。重复上述步骤便完成了转子-轴承系统的流-固-热多场耦合分析,基于试验数据验证仿真模型的有效性。以转子悬臂长度及悬垂质量为参数,对转子-轴承系统进行参数分析。结果表明,缩短悬臂长度或减小悬垂质量可有效降低系统振动。

滑动轴承  /  莫顿效应  /  转子动力学  /  热弯曲  /  热稳定性

The wedge-shaped oil film in sliding bearings induces uneven heating effects on the journal of a rapidly rotating rotor, resulting in circumferential temperature variations in the journal. The thermal bending caused by these temperature differences exacerbates rotor vibration, leading to a phenomenon known as ‘Morton effect’ or rotor thermal instability. This effect is particularly severe in cantilevered rotors. Initially, an elliptical bearing’s thermal fluid lubrication model is established, and its dynamic coefficients and oil film temperature field are calculated. Subsequently, based on Fourier heat conduction theory, using the obtained oil film temperature as a boundary condition, a finite element method is employed to solve the three-dimensional transient temperature field of the journal to determine the thermal deformation and thermal stress. The thermal stress is then integrated to obtain an equivalent moment for rotor dynamic analysis. Additionally, the sliding bearing oil film thickness is updated based on thermal deformation. Repeating these steps completes the fluid-solid-thermal multi-field coupling analysis of the rotor-bearing system, and the effectiveness of the simulation model is validated against experimental data. Finally, parameter analysis is conducted on the rotor-bearing system with the rotor’s cantilever length and suspended mass as variables. The results indicate that reducing the cantilever length or decreasing the suspended mass effectively reduces system vibration.

plain bearing  /  Morton effect  /  rotor dynamics  /  thermal bending  /  thermal stability
宋华庆, 董兴建, 陈康康, 杨昔科, 张燕. 悬臂式转子-轴承系统热弯曲振动特性分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2098 -2105 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309026
Huaqing SONG, Xingjian DONG, Kangkang CHEN, Xike YANG, Yan ZHANG. Vibration characteristics analysis of thermal bending for cantilever rotor-bearing system[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2098 -2105 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309026
转子-轴承系统广泛应用于电力机械、船舶重工、石油开采等重工业领域[1]。转子-轴承系统在工作状态下,轴颈与轴瓦表面之间的楔形润滑油膜在避免转子与轴承直接接触带来磨损的同时,其内部发生不均匀黏性剪切,产生不均匀油膜温度场,并对转子轴颈产生不均匀加热,使得轴颈出现周向温差进而导致转子发生热弯曲,加剧转子振动,甚至导致转子失稳,这种现象被称之为“莫顿效应”[2]。在工程设备中,由于结构、空间等条件的限制,部分转子带有较长的外伸段,形成悬臂式转子结构[3]。由于悬臂式转子具有较大的外伸质量,因此受到热弯曲的影响更为显著,相较于非悬臂式转子来说,悬臂式转子更容易发生莫顿效应。
莫顿效应涉及流-热-固多物理场耦合,传统的转子动力学方法无法对其进行准确建模;同时由于热弯曲引起的热不平衡具有幅值与相位不断变化的特点,传统的转子动平衡手段无法消除莫顿效应,反而容易造成转子与轴承的意外损坏。因此,建立转子-轴承系统流-热-固多物理场耦合模型,准确预报转子热弯曲现象,对于抑制或避免莫顿效应并提高设备的安全可靠性具有重要意义。
在莫顿效应被提出之前,由于定转子碰摩而引起热弯曲振动的现象(Newkirk效应)已被广大学者所知并进行了许多相关研究。引起这两种现象的直接原因均是轴颈温度分布不均,因此二者的动力学特征具有一定的相似性,如螺旋振动现象。KELLENBERGER[4]提出热点模型用以分析Newkirk效应,从数值上复现了Newkirk效应的螺旋振动现象。SCHMIED等[5]基于热点模型提出了热比率法用以分析莫顿效应。BACHSCHMID等[6]采用瞬态多物理场耦合方法对Newkirk效应进行了仿真分析,其中转子动力学部分通过一维梁单元建模,同时采用有限差分法求解傅里叶热传导方程以获得轴颈温度场分布,之后,BACHSCHMID等[7]基于有限元法进一步改进了该模型并将其用于某50 MW发电机转子的分析,通过与试验对照验证其模型的准确性,同时也验证了将瞬态时域分析方法用于转子热稳定性分析的可行性。
不同于Newkirk效应的转子与定子直接发生干摩擦,MORTON[8]提出滑动轴承对于转子的不对称加热效应可能会使转子弯曲并引起转子失稳。KEOGH等[9-10]从理论上分析了同步涡动状态下转子轴颈的温度分布,同时基于DIMAROGONAS公式[11]计算了转子的稳态热弯曲。然而上述方法假设转子的振幅、周向温差和转子热弯曲导致的不平衡量均存在线性关系,同时在计算过程中采用短轴承理论,无法对油膜进行精确建模,也无法预测转子的三维温度场与热变形,因此对于莫顿效应的预测存在一定的局限性。
针对这一问题,广大学者采用瞬态时域分析方法分析莫顿效应,通过三维有限元方法求解滑动轴承的热流体润滑模型,并通过热流密度建立准确的热边界条件,求解转子的周向温差ΔT、热弯曲和振动随时间的变化,得到了更为精确的莫顿效应预测模型,并发现不同于Newkirk效应,莫顿效应的热点会滞后于高点0°~60°[12-16]。TONG等[17]通过试验测量了可倾瓦轴承的莫顿效应,并将转子周向温差ΔT同预测算法比较,验证了其模型的准确性。
综上所述,相较于其他类型的转子,具有悬臂结构的转子更易发生莫顿效应,前人对于莫顿效应的仿真分析采用过多简化假设,导致仿真结果精度较差。为此,本文以椭圆轴承支撑的某80 MW汽轮发电机转子-轴承系统为研究对象,采用瞬态时域分析方法对其进行多物理场耦合仿真分析,同时借助商业有限元软件对比验证各部分模型的正确性,最后,探究转子悬臂长度与悬垂质量对于莫顿效应的影响,为莫顿效应的精确建模及预防治理提供理论依据。
转子旋转过程中在不平衡力的作用下会发生同步涡动行为,当同步正向涡动轨迹超过其静态偏心距时,轴颈上某一点会在转子运转过程中始终处于油膜最薄处。
图1给出了轴颈同步涡动椭圆轨迹示意图,可以看出点Hp在轴颈涡动过程中始终处于油膜最薄处,在黏性剪切作用下,此处油膜温度最高。图中ObOj分别表示轴承和轴颈中心,具体位置可由转子动力学分析获得。
轴颈涡动至某一位置时椭圆轴承油膜厚度如图2所示,图中θ为某处油膜在坐标系中的角度,θs为两轴瓦夹角的一半,由几何关系可以得出:
{e1=(e2+mf12+2emf1cosϕ)12h1=Cb+e1cosφ1ht1e2=(e2+mf222emf2cosϕ)12h2=Cb+e2cosφ2ht2
式中,下角标1、2表示轴瓦编号;h为油膜厚度;eϕ分别为轴承瞬态偏心率和偏位角;mf为预负荷;Cb为轴承间隙;ht为轴颈径向热膨胀;φ为用于计算某一位置油膜厚度的变量,表示某一位置油膜厚度线与轴颈偏心位置的夹角。
为提高计算效率,在瞬态计算过程中将轴颈涡动一周的平均油膜厚度作为计算参数用于后续计算过程。
对于固定瓦轴承,在假设流体为牛顿流体、层流、动载的条件下,滑动轴承油膜的运动可以用如下雷诺方程描述[18]
x(h312ηpx)+y(h312ηpy)=12(hU)x+(Vycosϕ+Vxsinϕ)
式中,x=R为轴承半径,θ为周向角度;η为润滑油黏度;p为油膜压力;U为轴颈表面线速度;y为轴承轴向坐标;VxVy分别为轴颈中心沿xy方向的挤压速度。
在进行数值计算时,瓦块上下游的压力设定为供油压力,瓦块两侧的压力为零,同时采用Reynolds 边界条件作为压力边界条件。
综合考虑计算时间与精度,采用二维Cope能量方程[19]考虑轴承的热效应,具体形式如下:
qxTx+qyTy=ηU2Jρcρh+h312ηJρcρ[(px)2+(py)2]
qx=ush2h312ηpx
qy=h312ηpy
式中,T 为沿油膜厚度方向的平均温度;J为热功当量;ρ为润滑油的密度;qxqy分别为计算域各点周向和轴向的体积流量;us表示油膜流动的线速度;cρ为润滑油的比热容。能量方程的边界条件[20]为:
Tin ={Qo i1To i1+(Qi iQoi1)Ts Qi i,Qo i1<λQi iλQi iTo i1+(Qi iλQii)TsQi i,Qo i1λQi i
式中,Tin表示油膜前端的温度,由从上瓦下游流出的热油与进入到油槽中的新油混合确定QoQi分别表示上游流出的热油的流量和进入油槽的新油的流量;ToTs表示新油的温度;λ为混合系数。
润滑油的黏度值受温度的影响较大,会随着温度的升高而迅速下降。本文在进行计算时采用的黏温方程为Rolelands方程[21]
η=η0exp{(lnη0+9.67)[(T138T0138)1.11]}
式中,η0为介质对应温度T0 的动力黏度;T0为参考温度。
将油膜力视为平衡点附近位移和速度的函数,利用泰勒级数将其展开,则当轴心在静平衡位置附近做小振动时,油膜力增量可由下式表示[22]
{ΔFx=KxxΔx+KxyΔy+CxxΔx˙+CxyΔy˙ΔFy=KyxΔx+KyyΔy+CyxΔx˙+CyyΔy˙
式中,ΔF表示油膜力扰动量;KC分别表示油膜刚度和油膜阻尼。基于上式,在平衡位置分别取位移小扰动±Δx、±Δy及速度小扰动±Δx˙、±Δy˙,并代入雷诺方程求解,可以得到:
{KxxFx(1)Fx(2)2|Δx|KyxFy(1)Fy(2)2|Δx|KyxFx(3)Fx(4)2|Δy|KyyFy(3)Fy(4)2|Δy|
{CxxFx(5)Fx(6)2Δx˙CxxFy(5)Fy(6)2Δx˙CxyFx(7)Fx(8)2Δy˙CyyFy(7)Fy(8)2Δy˙
式中,FxFy表示取小扰动后油膜力的计算值。
以某80 MW汽轮发电机转子支承轴承为例,计算在转子同步进动过程中的工作参数,表1给出了该支承轴承的具体参数。
图3为椭圆轴承油膜特性分布,可以看出,热点油膜周向存在明显温差,同时热点滞后于高点约40°。
为验证椭圆轴承热流体润滑模型的正确性,将子程序所得计算结果与商业有限元软件DYROBES计算结果及试验数据进行对比,如表2所示。
表2kc为油膜的刚度及阻尼系数,可以看出,本文算法的结果与DYROBES仿真结果及试验测试数据接近,误差在可接受范围内,可以认为本文所建立的椭圆轴承热流体润滑仿真模型是有效的。
三维固体中的热传导可用傅里叶方程描述[23]
k(2Trotorx2+2Trotory2+2Trotorz2)=ρcTrotort
CT˙rotor+KTrotor=Q
C=vρrcNTNdv
K=vBTDBdv+shshaft NTNTeds
Q=s3Thshaft Nds
通过三维有限元算法,利用八节点等参单元将式(11)离散得到式(12);其中,CKQ分别为比热矩阵、传导矩阵、热负荷矢量;NBD分别为形函数矩阵、应变矩阵、材料本构矩阵;Te为与转子接触的流体的温度矩阵;v表示体积积分;s表示表面积分;s3表示油膜热表面;ρr、c、k分别为转子的密度、比热容、导热系数,求解方程即可获得转子三维瞬态温度场Trotor
在求解转子热传导方程时,将转子与润滑油及空气接触的表面s设置为热对流边界条件,其中润滑油的温度场可通过滑动轴承热流体润滑分析求解获得,对流换热系数hshaft由下式求得:
hshaft =kfRe2/3Pr1/315R
式中,kf表示流体热传导系数;R表示转子半径;Re表示空气或润滑油的当地雷诺数,由下式求得:
Reair=ΩD2ηair,Reoil=ρUhηoil
式中,ΩD分别表示转子轴颈的角速度和直径;ηairηoil为流体的黏度;Pr表示普朗特数:
Pr =cρρUkf
由于转子与空气的对流换热效应,远离轴承的转子段无明显温升及热变形现象,考虑到将全部转轴划分为三维实体单元运算量过大,因此在热传导计算模块仅须考虑靠近轴承的转子段。
k(2Trotorx2+2Trotory2+2Trotorz2)=0
式(19)为忽略时间项的稳态热传导方程,在进行瞬态计算之前,可以相同的边界条件对其进行数值求解计算,以获得热转子计算范围。经过分析,本文取轴承左右各外伸220 mm轴段作为热转子计算范围。
将转子的温度场作为输入条件,通过有限元方法可求解转子的热变形及热应力。在计算热应力时可将温度视作另一种载荷,利用最小势能原理,将其写成等效节点力,如下式[24]所示,然后便可根据弹性力学基本理论计算其结构位移场Ustr及应变场ε,提取转子轴颈表面位移场,即得由于转子热膨胀对于轴承油膜厚度的修正量ht
fTe=vBTDε0dv=vBTDαΔTdv
式中,ε0表示由温度引起的热应变。依据线性热应力理论,微元体的总应变由两部分叠加而成:一是由于材料的热胀冷缩特性,温度变化引起的物体应变;另一部分是由于应力引起的,如下式所示:
{εx=1E[σxμ(σy+σz)]+αΔTεy=1E[σyμ(σz+σx)]+αΔTεz=1E[σzμ(σx+σy)]+αΔT
式中,等式右端第一项为应力引起的应变,第二项为温度变化引起的应变;α表示材料的热膨胀系数;ΔT为温度变化量;Eμ分别为材料的弹性模量与泊松比。由此,热应力的计算可以看作由于温度变化引起的初应变问题[18],其总应力-应变关系为:
σ=D(εαΔT)
由于转子内部z向应力σz分布不均,使得转子内部产生等效弯矩进而导致转子发生弯曲,即“热弓”,如图4所示。热等效弯矩MxMy对于转子动力学行为的影响分为两部分,一是由于等效弯矩的负载效应产生的直接动力学响应,二是等效弯矩使转子发生热弯曲进而导致转子偏心,从而引入新的同步不平衡量,因此对转子系统进行动力学求解之前,须先求解由等效弯矩引起的静挠度[6]
Mx=0R02πσz(r,θ)r2sinθdrdθMy=0R02πσz(r,θ)r2cosθdrdθ
式中,r为柱面坐标系的积分半径。将等效弯矩MxMy作为静态载荷施加载到转子系统有限元模型中,可求得转子的热偏心量xy,由于转子热弯曲导致的不平衡力可由下式表示:
{Fnxi=mixi2+yi2Ω2cos(Ωt+Φi)Fnyi=mixi2+yi2Ω2sin(Ωt+Φi)
Φi=arctan(yixi)
式中,i表示第i个节点;Fn为动态不平衡力;m为节点质量。
基于上述理论分析,可以对转子轴颈热应力进行瞬态仿真计算。
图5为转子运行10 min后轴颈的温度与z向热应力云图,可以看出,轴颈的周向温差超过15 ℃,这正是造成转子热弯曲的直接原因。等效热弯矩随转子运行时间的变化如图6所示,可以看出,随着传热时间的推进,转子轴颈的等效热弯矩不断增大,加剧系统的振动,最终趋于平稳。
转子-轴承系统模型简图如图7所示,发电机转子结构细长,因此利用一维单元对转子系统进行离散:转轴采用Timoshenko梁单元建模,可以考虑梁的剪切变形、连续质量、转动惯量和陀螺力矩;轴承采用线性刚度和阻尼单元建模;叶片和轮盘等采用集中质量单元建模,考虑其质量和转动惯量。
结合前述分析,考虑热不平衡的系统的整体动力学方程为:
Mx..+Dsx.+Ksx=(Funb+j=1NMx+j=1NMy+Fnx+Fny)eiΩt
式中,N为节点数量;x为位移;M为质量矩阵;Ds包括结构阻尼矩阵、轴承阻尼矩阵与陀螺矩阵;Ks为刚度矩阵;Funb为初始不平衡力;FnxFny表示由集中质量单元离心所产生的不平衡力。
滑动转子-轴承系统多场耦合仿真流程及各子程序之间的数据传递关系如图8所示,在输入计算时间与系统参数后,首先对滑动轴承进行仿真计算,获得轴承动力系数与油膜温度场备用;然后利用有限元法求解轴颈的三维温度场分布,计算轴颈的热膨胀及等效热弯矩;随后基于所得参数进行转子动力学计算,并将所得参数更新进行下一步的求解,直至到达预定计算时间。
为提高计算效率,采用交错迭代格式[13]来执行转子-轴承的瞬态分析。如图9所示,每个计算周期由两个阶段组成,在第一阶段,求解雷诺、能量、热传导和转子动力学方程,然后存储第一阶段结束时转子和轴承的温度并将其用于第二阶段;在第二阶段,求解瞬态热传导方程以更新转子和轴承温度,考虑到转子的动态响应的变化远快于转子的温度变化,并且转子的动态响应收敛很快,因此设置第二阶段的计算时间远长于第一阶段。该方法在保留足够计算精度的同时极大地提高了计算效率。
为验证所建系统模型的正确性,对滑动转子-轴承系统进行临界转速测试试验,试验测得系统临界转速与仿真计算结果如表3所示,看以看出,转子系统临界转速的仿真结果与试验结果接近,误差在可接受范围内,可认为所建立的仿真模型是准确的。
基于所建立的仿真模型,对于转子-轴承系统进行多场耦合瞬态仿真分析,并通过现场试车试验(如图10所示)对仿真结果进行试验验证,其中转子转速在230 s内由300 r/min线性增加到3000 r/min,在保持400 s后遵循相同的速度曲线降低至300 r/min。
得到转子-轴承系统测点(如图7所示)x方向的位移振幅随时间的变化趋势如图11所示,可以看出,仿真得到的计算结果与试验结果趋势基本一致。进一步分析转子振幅的演变趋势可以看出,系统在经过其临界转速时振幅会有明显的增加;在转速稳定在3000 r/min时,转子的振幅随时间的推进会缓慢上升,这是转子热不平衡逐渐积累的缘故,这也使得系统在降速阶段的不平衡量高于升速阶段,导致系统在降速阶段的振动明显高于升速阶段,这与张晓斌等[3]在某悬臂式压缩机上观察到的振动现象趋势相同;同时在降速阶段,试验的振动峰值高于仿真,其原因是在实测结果中,降速经过共振频率时,由于热不平衡的不断积累,使得在经过共振频率时,转子发生强烈失稳行为,以至于破坏轴承油膜支承的行为。而仿真中以轴承刚度与轴承阻尼代替轴承,并不会真的发生油膜破坏现象。
为探究不同的悬臂长度与悬垂质量对于转子热稳定性的影响,现分别将悬臂长度缩短25%与50%,悬垂质量减小25%与50%,其余参数保持不变,进行仿真试验。
图12图13分别对比了不同悬臂长度与悬垂质量对于系统振动的影响,可以看出,缩短悬臂长度与减小悬垂质量均有助于提高转子-轴承系统的稳定性,减小悬垂质量的效果要明显优于缩短悬臂长度,这是因为在较高转速下,较大的悬垂质量在热弯曲的作用下会产生更大的不平衡力,从而加剧系统的振动。
基于多物理场耦合建模,通过对椭圆轴承的热流体润滑分析、轴颈热应力分析及转子动力学分析,在时域上对转子-轴承系统的热弯曲振动响应进行了分析,同时分析不同的悬臂长度与悬垂质量对于系统振动行为的影响,得到如下结论:
(1)试验与理论分析结果趋势相同,精度较高,表明本文建立的多场耦合转子轴承系统仿真模型较为准确,可用于指导轴承或转子结构的改进设计。
(2)转子升降速曲线不重叠,降速过程振动明显大于升速过程,这是由于系统热不平衡不断积累,使得降速阶段热不平衡高于升速阶段。
(3)系统的悬臂长度与悬垂质量均会影响转子-轴承系统的振动,在结构允许范围内尽量缩短悬臂长度或减小悬垂质量,有助于提高滑动轴承转子系统的稳定性。
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309026
  • 接收时间:2023-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-10
  • 修回日期:2023-12-25
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272219)
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    1.上海交通大学振动、冲击、噪声研究所,上海 200240
    2.上海电气电站设备有限公司发电机厂,上海 200240

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董兴建(1977—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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