Article(id=1227591813586940610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692633600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-22, revisedDate=1699891200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610295911, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610295911, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610295911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610295911, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591806980915649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='9', pageStart='1935', pageEnd='2204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610294337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610356968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2002, endPage=2010, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591813922484945, articleId=1227591813586940610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Robust monitoring of structural 3D deformations using binocular stereo vision, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional computer vision methods usually focus on the in-plane dynamic response of structures. Therefore, this paper proposes an image phase-based stereo matching temporal analysis method to achieve targetless robust monitoring of three-dimensional structural deformation. This method uses 2D-Gabor filters and Gaussian pyramid gradient algorithms for image preprocessing, applies a phase-based dense optical flow tracking algorithm and an improved semi-global block matching (SGBM) algorithm to realize full-field measurement of structural displacement in the region of interest, and further proposes an intuitive displacement-strain conversion method to measure three-dimensional strain of structures. Through virtual reality experiments based on physics-based graphics models (PBGM), it is verified that the error of this method compared with 3D-DIC and finite element analysis deformation is less than 2%; in vibration tests of outdoor bridge structures in the laboratory, the deformation error compared with traditional testing methods can be controlled within 8%, meeting engineering application accuracy. Without compromising accuracy, this method achieves targetless robust monitoring of three-dimensional structural deformation, and better solves the problems of large environmental impact and high cost in traditional structural deformation monitoring.

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传统计算机视觉方法通常聚焦于结构平面内的动力响应,因此本文提出基于图像相位立体匹配时序分析测量方法实现对结构三维形变的无靶标鲁棒监测。该方法利用2D-Gabor滤波器和高斯金字塔梯度算法对图像进行预处理,运用基于相位的稠密光流追踪算法与改进的半全局块匹配(SGBM)算法,实现对结构感兴趣区域位移的全场测量,进一步提出一种直观的位移-应变转换方法,实现结构三维应变的测量。通过基于物理的图形模型(PBGM)的虚拟现实试验,验证了本文方法与3D-DIC和有限元分析形变对比误差均小于2%;在实验室户外桥梁的振动试验中,与传统测试方法对比形变误差可控制在8%以内,符合工程应用精度。本方法在确保精度的前提下实现了结构三维形变无靶标鲁棒监测,更好地解决了传统结构形变监测中受环境影响程度大、成本高等问题。

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朱前坤(1981—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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Comparison of RMSE for test results (Unit:%)

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方法A点B点
位移(Z)应变(Eyy)位移(Z)应变 (Eyy)
3D-DIC1.261.771.692.47
本文方法1.081.591.451.82
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测试结果RMSE对比(单位:%)

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方法A点B点
位移(Z)应变(Eyy)位移(Z)应变 (Eyy)
3D-DIC1.261.771.692.47
本文方法1.081.591.451.82
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Comparison of RMSE for test result under different light intensities(Unit:%)

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光照强度/(W·m−2)3D-DIC本文方法
0.5143
1.52.51.8
35.62.2
510.53.6
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不同光照强度下测试结果RMSE对比(单位:%)

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光照强度/(W·m−2)3D-DIC本文方法
0.5143
1.52.51.8
35.62.2
510.53.6
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Comparison of test result errors

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桥梁位置RMSE/%
跨中挠度1.7
D点顺桥向应变4.8
E点顺桥向应变7.4
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测试结果误差对比

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桥梁位置RMSE/%
跨中挠度1.7
D点顺桥向应变4.8
E点顺桥向应变7.4
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结构三维形变的双目立体视觉鲁棒监测研究
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朱前坤 1, 2 , 王婷婷 1 , 王军营 1 , 张琼 1, 2 , 杜永峰 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(9): 2002-2010
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(9): 2002-2010
结构三维形变的双目立体视觉鲁棒监测研究
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朱前坤1, 2 , 王婷婷1, 王军营1, 张琼1, 2, 杜永峰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.兰州理工大学防震减灾研究所,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 2.兰州理工大学西部土木工程防灾减灾教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730050

通讯作者:

朱前坤(1981—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Robust monitoring of structural 3D deformations using binocular stereo vision
Qiankun ZHU1, 2 , Tingting WANG1, Junying WANG1, Qiong ZHANG1, 2, Yongfeng DU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Earthquake Protection and Disaster Mitigation, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 2.Western Center of Disaster Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308044
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传统计算机视觉方法通常聚焦于结构平面内的动力响应,因此本文提出基于图像相位立体匹配时序分析测量方法实现对结构三维形变的无靶标鲁棒监测。该方法利用2D-Gabor滤波器和高斯金字塔梯度算法对图像进行预处理,运用基于相位的稠密光流追踪算法与改进的半全局块匹配(SGBM)算法,实现对结构感兴趣区域位移的全场测量,进一步提出一种直观的位移-应变转换方法,实现结构三维应变的测量。通过基于物理的图形模型(PBGM)的虚拟现实试验,验证了本文方法与3D-DIC和有限元分析形变对比误差均小于2%;在实验室户外桥梁的振动试验中,与传统测试方法对比形变误差可控制在8%以内,符合工程应用精度。本方法在确保精度的前提下实现了结构三维形变无靶标鲁棒监测,更好地解决了传统结构形变监测中受环境影响程度大、成本高等问题。

计算机视觉  /  立体匹配算法  /  相位  /  PBGM  /  结构三维形变

Traditional computer vision methods usually focus on the in-plane dynamic response of structures. Therefore, this paper proposes an image phase-based stereo matching temporal analysis method to achieve targetless robust monitoring of three-dimensional structural deformation. This method uses 2D-Gabor filters and Gaussian pyramid gradient algorithms for image preprocessing, applies a phase-based dense optical flow tracking algorithm and an improved semi-global block matching (SGBM) algorithm to realize full-field measurement of structural displacement in the region of interest, and further proposes an intuitive displacement-strain conversion method to measure three-dimensional strain of structures. Through virtual reality experiments based on physics-based graphics models (PBGM), it is verified that the error of this method compared with 3D-DIC and finite element analysis deformation is less than 2%; in vibration tests of outdoor bridge structures in the laboratory, the deformation error compared with traditional testing methods can be controlled within 8%, meeting engineering application accuracy. Without compromising accuracy, this method achieves targetless robust monitoring of three-dimensional structural deformation, and better solves the problems of large environmental impact and high cost in traditional structural deformation monitoring.

computer vision  /  stereo matching algorithms  /  phase  /  physics-based graphics models  /  three-dimensional deformation of structure
朱前坤, 王婷婷, 王军营, 张琼, 杜永峰. 结构三维形变的双目立体视觉鲁棒监测研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2002 -2010 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308044
Qiankun ZHU, Tingting WANG, Junying WANG, Qiong ZHANG, Yongfeng DU. Robust monitoring of structural 3D deformations using binocular stereo vision[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2002 -2010 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308044
结构形变监测可以获取结构在外载荷作用下的结构响应,通过对结构形变过程的定量分析,可以为结构的科学设计提供参考。同时,结构形变分析还可以预判结构潜在的损伤发展,实现对结构安全性的预防管理,降低工程事故发生的风险[1]。传统结构振动形变监测中存在一定的局限性,如监测位置有限、受环境影响因素大、成本高等问题[2]。随着光学硬件设备的不断升级和图像算法的不断创新,计算机视觉技术因其高精度、远距离、多点监测及低成本的优点变得越来越普及[3]
传统计算机视觉技术通过单摄像机实现结构动力响应测量。但通过单目视觉进行结构振动测量时,受制于投影几何特性,仅能获得结构在相机成像平面内的振动信息,很难直接、快速获得结构三维位移[4]。但在实际工程中,为了准确评估结构的健康状态[5],计算三维动力响应尤其重要,特别是复杂结构[6]。目前,基于多视角摄像系统的三维数字图像相关技术(3D-digital image correlation,3D-DIC)[7]实现了结构三维形变测量,但3D-DIC技术的本质是基于块分辨率的模板匹配方法,精度受到图像低空间分辨率的限制,同时依赖于图像的像素强度,对光学噪声敏感,需要人工散斑标志作为特征点,因此难以有效应用于环境条件复杂多变的工程现场。CHANG等[8]利用基于Harris角点检测的双目视觉技术实现了地震荷载作用下的框架模型的位移动态测量;DU等[9]通过模板匹配与特征检测相结合的方法实现了桥梁的位移监测,但两种方法均依赖于标志物,对测量精度存在影响。SHAO等[10]基于深度学习匹配技术和KLT(Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi)光流跟踪技术实现了无目标三维全场振动位移测量;SUN等[11]利用单目相机和深度学习对结构三维位移进行了测量。然而,上述方法高度依赖训练数据和网络模型,难以推广应用,同时深度学习方法的泛化能力及其在工程实际应用中的鲁棒性仍有待进一步验证。
基于以上研究,为了实现结构三维形变的鲁棒监测,本文基于图像相位立体匹配时序分析方法构建了结构三维形变监测系统。通过基于相位的稠密光流追踪算法和改进的基于相位的半全局立体匹配(semi-global block matching,SGBM)算法对感兴趣区域的像素点进行监测,获得全场三维位移场;将支持向量回归(support vector regression,SVR)算法和基于应变传感器原理相结合实现了结构三维形变的测量。在基于物理的图形模型(physics-based graphics models,PBGM)的仿真试验环境中,将本文方法、开源3D-DIC和有限元分析的结果进行比较,并在实验室户外桥梁模型上与传统接触式监测传感器进行对比分析。
本文提出的双目视觉结构三维形变监测系统是基于图像相位立体匹配时序分析方法所构建的,主要步骤如下:1)采用基于相位的稠密光流法跟踪感兴趣区域,实现亚像素级精度的图像信息跟踪;2)利用改进的半全局块立体匹配(SGBM)算法,获得结构的三维亚像素位移;3)应用支持向量回归(SVR)算法对位移场进行平滑去噪;4)运用位移-应变转换算法,将平滑后的位移场转化为结构表面连续应变场。其技术框架如图1所示。
双目相机测量系统需通过相机标定建立相机和三维场景之间的数学映射关系。本文采用针孔相机模型,图2为双目相机系统成像模型。
相机标定的关键是确定内参矩阵和外参矩阵。内参矩阵定义图像的二维几何属性,将相机坐标中的点P映射到二维图像上的点PL、PR。外参矩阵决定双目相机之间的位置与方向关系,是实现二维图像到三维世界坐标转换的基础。同时标定过程可以消除几何畸变、校正图像,从而确保视觉分析结果的可靠性。因此,相机标定[12]是保证分析结果准确性的基础。
光流追踪通常以整像素为单位进行,为了提高输出位移场的精度,本文通过光流算法内嵌高斯金字塔实现亚像素级别的光流追踪,提取多尺度信息以改善光流估计的准确性和稳定性。
通过对原始图像进行下采样,使用预定义的下采样比例因子(通常为0.5)进行多次下采样操作,从而生成一系列不同分辨率的图像,在不同尺度上进行图像处理和分析,其表达式如下:
gk1=2(gk+dk),k(0,N1]
式中,gk为第k层的初始光流预测值;dk为第k层的光流计算结果;设金字塔最顶层为N–1层,初始光流预测值gN1=0dk=[ukvk]ukvk分别为被追踪点局部坐标中xy方向的光流矢量。
对采集的图像序列通过2D-Gabor滤波进行预处理,从而得到预定方向上的图像相位信息,表达式如下:
IGθ,i(x,y,t)=I(x,y,t)Gθ,i(x,y)i=1,2,,N
式中,IGθ,i(x,y,t)为滤波输出图像;I(x,y,t)表示输入图像;“*”表示卷积;i表示滤波器的数量;θ为滤波器的初始角度;Gθ,i(x,y)为2D-Gabor滤波器,表达示如下:
Gθ,i(x,y)=g(x,y)exp[2πj(Lx+Ty)]
式中,(LxTy)表示特定的空间频率;g(x,y)为二维高斯函数,表达示如下:
g(x,y)=12πσxσy{0.5[(xσx)2+(yσy)2]}
式中,(σx,σy)代表沿xy方向的椭圆高斯函数的标准偏差,决定了滤波器的空间宽度。
本文将基于相位的运动估计[13]和Farneback光流相结合,其中Farneback光流相较于稀疏光流,计算量略大,通过内嵌高斯金字塔对图像进行下采样操作实现计算量的降低。Farneback光流是基于多项式展开的位移场估计方法,在时域内从多项式展开系数的变化中估计位移场变化,避免了频域内微分与求逆的不利情况,同时图像的相位信息相对于像素强度信息更为稳定,因此提高了在环境噪声和光照干扰下的鲁棒性。为弥补传统方法中图像相位信息缺乏时间和位置的局部信息,本文通过基于相位光流追踪的的2D-Gabor滤波器[14]获取相位信息,实现在空域、频域和方向上获得最佳分辨率,算法流程如图3所示。
采用Gabor滤波器提取图像中每个像素的相位信息,需要选择一个以目标像素为中心、大小为(2n+1)×(2n+1)的像素邻域。通常将初始角θ设置为一个更好代表结构健康状态的方向,而滤波器的个数根据多项式近似所需的不确定性参数个数来选择。
将输入的图像视为二维函数,通过2D-Gabor滤波后得到图像中像素点的相位信息,以感兴趣的像素点为中心构建一个局部坐标系,可近似为:
fθ[(x,y)T]=r1+r2x+r3y+r4x2+r5y2+r6xy[θθ+π]
考虑到Gabor滤波器在频率上的共轭对称性,滤波器的角度只需要在[θθ + π]的区间内考虑,以此决定滤波器的数量。设滤波器的间隔角度为30°,数量为6个。利用加权最小二乘法来拟合邻域信息,得到一个六维系数r1,,r6。设f=r1h=(r2r3)W=(r4r6/2r6/2r5)
W为一个非零矩阵,那么前后两帧的位移d=(uv),可表示为:
d=12W1(h2h1)
式中,h1h2为前后两帧像素的邻域信息组成的2×1矩阵。
相较于传统的平面内测量,三维形变测量能够获得更丰富的结构振动信息,更有利于准确地评估结构的实际状态。立体视觉是利用两个相机在同步工作的状态下,以不同的视角观察同一场景,根据两个图像之间的视差来计算出物体的深度信息,实现二维到三维的映射。然而,原始的SGBM算法[15]基于图像强度信息进行匹配计算,在处理纹理较少或者边缘区域时很容易受到限制,同时对天气和照明条件等环境因素较为敏感。因此,本文将提取到的图像局部相位信息与原算法基于图像的灰度信息匹配进行叠加处理,实现对视差信息和映射矩阵的精确鲁棒计算,兼顾匹配的速度与精度优势,且保证了图像信息的稳定性。将1.2节中提取到的六个方向的Gabor滤波器滤波结果叠加:PG(x,y,t)=n=16PGn(x,y,t)用于SGBM的计算,其算法步骤如图4所示。
第一步,通过水平算子Sobel和Gabor滤波进行预处理,Sobel函数如下式所示:
Sobel(x,y)=2[PG(x+1,y)PG(x1,y)]+PG(x+1,y1)PG(x1,y1)+PG(x+1,y+1)PG(x1,y+1)
式中,PG为六个方向的Gabor滤波器滤波结果叠加所得相位信息。由水平Sobel算子处理的图像上每个像素被映射到一个新的图像,映射方程如下式所示:
PGNEW={0,PG<preFilterCapPG+preFilterCap,preFilterCapPGpreFilterCap2×preFilterCap,PGpreFilterCap
式中,PGNEW表示新图像上的点的相位信息; preFliterCap为常数参数(默认为15),得到图像相位梯度信息,供后续的代价计算。
第二步,对左右图像的相位信息有两种处理方式:预处理后的图像相位梯度信息通过基于采样的方法计算SAD(sum of absolute differences)代价和原始灰度信息直接在匹配窗口进行SAD代价计算,然后在不同视差值下沿极方向(水平方向)搜索右侧图像中对应的窗口,如图5所示。计算左右两个特征值的差值Dmax并最小化,找到差值最小区域的中心像素作为匹配点,其表达式为:
H(x,y,d)=i=nnj=nn|L(x+i,y+j)R(x+d+i,y+j)|
式中,H为基于相位的的代价匹配值;L(xy)、R(xy)表示左、右视图中像点P(xy)位置的像素相位值,用ij遍历匹配中的每个像素;d为视差值。
第三步,进行动态规划,优化匹配代价的聚合。将图像中每个像素周围的360°范围平均划分为8条路径,通过基于8个路径上一维路径的约束建立全局马尔科夫能量方程。这种约束匹配计算方法采用赢家通吃算法(winner takes all,WTA)即某个像素的所有视差下的代价值中,选择最小代价值所对应的视差作为最优视差,借助一维约束近似二维约束实施匹配计算,实现全局匹配代价优化,从而得到平滑、噪声鲁棒的视差图。上述方式建立的全局马尔科夫能量方程如下式所示:
Lr(p,d)=H(p,d)+min{Lr(pr,d)Lr(pr,d±1)+P1mini=dmin,,dmaxLr(pr,i)+P2}mini=dmin,,dmaxLr(pr,i)
式中,Lr为当前路径上的累计代价函数;r表示路径的方向;p表示像素的位置,通常用坐标(x, y)表示;第三项不相关项,仅为消除各方向不同路径长度的影响而引入;立体匹配需设置平面项惩罚系数P1和不连续性惩罚系数P2。通常P1<P2,既考虑场景非平面特性,也维持左右遮挡产生的不连续性,其数学表达式如下:
{P1=8×cn×sgbm.SADWindowSize2P2=32×cn×sgbm.SADWindowSize2
式中,cn为图像的通道数;sgbm.SADWindowSize为匹配代价SAD的窗口大小,数值为奇数;将所有方向的匹配代价相加得到总的匹配代价,计算过程如下:
s(p,d)=rLr(p,d)
第四步,后处理。首先,通过置信度检测排除代价值比较接近的误匹配,确保最终视差值是可靠的。因在立体匹配时会忽略真实场景的连续性,通过亚像素插值平滑化视差图像,提高测量精度,保证结构表面的视差更加连续、真实,其表达式为:
denom2=max(Sp[d1]+Sp[d+1]2×Sp[d],1)×116
d=d+(Sp[d1]Sp[d+1]+denom2)denom2×2
式中,Spp处的匹配代价;denom2为自适应归一化系数。最后,通过左右一致性检测消除左右遮挡带来的视差错误。假设左相机采集到的图像中某像素的视差为d,右相机采集到的该像素的视差为d*,如下式所示:
|dd|<threshold
式中,threshold为常量,一般取1或者2,若上式成立,则d为正确视差。
得到图像序列的视差图后,可计算相邻两帧图像间每个像素点视差的变化量。基于视差变化量w来计算出每个像素点的三维运动信息,如下式所示:
Q·[uvwx]=s·[UVW1]
式中,Q为重投影矩阵;s为比例因子;U、V、W分别为x、y、z方向的运动。
受限于输入图像的分辨率,直接通过视觉匹配获得的位移场存在一定噪声,对后续应变计算的精度存在一定的影响,采用传统曲面拟合方法时,容易对原始噪声产生放大效应,无法有效滤除噪声。为解决此问题,本文采用支持向量回归(SVR)[16]对位移场进行平滑处理,模型示意图如图6所示。SVR通过在高维特征空间中找到一个最佳拟合线组成的超平面,实现对位移数据的最优分类,与其他方法相比,SVR具备强大的泛化能力,可以有效提取位移场中的有效信息,滤除噪声。
将样本从低维空间映射到高维特征空间,由于维度的增加,高维特征空间中样本之间原先非线性的关系变得近似线性,解决了低维空间中由于样本之间因裂缝而导致的非线性问题,避免直接在低维空间中使用线性模型可能带来的过拟合或欠拟合问题。
从图像序列的感兴趣区域内提取所有像素点的位移作为样本集T,表示为:
T={(xi,yi,zi)}i=1nRm×1
式中,xiyizi为像素点的位移;n为样本数量;Rm×1m行1列矩阵。
选择合适的样本个数n进行训练后,运用高维特征空间线性方程:
yi=f(xi)=μ,ϕ(xi)+q,i=1,2,,n
拟合样本集T,采用εSVR算法求解约束优化问题获得最优模型参数,以达到最小化高维空间映射后的损失函数,实现高维空间中的非线性回归拟合,其计算过程如下:
{minimize12μ2+Ci=1n(ξi+ξi)subjectto{yiμ,ϕ(xi)qε+ξiμ,ϕ(xi)+qyiε+ξiξi,ξi0
式中,,为向量内积;ϕ()为非线性映射;C>0为样本惩罚因子;ε表示不敏感系数;ξξ为偏离敏感区域的大小;μq为模型参数,通过构建Lagrange函数,可以确定μ及非线性回归模型,其表达式为:
{μ=i=1n(αiαi)ϕ(xi)f(x)=i=1n(αiαi)K(xi,x)+q
式中,αiαi为Lagrange乘子;K(xi,x)为核函数,表示为K(xi,x)=ϕ(xi),ϕ(x)
传统应变计算从有限元位移场出发,通过数值差分等方式近似求导,来获取各单元的应变。相较而言,电阻应变片可以直接、连续地测量表面的应变分布,更符合标准应变的定义。本文通过应用连续介质力学中的应变定义,将位移场转换为连续应变场[4],在三维空间进行二维应变计算时,需要考虑每个像素点的深度信息,其示意图如图7所示,图中的aba'、b'表示参考点和变形后的对应参考点。
结构的变形仅影响平行于两个摄像机基线方向的应变值,具体表示为:
ε=ΔSS0=SS0S0=(S0+vbva)2+(wawb)2S0S0
式中,S0为原始长度,SP(t+1)后变形长度;延伸长度ΔS需要通过深度信息和图像平面的一维位移计算得到;vavb为水平位移;wawb为根据深度信息计算得到的z方向上的位移。
为获得感兴趣区域内的全场应变分布,本文采用有限元滑动窗法对区域内的应变进行计算。根据试验结构特征,通过设置多个大小与应变片相同的有限元滑动窗口作为子区域,对子区域内的应变像素进行平均,即可产生与应变片测量相当的应变结果。相较于应变片方法,有限元滑动窗法提高了对局部应变分布的采样密度,可灵活选择子区域的位置,实现对整个感兴趣区域的全场应变测量,获得连续应变场。
本文通过均方根误差(RMSE)和误差面积比(EAR)评估所涉及到的算法测量精度,分别表示为:
RMSE=i=1r(σicσit)2r
式中,σic为本文方法测量的数据;σit为参考数据,r为数据个数。
EAR=iP1(i>Et)P
式中,1(·)为指标函数;1(x)={1,if xistrue0if x is falsei表示第i个像素点的位移/应变测量的误差值;Et=0.015×[(max(g)min(g)],其中g表示位移/应变真值;P为像素总数。
HOSKERE等[17]开发基于物理的图形模型(PBGM),该技术通过建立结构的物理模型,结合图形渲染算法,实现对结构在外力作用下形变过程的模拟和可视化。PBGM技术最初应用于采用计算机视觉的民用基础设施自动检测研究中。
本文运用PBGM技术进行了结构形变监测过程。首先,在有限元分析软件中建立一个长10 m,宽1.6 m简支钢框架桥梁的目标结构模型,施加动力荷载并进行数值计算,获得结构变形前后节点坐标信息。通过Python API提取有限元结果,将其导入图形渲染引擎Blender中,根据变形前后节点数据以及结构位移数据,采用三维图形渲染算法中的纹理映射技术,实现对结构表面连续变形过程的可视重建,如图8所示。虚拟环境中使结构的形变响应能够以实物细节呈现,并具有真实的物理特性。该可视化系统完整地再现了结构变形过程,以及双目相机监测系统的布置。其中包括相机/镜头的选择,相机位置/方向,结构真实变形过程的渲染,以及两者位置相对关系,完全实现视觉传感器测量结构三维形变的可视化,通过张正友棋盘标定法[12]进行标定,重投影误差小于0.5 pixel,符合应用精度要求。同时在理想仿真环境下对SVR的参数进行优化,并可应用于现场试验中。在标准光强下,随着拟合步长的增加,测量误差趋于降低,但超过30 pixel后,会产生过度拟合导致误差放大,因此确定最佳拟合步长为30 pixel,测量误差为0.025。
以有限元分析获得的形变数据作为参考数据,将本文方法与3D-DIC方法进行精度比较,并通过误差对比进行定量分析,为进一步优化所提方法的参数提供直观参考。
在获得的结构变形图像中分别选取第二跨和第三跨跨中1200×360 pixel大小的感兴趣区域用于分析。通过开源3D-DIC [18]程序和本文所提方法对其进行分析,得到的A、B点的位移和应变时程,通过与有限元分析所得的真值进行对比,误差分析如表1所示,可知B点的误差大于A点,由于B点位于结构跨中最大变形区,存在图像匹配难度加大等困难,导致其误差大于A点。由于篇幅原因,只给出B点的位移/应变时程图,如图910所示,在标准光照强度(1.5 W/m2)下,其变化趋势基本与有限元分析吻合,因对于感兴趣点取位移平均,故视觉方法略小于有限元值。
由于有限元分析获得的曲面数据是通过划分网格节点生成的,并不是真正的曲面数据,因此仅通过比较3D-DIC和本文方法获得的形变图像的位移和应变来评价曲面测量结果。取0.8 s时桥梁振动的位移应变云图,如图1112所示。根据式(23),如图11所示位移结果中max(g)=38.57, min(g)=38.35,因此阈值Et=0.003。EAR定义的位移和应变的测量误差分别为2.6%和4.7%,这一结果验证了所提方法测量位移/应变的有效性。此外,对比3D-DIC表明,该方法测量的位移/应变具有较高的平滑性和空间分辨率。
通过改变虚拟环境中的光源强度参数模拟不同光照强度的试验工况,在不同工况下,将本文方法与3D-DIC方法在B点处计算得到的应变值与有限元真值进行对比,结果如表2所示,可知3D-DIC产生的误差波动为11.5 %,本文方法仅为1.8%,说明3D-DIC对光强较为敏感,同时验证了本文方法的鲁棒性。
为了验证本文算法在工程环境中的可用性,以实验室户外的小型简支玻璃桥为研究对象,其桥面长10 m,宽1.6 m,基频为4.0 Hz[19]。试验过程中,双目采集系统由两台同步工作的工业相机(MV-SUF1200M-T)组成,放置在距离结构40 cm的位置,两台摄像机的光轴与基线夹角为65°,提供1200万(7360×4912)像素的有效图像分辨率,对外侧工字梁的跨中区域进行图像数据采集,帧率为30 fps;激光位移计(HG-C1100)架设在桥梁跨中处,以相同的采样频率对跨中位置处的竖向位移进行采集;试验中应变采集仪(DH3816)采用1/4桥接法进行连接,每个通道的采集频率与工业相机相同。为了得到较为理想且明显的结构形变响应,试验中通过激振器(APS400)对模型桥施加正弦波外部激励,输入的正弦波频率为模型桥的共振频率4.0 Hz,振幅为5 Vpp。应变片的粘贴位置及方式与试验布置的详细情况见图13
首先根据双目标定结果对待匹配图像进行校正,然后采用改进的基于相位SGBM算法计算校正后图像的视差信息,并计算各像素点的深度数据。然后,利用仿真试验优化的参数对位移数据进行拟合,获得竖向位移时程曲线。最后,将计算所得位移时程曲线与激光位移传感器的测量曲线进行对比分析,图14为激励稳定后6 s的测量对比数据。两种方法所得位移变化趋势基本吻合,由于本文算法对像素点进行追踪测量,能够更精细地捕捉结构的微小变化,因此位移峰值稍高,导致所计算的位移峰值略大于激光位移传感器所测数据,单点位移测量的误差总体较小,为1.7%,符合工程应用精度要求。
在得到位移场后,利用SVR算法和应变转换方法得到感兴趣区域的应变场变化,提取与应变片传感器相对应位置的应变时程曲线,进行精度对比。由于顺桥向应变比横桥向应变更显著,因此主要对比了试验过程中趋势较好的6 s内的数据,跨中顺桥向D点应变的变化时程曲线如图15所示。
对于单目标点形变测量的情况,本文所提方法与传统形变测量传感器的精度对比情况通过RMSE误差来量化,误差对比情况如表3所示。可以看出,由于应变片粘贴位置的影响,单点应变测量的误差较大,最大达到了7.4%,而单点位移测量的误差总体较小,仅为1.7%,满足实际工程的测量精度要求。
本文中测试了桥梁在竖向位移达最大时的应变场分布。在计算时发现复杂光照且无明显人工标志下,开源3D-DIC算法已无法进行准确测量,而本文算法仍可实现对全场应变的测量,考虑结构对称性,图16展示了测量区域左半侧区域应变云图。这充分表明了本文算法在复杂环境下的鲁棒性,尤其是在获得全场信息方面的优势,相较传统视觉法更适用于实际工程。
本文实现了基于图像相位立体匹配时序分析测量方法,克服了传统的具有块分辨率DIC方法在三维形变计算方面的不足的局限性,实现了结构部件的精确可靠的三维形变测量。本研究的主要结论如下:
(1)所提出的基于双目立体视觉的非接触、无靶点结构形变监测系统,实现了结构的三维形变测量。在采用PBGM的可视化虚拟环境进行模拟试验,与有限元分析和3D-DIC比较,本文所提出方法的三维形变监测误差可控制在2%以内,验证了其可行性;与激光位移计和电阻应变片传感器测量结果相比,本方法的最大误差小于8%,满足工程应用精度。
(2)针对自然纹理难以识别、光照不均匀的复杂情况,采用2D-Gabor滤波与基于相位的Farneback稠密梯度光流相结合的方法,配合改进的基于相位信息的SGBM算法,实现了结构振动的稠密追踪,获得更精确的目标场景的视差信息,是进一步测量结构复杂表面三维形变的可靠基础。
(3)通过支持向量回归算法可以提高低分辨率图像序列的位移数据质量。以类似于应变片传感器的原理为基础,提出一种直观的位移-应变转换方法,实现了对结构三维形变的全场测量。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52168041)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51868046)
  • 甘肃省工业类重点研发计划资助项目(22YF11GA301)
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2025年第38卷第9期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308044
  • 接收时间:2023-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-22
  • 修回日期:2023-11-14
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52168041)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51868046)
甘肃省工业类重点研发计划资助项目(22YF11GA301)
作者信息
    1.兰州理工大学防震减灾研究所,甘肃 兰州 730050
    2.兰州理工大学西部土木工程防灾减灾教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730050

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朱前坤(1981—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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