Article(id=1227591811162632824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307083, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690732800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-31, revisedDate=1704211200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610295334, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610295334, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610295334, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610295334, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591806980915649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='9', pageStart='1935', pageEnd='2204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610294337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610356968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1986, endPage=1994, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591811527537278, articleId=1227591811162632824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Time-frequency domain hybrid dimension-reduction simulation for fully non-stationary stochastic ground motion field, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study extends the filtered white noise model by proposing a time-frequency hybrid dimensionality reduction model for fully nonstationary seismic ground motion random fields, thereby overcoming the limitation of simulating only ground motion processes without capturing spatially distributed ground motion fields. Specifically, to address the difficulty in directly representing the spatial coherence of seismic random fields within the impulse response function of the filtered white noise model, a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based dimensionality reduction simulation method is introduced. This approach enables a frequency-domain representation of spatially coherent white noise random vector processes. By applying the impulse response functions and modulation functions corresponding to different locations within the seismic random field to filter and modulate the respective white noise components, an efficient time–frequency hybrid dimensionality reduction representation of fully nonstationary seismic random fields is achieved. Numerical examples validate the accuracy and engineering applicability of the proposed model by comparing mean values, standard deviations, auto-/cross-correlation functions, as well as response spectra and coherence functions.

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本研究在过滤白噪声模型的基础上进行了扩展,提出了一种全非平稳地震动随机场的时-频域混合降维建模方法,有效突破了传统模型仅能模拟地震动过程而无法刻画地震动场的局限性。具体地,针对过滤白噪声模型中脉冲响应函数难以直接体现地震动随机场空间相干性的问题,通过引入本征正交分解-降维模拟方法,实现了具有空间相干性的白噪声随机向量过程频域表达。应用地震动随机场不同作用点处的脉冲响应函数和调制函数对相应的白噪声分量过程滤波调幅,实现了全非平稳地震动随机场的时-频域高效降维表达。数值算例分别从均值、标准差、自/互相关函数以及反应谱、相干函数等方面验证了全非平稳地震动随机场时-频域混合降维模型的精确性和工程适用性。

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刘章军(1973—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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姜云木(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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姜云木(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1986, 112(2): 154-174., articleTitle=Stochastic variation of earthquake ground motion in space and time, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227653073611457265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591811162632824, awardId=PBSKL2022C07, language=CN, fundingSource=江汉大学精细爆破全国重点实验室、江汉大学爆破工程湖北省重点实验室联合开放基金资助项目(PBSKL2022C07), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227653073745675003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591811162632824, awardId=52478557, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52478557), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227653073909252865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591811162632824, awardId=XH23065YA, language=CN, fundingSource=地震科技星火计划项目(XH23065YA), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227653074026693385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591811162632824, 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figureFileSmall=BeyqBXpsM6hyes3RGMbHhA==, figureFileBig=IJIKWw3MWBY2qKvh7eadrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653073074586324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591811162632824, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

The parameters values of fully non-stationary stochastic ground motion field

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模型参数场地类别
1
ai/s−10.30.20.15
di/s764
ω¯g,i/(rads1)20.9415.7111.42
ξ¯g,i0.640.720.80
Amax,i/(cm•s−2)200200200
ri3.23.052.9
), ArticleFig(id=1227653073334633182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591811162632824, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全非平稳地震动随机场的参数取值

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模型参数场地类别
1
ai/s−10.30.20.15
di/s764
ω¯g,i/(rads1)20.9415.7111.42
ξ¯g,i0.640.720.80
Amax,i/(cm•s−2)200200200
ri3.23.052.9
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全非平稳地震动随机场的时-频域混合降维模拟
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姜云木 1, 2, 5 , 刘章军 1, 3 , 刘子心 4 , 阮鑫鑫 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(9): 1986-1994
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(9): 1986-1994
全非平稳地震动随机场的时-频域混合降维模拟
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姜云木1, 2, 5 , 刘章军1, 3 , 刘子心4, 阮鑫鑫3
作者信息
  • 1.江汉大学精细爆破全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430056
  • 2.江汉大学爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430056
  • 3.武汉工程大学土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 4.防灾科技学院中国地震局建筑物破坏机理与防御重点实验室,河北 三河 065201
  • 5.大连理工大学海岸与海洋工程全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 姜云木(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘章军(1973—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Time-frequency domain hybrid dimension-reduction simulation for fully non-stationary stochastic ground motion field
Yunmu JIANG1, 2, 5 , Zhangjun LIU1, 3 , Zixin LIU4, Xinxin RUAN3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 2.Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of Building Collapse Mechanism and Disaster Prevention, Institute of Disaster Prevention, China Earthquake Administration, Sanhe 065201, China
  • 5.State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307083
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本研究在过滤白噪声模型的基础上进行了扩展,提出了一种全非平稳地震动随机场的时-频域混合降维建模方法,有效突破了传统模型仅能模拟地震动过程而无法刻画地震动场的局限性。具体地,针对过滤白噪声模型中脉冲响应函数难以直接体现地震动随机场空间相干性的问题,通过引入本征正交分解-降维模拟方法,实现了具有空间相干性的白噪声随机向量过程频域表达。应用地震动随机场不同作用点处的脉冲响应函数和调制函数对相应的白噪声分量过程滤波调幅,实现了全非平稳地震动随机场的时-频域高效降维表达。数值算例分别从均值、标准差、自/互相关函数以及反应谱、相干函数等方面验证了全非平稳地震动随机场时-频域混合降维模型的精确性和工程适用性。

地震动随机场  /  过滤白噪声  /  本征正交分解  /  时-频域表达  /  降维模拟

This study extends the filtered white noise model by proposing a time-frequency hybrid dimensionality reduction model for fully nonstationary seismic ground motion random fields, thereby overcoming the limitation of simulating only ground motion processes without capturing spatially distributed ground motion fields. Specifically, to address the difficulty in directly representing the spatial coherence of seismic random fields within the impulse response function of the filtered white noise model, a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based dimensionality reduction simulation method is introduced. This approach enables a frequency-domain representation of spatially coherent white noise random vector processes. By applying the impulse response functions and modulation functions corresponding to different locations within the seismic random field to filter and modulate the respective white noise components, an efficient time–frequency hybrid dimensionality reduction representation of fully nonstationary seismic random fields is achieved. Numerical examples validate the accuracy and engineering applicability of the proposed model by comparing mean values, standard deviations, auto-/cross-correlation functions, as well as response spectra and coherence functions.

stochastic ground motion field  /  filtering white noise  /  proper orthogonal decomposition  /  time-frequency domain expression  /  dimension-reduction simulation
姜云木, 刘章军, 刘子心, 阮鑫鑫. 全非平稳地震动随机场的时-频域混合降维模拟. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (9) : 1986 -1994 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307083
Yunmu JIANG, Zhangjun LIU, Zixin LIU, Xinxin RUAN. Time-frequency domain hybrid dimension-reduction simulation for fully non-stationary stochastic ground motion field[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (9) : 1986 -1994 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307083
中国是世界上地震灾害最严重的国家之一,每年由地震灾害造成的直接经济损失约占国民生产总值的3%~5%,目前中国46%的城市、重大工程与工业基地位于强震多发区,在现有的660个城市中,位于抗震设防区的占74.5%[1]。因此,对土木工程结构进行有效的抗震设计,保证结构在服役期内的可靠性,是减小地震损失、保护人民生命财产安全的基础和前提。目前,在进行工程结构地震反应分析时,多采用实测强震记录作为外部激励,这虽然便于工程应用,但却忽略了地震动的随机性。虽然近年来实测强震记录数量大幅增加,但由于场地条件多样、地震环境复杂等原因,现有强震记录仍难以满足工程结构抗震分析的需求。鉴于此,基于随机振动理论的地震动人工模拟方法备受瞩目。
人工地震动的模拟方法大致分为确定性方法和随机性方法两大类。其中,确定性方法以地震学和地质学为理论基础,该类方法通过震源断层破裂、传播路径等物理机制模拟地震动,主要包括有限断层法、格林函数法等,但该类方法受制于对地震发生机制认知的不确定性。随机性方法以随机过程及随机振动理论为基础,从随机过程的功率谱出发,通过统计分析来描述地震动的随机性。随机性方法大致可分为时域方法和频域方法两类。其中时域方法主要包括过滤白噪声模型、ARMA模型等;频域方法主要包括谱表示法(spectral representation method, SRM)、本征正交分解(proper orthogonal decomposition,POD)等。对于时域方法,过滤白噪声模型最早可追溯到1957年提出的Kanai-Tajimi功率谱[2]。事实上,对于白噪声过程激励的单自由度线性动力系统,其频域解为Kanai-Tajimi功率谱,而时域解即为过滤白噪声模型[3-4]。随后,REZAEIAN等[5-6]系统地研究了过滤白噪声模型的理论基础及其时变模型参数,提出了基于地震场景的全非平稳地震动过程模拟方法。自回归滑动平均(autoregressive moving average, ARMA)模型本质上是一类时间序列分析方法,由自回归(autoregressive, AR)模型和滑动平均(moving average, MA)模型组成[7],最早由JURKEVICS等[8]引入地震工程中,该模型的模拟效果主要由其阶数决定。对于频域方法,谱表示(SRM)最早由SHINOZUKA等[9]正式提出,在随后的五十年里,国内外学者对谱表示方法开展了一系列研究工作[10-13],取得了丰硕的成果。随后,DI PAOLA等[14-16]建立并发展了基于功率谱密度矩阵的特征分解——本征正交分解(POD)方法,并将该方法分别应用于海浪随机场、风速随机场以及地震动随机场的模拟。
本质上,时域方法和频域方法具有统一的理论背景,均可看作是Fourier-Stieltjes积分的不同表现形式。在时域模型中,过滤白噪声模型具有明确的物理意义,并易与地震场景结合,是工程中常用的模型。但该模型在实现随机(向量)过程的时-频全非平稳性方面只能通过引入强度调制函数和时变场地土参数来实现。此外,由于过滤白噪声模型中脉冲响应函数难以体现相干性,因此难以实现对地震动向量过程的模拟。鉴于此,本文利用频域方法生成具有相干性的白噪声响应过程,并引入脉冲响应函数和时-频调制函数实现全非平稳地震动随机场的时-频域混合表达。这样可为大跨结构抗震分析时所需的多点激励提供合理的地震输入。
实际上,无论是时域方法或频域方法,均可看作是一系列正交随机变量与确定性函数之积的线性叠加形式,这为引入随机函数的约束,从而实现正交随机变量的高效降维提供了便利[17]。此外,由于降维方法所生成的代表性样本具有赋得概率,且构成一个完备的概率集,可与第三代结构设计理论相结合[18-19],实现复杂工程结构的精细化动力响应分析与整体可靠度计算。
在地震工程中,过滤白噪声模型将场地土层看作一类单自由度的线性滤波器,且地震引起基岩运动的加速度过程假定为一个零均值的无限带宽的白噪声过程w(t),其双边功率谱密度为S0。因此,地表土层的运动方程[20]如下:
X¨(t)+2ξgωgX˙(t)+ωg2X(t)=w(t)
式中,X¨(t)X˙(t)X(t)分别为地震地面相对于基岩的加速度、速度和位移响应;ωgξg分别为地表土层的卓越圆频率和阻尼比。
考虑到初始条件为零,根据Duhamel积分[20],地震地面运动的相对位移响应为:
X(t)=0thd(tτ)w(τ)dτ=hd(t)w(t)
式中,表示卷积算子;τ表示时间变量,0≤τthd(t)为相对位移的单位脉冲响应函数,可表示为:
hd(t)=1ωDexp(ξgωgt)sin(ωDt)t0
式中,ωD=ωg1ξg2
根据卷积运算的微分性质,地震地面运动的相对速度响应为:
X˙(t)=0thv(tτ)w(τ)dτ
式中,hv(t)为相对速度的脉冲响应函数,其表达式为:
hv(t)=hd(t)=eξgωgt[cos(ωDt)ξgωgωDsin(ωDt)]t0
地震地面运动的绝对加速度可表示为:
a(t)=X¨(t)+w(t)=2ξgωgX˙(t)ωg2X(t)
将式(2)和(4)代入式(6)中,并利用式(3)和(5),即可得到地震地面运动绝对加速度的过滤白噪声表达式:
a(t)=0tha(tτ)w(τ)dτ
式中,ha(t)表示绝对加速度的脉冲响应函数,可表示为:
ha(t)=2ξgωghv(t)+ωg2hd(t)=ωgeξgωgt[(12ξg2)ωgωDsin(ωDt)+2ξgcos(ωDt)]t0
在式(2)、(4)和(7)中,w(t)为一类具有无限带宽的白噪声过程,这在实际工程中并不存在,也难以实现。鉴于此,采用有限带宽的白噪声过程w¯(t)代替无限带宽的白噪声过程w(t),其功率谱密度函数为:
S(ω)={S0,|ω|ωu0,
式中,ω为频率;ωu为截止频率。
因此,有限带宽的白噪声过程w¯(t)应当满足如下条件:
E[w ¯(t)]=0
E[w ¯(t)w ¯(t)]=2S0sin(ωu(tt))tt
式中,E[]表示数学期望;0≤t't。实际上,当tt时,limttE[w¯(t)w¯(t)]=2S0ωu
对于非平稳地震动过程,在式(7)所示的平稳地震动过程基础上,利用强度调制函数f(t)进行调幅,即可得到基于过滤白噪声模型的非平稳地震动过程时域表达形式:
实际上,式(11)表示的过滤白噪声模型仅适用于地震动过程的模拟,而对于地震动向量过程,由于脉冲响应函数ha(t)难以体现不同地震动分量过程之间的相干性,因而无法直接实现地震动向量过程,即地震动场的模拟。然而,若可提前得到具有空间相干性的有限带宽白噪声向量过程w¯(t),并利用相应的脉冲响应函数和调制函数对不同的白噪声分量过程滤波调幅,便可实现基于过滤白噪声模型的全非平稳地震动随机场的模拟。
对于有限带宽的白噪声向量过程w¯(t)=[w¯1(t),w¯2(t),,w¯n(t)]T,可采用本征正交分解(POD)方法进行模拟。根据式(9),白噪声向量过程的双边功率谱密度函数矩阵S(ω)可表示为:
S(ω)=[S11(ω)S12(ω)S1n(ω)S21(ω)S22(ω)S2n(ω)Sn1(ω)Sn2(ω)Snn(ω)]
其中:
Sii(ω)=S0,i
Sij(ω)=γij(ω)S0,iS0,j
式中,S0,i为对应于白噪声分量过程wi(t)的双边功率谱密度函数;n表示随机向量过程中分量过程的数量;γij(ω)为平稳地震动过程ai(t)aj(t)(亦即w¯i(t)w¯j(t))的空间复相干函数。
根据式(12)和(13),w¯(t)的相干函数矩阵可进一步定义为:
γ(ω)=[1γ12(ω)γ1n(ω)γ21(ω)1γ2n(ω)γn1(ω)γn2(ω)1]
在地震工程中,平稳地震动随机场不同作用点间的空间相干函数可表示为[21]
γij(ω)=γijincoh(ω)exp{i[θijwave(ω)+θijsite(ω)]}
式中,γijincoh(ω)表示迟滞相干效应,主要由空间两点间的距离差引起;i表示虚数单位;θijwave(ω)表示行波效应,主要由地震波到达两点的时间差引起[22-23],即
θijwave(ω)=ωdijvapp
θijsite(ω)表示场地效应,主要由不同作用点所处的场地差异引起[22-23],即
θijsite(ω)=arctanIm[Hi(ω)Hj(ω)]Re[Hi(ω)Hj(ω)]
式中,vapp为视波速,diji、j间的向量距离,vappdij的方向可能一致,也可能相反;Hi(ω)Hj(ω)分别为地震动作用点ij处的绝对加速度传递函数,即
Hi(ω)=ω¯g,i2+2iξ¯g,iω¯g,iω(ω¯g,i2ω2)+2iξ¯g,iω¯g,iω
式中,ω¯g,iξ¯g,i分别为场地土卓越圆频率和阻尼比的均值。
一般地,相干函数矩阵γ(ω)为一个非负定的Hermitian矩阵,可对其进行特征分解:
{γ(ω)=Ψ(ω)Λ(ω)(Ψ)T(ω)(Ψ)T(ω)Ψ(ω)=I
式中,Ψ(ω)Λ(ω)分别为特征向量矩阵和特征值对角矩阵,Ψ(ω)=[ψ1(ω),ψ2(ω),,ψn(ω)]Λ(ω)=diag[Λ1(ω),Λ2(ω),,Λn(ω)];上标“*”表示共轭;In×n阶的单位矩阵。
进一步,令特征向量为:
ψj(ω)=χj(ω)+iZj(ω)j=1,2,,n
式中,χj(ω)=[χ1j(ω),χ2j(ω),,χnj(ω)]TZj(ω)=[Z1j(ω),Z2j(ω),,Znj(ω)]T
于是,有限带宽的白噪声向量过程w¯(t)的第i个分量过程的POD表达式如下[24]
w¯i(t)=2j=1nk=1NS0,iΛj(ωk)Δω{χij(ωk)[Rjkcos(ωkt)Ijksin(ωkt)]Zij(ωk)[Rjksin(ωkt)+Ijkcos(ωkt)]}
式中,i=1,2,,nN为频率离散数量;ωk表示第k个频率离散步;Δω为频率步长,ωu=NΔωRjkIjk为零均值的正交随机变量,满足如下基本条件:
E[Rjk]=E[Ijk]=0E[RjkIsl]=0E[RjkRsl]=E[IjkIsl]=12δjsδkl
式中,j,s=1,2,,nk,l=1,2,,N
实际上,随机向量过程模拟的POD方法属于传统Monte Carlo方法,通常需要成千上万个随机变量,且需生成上万条样本才能达到工程要求的模拟精度,这将极大地影响结构非线性随机动力反应分析的计算效率。此外,由于Monte Carlo 方法随机抽样的本质,导致生成的样本概率信息不全,因此无法进行概率密度层面上精细化的结构动力反应与可靠性分析。为克服上述问题,引入基于随机函数的降维思想,将随机变量{Rjk,Ijk}定义为如下形式[24]
{Rjk=2cos(s×Θ1+π /π 44)sin(l×Θ2+π /π 44)Ijk=2sin(s×Θ1+π /π 44)cos(l×Θ2+π /π 44)
式中,Θq(q=1,2)(0,2\pi )内均匀分布且相互独立的基本随机变量。显然,式(23)建议的随机函数形式满足式(22)定义的基本条件。这样,仅需两个基本随机变量即可模拟白噪声向量过程,从而有效克服了传统Monte Carlo方法的不足之处。
为建立全非平稳地震动场的时-频域混合降维模型,对于第i个非平稳地震动分量过程a~i(t),根据式(11),可得到其离散形式:
a~i(t)=fi(t)0tha,i(tτ)w¯i(τ)dτ=fi(t)[l=1mtl1tlha,i(tτ)+w¯i(τ)dτtmtha,i(tτ)w¯i(τ)dτ]m=1,2,,M
式中,M=int(T/Δt)m=int(t/Δt),其中,int(·)表示向下取整,Δt为时间步长,T为地震动模拟持时。
在微小时间段tl1ttl内,假定ha,i(tτ)为一常数,且略去式(24)中的最后一项。这样,式(24)可以近似写成:
a~i(t)fi(t)l=1mha,i(ttl)tl1tlw¯i(τ)dτt[tm,tm+1)m=1,2,,M
Wi(tl)=tl1tlw¯i(τ)dτ,根据式(21),可直接积分得到:
Wi(tl)=4j=1nk=1NS0,iΛj(ωk)Δω×sin(0.5ωkΔt)ωk×{[Rjkχij(ωk)IjkZij(ωk)]cosωk(tl0.5Δt)[Ijkχij(ωk)+RjkZij(ωk)]sinωk(tl0.5Δt)}
最后,将式(26)代入式(25)中,得到第i个非平稳地震动分量过程a~i(t)的时-频域降维表达式:
a~i(t)4fi(t)S0,iΔωl=1mj=1nk=1Nha,i(ttl)×Λj(ωk)sin(0.5ωkΔt)ωk×{[Rjkχij(ωk)IjkZij(ωk)]cos[ωk(tl0.5Δt)][Ijkχij(ωk)+RjkZij(ωk)]sin[ωk(tl0.5Δt)]}t[tm,tm+1)m=1,2,,M
传统上,由于过滤白噪声模型属于时域模型,因此只能引入强度调制函数来表现地震动过程的强度非平稳性,而频率非平稳性则需要通过引入时变的场地土参数来实现。不同的是,本文建议的地震动随机场时-频域降维模型可方便地引入时-频调制函数Ai(t,ω)来代替强度调制函数fi(t),从而更好地实现地震动强度-频率全非平稳性的表达。
全非平稳地震动随机场a~(t)中第i个分量过程a~i(t)的离散形式可表示为:
a~i(t)4S0,iΔωl=1mj=1nk=1NAi(t,ωk)×ha,i(ttl)Λj(ωk)sin(0.5ωkΔt)ωk×{[Rjkχij(ωk)IjkZij(ωk)]cos[ωk(tl0.5Δt)][Ijkχij(ωk)+RjkZij(ωk)]sin[ωk(tl0.5Δt)]}
式中,Ai(t,ω)a~i(t)对应的时-频调制函数。这样,式(28)即为强度-频率全非平稳随机地震动场的时-频域降维表达式。
在式(28)中,时-频调制函数Ai(t,ω)可采用以下模型[25]
Ai(t,ω)=exp(ai×t)exp[(c×ω+bi)×t]exp(ai×t*)exp[(c×ω+bi)×ti*]
ti*=ln(c×ω+bi)ln(ai)c×ω+biai
式中,t*表示时间变量;参数c可视为定值,取c=0.005ai为待定参数,且bi=ai+0.001
事实上,地震动过程的非平稳性包括强度非平稳和频率非平稳两方面,时-频调制函数能更全面地反映地震动的非平稳特性。
绝对加速度的脉冲响应函数ha,i(tτ)的参数ωg,i(τ)ξg,i(τ)可采用如下线性时变形式[26]
{ωg,i(τ)=ω¯g,i+di(12τT)ξg,i(τ)=ξ¯g,ie(12τT)
式中,die为场地土参数随时间变化的速率,一般地,取e=0.2。在时变参数模型中,假定地震动过程中场地土逐渐变软,则场地土卓越圆频率线性递减,而阻尼比线性递增。
对于谱强度因子S0,i,可按下式近似计算[27]
S0,i=Amax,i2ri2π ω¯g,i(2ξ¯g,i+12ξ¯g,i)
式中,Amax,iri分别为地震峰值加速度均值和峰值因子。
全非平稳地震动随机场的模拟步骤如下:
(1)确定相干函数矩阵γ(ω)。矩阵元素分别由迟滞相干效应、行波效应和场地效应组成。
(2)确定Θq(q=1,2)的代表性点集{θ1,l,θ2,l}l=1nsel,其中nsel为代表性时程的数量。首先,在二维空间(0,1]×(0,1]上应用数论方法[28]选取初始代表性点集{ϑ1,l,ϑ2,l}l=1nsel,同时,计算每个初始代表性点的赋得概率Pl。值得说明的是,数论选点是一种先进的确定性选点方法,即所选的点是对空间进行等概率剖分,因此Pl=1/1nselnsell=1nselPl=1。再将初始代表性点集{ϑ1,l,ϑ2,l}l=1nsel从区间(0,1]×(0,1]线性变换到区间(0,2π ]×(0,2π ],即可得到目标代表性点集{θ1,l,θ2,l}l=1nsel
(3)确定正交随机变量集{Rjk,Ijk}的值。将上一步骤中生成的Θq(q=1,2)的代表性点集依次代入式(23)中,即可得到随机变量RjkIjk的取值。需要说明的是,为实现全非平稳地震动随机场的模拟,需进行确定性的一一映射变换(s,l)(j,k)。为此,首先定义p=(k1)×n+jj=1,2,,nk=1,2,,N),这样便将n×N阶的二维数组a[(j,k)]转化为一个n×N阶的自然数序列或一维数组a(p)。同理,定义p¯=(l1)×n+ss=1,2,,nl=1,2,,N),进而将二维数组a[(s,l)]转化为一维数组a(p¯)。然后,利用MATLAB工具箱中的rand(‘state’,0)和temp=randperm(n×N)函数实现一一映射,即由p=temp(p¯)确定映射关系(s,l)(j,k),从而获得确定性正交随机变量集{Rjk,Ijk}的值。
(4)生成全非平稳地震动随机场的代表性时程。将相干函数矩阵γ(ω)、谱强度因子S0,i、时-频调制函数Ai(t,ω)、绝对加速度脉冲响应函数ha,i(t)及正交随机变量{Rjk,Ijk}代入式(28),即可生成全非平稳地震动随机场的代表性时程,且每条代表性时程的赋得概率与初始代表性点的赋得概率均为Pl
根据上述模拟步骤可知,仅需2个基本随机变量即可生成全非平稳地震动随机场,由于生成的代表性时程集合概率信息完备,因此适用于以概率密度演化方法为核心的第三代结构设计理论,进而实现结构精细化的动力反应分析和整体可靠性评价。此外,所建立的全非平稳地震动随机场模型结合了时域分析与频域分析的优点,即在时域模型精细刻画地震动特征的基础上,实现了强度-频率全非平稳特性的表达以及可考虑空间相干效应的地震动场模拟,这可为长距离、大跨度工程结构的抗震分析提供合理的多点地震动输入。
全非平稳地震动随机场模拟所需的计算参数取值如下:频率截断项数N=1600;频率步长Δω=0.15rad/s;截断频率ωu=240rad/s;时间项数M=30000;时间步长Δt=0.001s;地震动持时T=30s;样本数量nsel=144
全非平稳地震动随机场的地面作用点位置如图1所示。
假设作用点1、2、3分别对应《建筑抗震设计规范(2016年版)》[29]中的Ⅰ1、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类场地。其相应的时-频调制函数、脉冲响应函数及谱强度因子的参数取值如表1所示。
在平稳地震动场的空间相干函数中,迟滞相干效应可采用Harichandran-Vanmarcke模型[30]
γijincoh(ω)=Aexp[2|dij|(1A+αA)ακ(ω)]+(1A)exp[2|dij|(1A+αA)κ(ω)]
式中,κ(ω)=k0[1+(ω/ωω0ω0)β]12|dij|i、j间的标量距离;其他模型参数取值为:A=0.736α=0.147k0=5210 mω0=6.85 rad/sβ=2.78。同时,取视波速vapp=800 m/s
图2为采用随机函数-降维方法得到的白噪声向量过程的代表性样本。可见,代表性样本均为典型的平稳过程。
图34分别为平稳白噪声过程代表性样本集合的均值和标准差的模拟值与目标值的对比。从图34中可以看出,采用降维方法模拟得到的白噪声加速度过程的均值和标准差均与各自的目标值拟合一致。由此验证了降维方法的精确性。
图5给出了t = 5 s时各作用点自相关函数模拟值与其相应目标值的对比结果。可以看出,白噪声过程的自相关性随着时间差τ的增加迅速衰减,符合有限带宽白噪声过程的特性。图6为地震动各作用点间的互相关函数模拟值与其相应目标值的对比结果。可以看出,各个白噪声分量过程之间具有良好的相关性。以上特征均说明采用降维方法模拟的白噪声向量过程具有良好的鲁棒性和有效性。
图7为地震动各作用点的全非平稳地震动随机场的代表性样本。从图7中可知,生成的代表性样本曲线具有地震动加速度过程典型的非平稳特性。且由于考虑了地震动场的空间变异性,不同作用点处的加速度曲线差异明显,进一步验证了本方法的合理性。
图8为全非平稳地震动随机场代表性样本集合的均值和标准差模拟值与目标值的对比。由图8可以看出,均值和标准差的模拟值均与目标值拟合良好,证明了本文提出的地震动随机场时-频域降维模型的精确性。
为进一步阐明全非平稳地震动随机场时-频域混合降维模型的工程适用性,图9给出了地震动各作用点代表性样本集合的地震影响系数均值模拟值与《建筑抗震设计规范(2016年版)》[29]中对应规范反应谱目标值的拟合结果。需要说明的是,由于规范反应谱的长周期部分被人为抬高,如需生成与规范反应谱相容的地震动,则可根据规范反应谱对地震动过程进行迭代,而本研究暂未进行迭代处理,因此长周期部分并非完全拟合一致。从图9中可以看出,总体上各作用点的地震影响系数与目标值拟合较为一致,有效验证了全非平稳地震动随机场时-频域混合降维模型的工程适用性。
进一步,为验证全非平稳地震动随机场不同分量过程间的相干性,图10分别给出了相干函数幅值和相位的模拟值与相应目标值的对比。可以看出,利用本文建议的全非平稳地震动随机场时-频域混合降维模型生成的代表性样本集合的相干性与目标值拟合一致,再次验证了本文所提模型和方法的有效性。
本文应用本征正交分解(POD)方法,实现了有限带宽白噪声向量过程的频域表达。引入正交随机变量的随机函数形式,实现白噪声向量过程在频域上的降维模拟。利用过滤白噪声模型,并结合时-频调制函数和场地土时变参数对相应的白噪声分量过程进行滤波和调幅,进而实现全非平稳地震动随机场的时-频域混合降维表达。本研究得出的主要结论如下:
(1)本文通过在有限带宽白噪声过程中引入相干函数矩阵,并基于本征正交分解的随机函数-降维模拟方法,实现了具有空间相关性的有限带宽白噪声向量过程的降维模拟,为将过滤白噪声模型的适用范围延拓到地震动向量过程提供了前提。
(2)发展的全非平稳地震动随机场时-频域混合模型,可同时引入时-频调制函数和时变场地土参数来表达地震动随机场的强度-频率全非平稳性。该模型打破了传统的过滤白噪声模型只能通过引入时变场地土参数实现频率非平稳性的限制。
(3) 所提全非平稳地震动场时-频域降维模拟方法,仅需两个基本随机变量即可精细地表达全非平稳地震动随机场,仅需数百条代表性样本就能够满足工程精度要求,且样本集合概率信息完备。这为结合概率密度演化理论进行复杂工程结构的精细化抗震分析提供了基础。
  • 江汉大学精细爆破全国重点实验室、江汉大学爆破工程湖北省重点实验室联合开放基金资助项目(PBSKL2022C07)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52478557)
  • 地震科技星火计划项目(XH23065YA)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2021512001)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307083
  • 接收时间:2023-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-31
  • 修回日期:2024-01-03
基金
江汉大学精细爆破全国重点实验室、江汉大学爆破工程湖北省重点实验室联合开放基金资助项目(PBSKL2022C07)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52478557)
地震科技星火计划项目(XH23065YA)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2021512001)
作者信息
    1.江汉大学精细爆破全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430056
    2.江汉大学爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430056
    3.武汉工程大学土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    4.防灾科技学院中国地震局建筑物破坏机理与防御重点实验室,河北 三河 065201
    5.大连理工大学海岸与海洋工程全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024

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刘章军(1973—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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