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To investigate the fatigue strength of welded structures under high cyclic loads,a synchronized coupled testing method combining digital image correlation (DIC) and infrared thermography (IR) is employed to simultaneously acquire full-field strain and temperature data on the structural surface,explaining the evolution of structural damage. First,tensile testing is performed on 45# steel specimens,and the patterns of variations in surface temperature and strain during the tensile process are obtained. The temperature characteristics at various stages of the damage process agree well with the material load-time curve,reflecting the different stages of damage in 45# steel. Finally, ultra-low cycle fatigue testing is conducted on GH4061 welded structure used in engines,capturing the entire process of crack initiation,propagation,and fracture under cyclic loading,with synchronized full-field strain and temperature testing and analysis performed. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this method in monitoring fatigue damage in welded structures.

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为了研究大载荷循环作用下焊接结构的疲劳强度,采用数字图像相关(digital image correlation,简称DIC)和红外热成像(infrared thermography,简称IR)同步耦合测试方法,同时获取结构表面的全场应变和温度信息,解释了结构损伤的演变过程。首先,通过45#钢试样的拉伸试验,获得了45#钢拉伸过程中试样表面的温度和应变变化规律;其次,损伤过程各阶段中温度特征与材料载荷时间曲线吻合程度较好,反映了45#钢损伤状态的不同历程;最后,开展了发动机GH4061焊接结构超低周循环疲劳试验,捕捉了焊接结构在循环载荷作用下裂纹的萌生、发展和断裂的全过程,并进行了全场应变和温度的同步测试分析。试验结果验证了该方法在焊接结构疲劳损伤监测中的可行性与有效性。

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闫松,男,1988年2月生,博士、高级工程师。主要研究方向为大推力液体火箭发动机结构动力学和光学故障诊断技术。曾发表《Finite element model updating of liquid rocket engine nozzle based on modal test results obtained from 3‑D SLDV technique》(《Aerospace Science and Technology》,2017,Vol.69)等论文。 E‑mail:

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闫松,男,1988年2月生,博士、高级工程师。主要研究方向为大推力液体火箭发动机结构动力学和光学故障诊断技术。曾发表《Finite element model updating of liquid rocket engine nozzle based on modal test results obtained from 3‑D SLDV technique》(《Aerospace Science and Technology》,2017,Vol.69)等论文。 E‑mail:

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闫松,男,1988年2月生,博士、高级工程师。主要研究方向为大推力液体火箭发动机结构动力学和光学故障诊断技术。曾发表《Finite element model updating of liquid rocket engine nozzle based on modal test results obtained from 3‑D SLDV technique》(《Aerospace Science and Technology》,2017,Vol.69)等论文。 E‑mail:

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发动机焊接结构全场应变和温度同步测试研究
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闫松 1, 2 , 张志伟 1, 2
振动、测试与诊断 | 论文 2025,45(5): 1008-1012
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振动、测试与诊断 | 论文 2025, 45(5): 1008-1012
发动机焊接结构全场应变和温度同步测试研究
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闫松1, 2 , 张志伟1, 2
作者信息
  • 1航天液体动力全国重点实验室 西安,710100
  • 2西安航天动力研究所 西安,710100
  • 闫松,男,1988年2月生,博士、高级工程师。主要研究方向为大推力液体火箭发动机结构动力学和光学故障诊断技术。曾发表《Finite element model updating of liquid rocket engine nozzle based on modal test results obtained from 3‑D SLDV technique》(《Aerospace Science and Technology》,2017,Vol.69)等论文。 E‑mail:

Simultaneous Full‑Field Strain and Temperature Testing on Welded Structures of Engines
Song YAN1, 2 , Zhiwei ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Liquid Propulsion Xi'an,710100,China
  • 2.Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Institute Xi'an,710100,China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.020
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为了研究大载荷循环作用下焊接结构的疲劳强度,采用数字图像相关(digital image correlation,简称DIC)和红外热成像(infrared thermography,简称IR)同步耦合测试方法,同时获取结构表面的全场应变和温度信息,解释了结构损伤的演变过程。首先,通过45#钢试样的拉伸试验,获得了45#钢拉伸过程中试样表面的温度和应变变化规律;其次,损伤过程各阶段中温度特征与材料载荷时间曲线吻合程度较好,反映了45#钢损伤状态的不同历程;最后,开展了发动机GH4061焊接结构超低周循环疲劳试验,捕捉了焊接结构在循环载荷作用下裂纹的萌生、发展和断裂的全过程,并进行了全场应变和温度的同步测试分析。试验结果验证了该方法在焊接结构疲劳损伤监测中的可行性与有效性。

焊接结构  /  高温合金  /  红外热成像  /  数字图像相关  /  裂纹

To investigate the fatigue strength of welded structures under high cyclic loads,a synchronized coupled testing method combining digital image correlation (DIC) and infrared thermography (IR) is employed to simultaneously acquire full-field strain and temperature data on the structural surface,explaining the evolution of structural damage. First,tensile testing is performed on 45# steel specimens,and the patterns of variations in surface temperature and strain during the tensile process are obtained. The temperature characteristics at various stages of the damage process agree well with the material load-time curve,reflecting the different stages of damage in 45# steel. Finally, ultra-low cycle fatigue testing is conducted on GH4061 welded structure used in engines,capturing the entire process of crack initiation,propagation,and fracture under cyclic loading,with synchronized full-field strain and temperature testing and analysis performed. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this method in monitoring fatigue damage in welded structures.

welded structures  /  superalloys  /  infrared thermography  /  digital image correlation (DIC)  /  crack
闫松, 张志伟. 发动机焊接结构全场应变和温度同步测试研究. 振动、测试与诊断, 2025 , 45 (5) : 1008 -1012 . DOI: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.020
Song YAN, Zhiwei ZHANG. Simultaneous Full‑Field Strain and Temperature Testing on Welded Structures of Engines[J]. Journal of Vibration,Measurement and Diagnosis, 2025 , 45 (5) : 1008 -1012 . DOI: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.020
大推力液体火箭发动机工作过程中,发动机火药启动器点火、涡轮泵不平衡轴向力以及水击等引起的冲击载荷会对周围结构产生显著影响1。随着各种焊接形状和新焊接技术在发动机工程实践中的广泛应用,一些焊接细节超出了现有规范的考虑范围,在大载荷超低周循环载荷下很快发生疲劳断裂,严重影响发动机的安全和重复使用能力2
金属结构在大载荷作用下会产生塑性变形,其中一部分应变能以热的形式释放出来,导致结构自身的温度发生变化,特别是在结构断裂前,表面温度会出现显著升高。IR技术能够检测到肉眼不可见的红外波长光谱中的热辐射,这些热辐射有助于识别发动机灾难性故障前的结构性能衰退。IR是一种通过红外热像仪对结构进行热成像的测试技术,可对红外光谱内的光进行人工可视化,并区分不同温度的区域,属于全场、实时和非接触技术的范畴3。近十年来,IR技术已经扩展到无损检测45、应力分析6和金属疲劳评估7等领域。当材料受到静态和动态载荷的共同作用时,缺陷的存在会导致温度分布的局部变化,对结构表面进行热成像测量,表面温度的测量值可用于定位和评估损伤的大小及演变过程8
文献[9]使用高速红外相机研究了低碳钢薄板在半球形弹丸穿孔下的力学行为。文献[10]采用IR技术研究了6068铝合金在高应变率下与塑性变形相关的温度升高现象。红外热像仪也可以用于监测疲劳试验期间的表面温度变化,一般认为只有在疲劳极限以上的载荷作用下,试样的温度才会显著升高。Williams等11对1018碳钢的焊接和管状试样进行疲劳试验,分别进行45 000次和70 000次循环后,试样突然大温升,随后在试样中心附近的焊缝处出现故障。杨宏伟12结合红外热像法,研究了AZ31B镁合金电子束焊接接头在静载拉伸、疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展过程中试件表面温度的演变规律及产热机制,快速预测了焊接接头的疲劳极限和疲劳裂纹失稳扩展门槛值,并结合断口形貌探讨了其疲劳断裂机理。
红外热像仪通常被用于测量物体表面的温度差异或温度随时间的变化率。相较于其他测温技术,IR技术的主要优势在于其能够迅速分析大面积的表面温度,是一种全场技术3。同时,全场应变测量可以通过DIC技术实现,DIC通过可见光相机能够在结构表面获取全场形状、位移和应变数据1314。这两种技术的结合提供了一种可视化的测量方法。由于可见光相机与红外热像仪在分辨率、空间位置和视场上存在差异,因此这两个图像采集系统通常需要同步以确保数据的时间对应,并通过专用的标定方法1516确保可见光与红外图像的空间对齐7
Feng等17通过将DIC技术与IR技术相结合,研究了不同材料的3D打印螺栓的变形行为。Żaba等18采用全场DIC和IR测量了镍基高温合金625 (AMS 5599)、HX (AMS 5536)和718 (AMS 5596)在不同拉伸应变率下的热‑机械耦合响应,强调了成像技术在捕捉与加工硬化、应变率、弹性和塑性变形过程中相关热量变化的应用价值。在经历塑性变形的金属材料中,温度变化通常是微观结构演变的敏感指标。Wang等19利用红外热像仪结合DIC技术,开发了一种在中等尺度水平上研究塑性变形的新技术,实现了全耦合热测量和运动学测量,并使用图像配准方法解决了多场测量中的空间耦合问题。该技术被应用于纯铝单晶试样在拉伸试验中的塑性变形研究,表明晶界在形成铝单晶的非均匀变形模式中起着决定性的作用。
目前,IR技术已广泛应用于在各种载荷条件下对不同材料进行分析,包括应用静态热成像法在拉伸试验中对S355钢进行疲劳评估20、对静态拉伸的缺口钢试样进行检查21、分析低周循环下的焊接T形接头22以及在静态和疲劳载荷下考察短玻璃纤维增强聚酰胺复合材料的性能23等。与不锈钢相比,高温合金钢的疲劳强度更高,在有焊接接头的情况下,疲劳效应变得更加重要。本研究的目标是探索大循环载荷下液体火箭发动机焊接结构的超低周疲劳性能,通过应用全场DIC和IR技术,研究焊接接头在疲劳循环中的裂纹萌生、扩展以及断裂前的温度和应变变化特征,为液体火箭发动机的重复使用寿命提供定量的数据支持。
本研究采用VIC‑3D软件中的应变场和温度场耦合功能,对由45#钢制成的试样进行了静态拉伸试验,以此验证DIC和IR耦合测试技术。拉伸试样的几何尺寸如图1所示。试样厚度为5 mm,拉伸试验使用的设备为SANS SHT4电液伺服万能试验机。静力拉伸试验全场温度与应变同步测量布置如图2所示。拉伸试验中DIC技术用于测试位移和应变,以评估材料的力学性能,IR技术用于跟踪试样在拉伸过程中的温度变化。2台分辨率为4 096×2 160像素、配备50 mm定焦镜头的可见光相机用于DIC测试,相机采样帧速率设置为2 fps。试样表面制作黑白散斑图案,用于进行相关性分析,并为红外相机提供高发射率。使用FLIR A615高灵敏度红外热像仪测量试样变形过程中的温度分布,该相机可以测量7.5~14 μm光谱范围内肉眼不可见的电磁波辐射。红外热像仪的分辨率为640×480像素,其在30°C时的热灵敏度低于50 mK,温度测量范围为-40~2 000 ℃,测温精度可达±2 ℃或读数的±2%。试验中红外热像仪距离试件约为1 m,发射率设置为0.9。使用VIC snap软件进行图像采集,并利用VIC‑3D软件进行后处理。
拉伸试验的加载速度恒定为12 kN/min,拉伸试验中载荷与温度随真实应变的变化关系如图3所示。其中,P0位于试件最大温升位置,轴向拉力数据由拉伸试验机提供,而应变数据通过DIC技术获取。DIC获得的轴向应变与IR获得的表面温度的演化过程如图4所示。图3中的应变为图4中表面区域的纵向应变平均值。由图34可以观察到,45#钢拉伸过程可以根据其力学性能分为4个阶段:①弹性变形阶段(起始~A段,0 kN~31.4 kN);②屈服阶段(AB段,31.4 kN~34.2 kN);③塑性变形阶段(BCD段,34.2 kN~62.3 kN);④颈缩断裂阶段(DE段,62.3 kN~56.9 kN)。
在弹性变形阶段,材料主要发生线弹性变形,最大应变为0.003 1,此阶段温度略微下降;在屈服阶段,材料发生均匀变形,最大应变为0.007 2,最小应变为0.005 5,同时温度略有上升;在塑性变形阶段,材料开始发生不可逆损伤,对CD时刻应变云图和温度云图的检查表明,此时的变形和温度分布都不再均匀,试件上端的应变增加并伴随着表面温度的升高;在颈缩断裂阶段,试件发生显著的塑性变形,随着颈缩开始,最高温度和塑性应变逐渐集中在颈缩区域,产生大量的热流,使得温度急剧升高,最终导致试样断裂。在整个过程中,试件温度从22.3 ℃上升到67.0 ℃,最大温升为44.7 ℃。在材料拉伸损伤过程的各阶段中,温度特征与材料载荷时间曲线吻合程度较好,说明红外热成像能有效地反映45#钢损伤状态的各个历程。
对GH4061制成的焊接试样进行了弯曲疲劳试验。试样由2块GH4061板材焊接而成,其尺寸如图5所示。试验加载采用SAWEB 10 t作动器施加竖直方向的位移控制,循环位移为±16 mm,对应的力载荷约为35 kN。固支支撑使用了4个螺栓,焊接件安装情况如图6所示。图7为 DIC和IR测试现场,所使用的可见光相机和红外热像仪的型号与拉伸试验时所用的相同,作动筒施加的力频率为0.25 Hz。为了捕捉一个循环周期内完整的表面应变和温度的变化情况,相机的帧速率被设定为5 fps,即一个加载周期内采集20张图像。试样表面制作有黑白斑点图案,DIC数据分析使用归一化平方差和作为相关匹配准则,子集大小为37×37像素,步长为9,应变窗口为15×15个位移点,每个像素大小约为354.0 μm。
在整个循环加载至结构断裂的过程中,P0点真实应变和温度随循环次数的变化规律如图8所示。从加载一开始,试样就出现较大的塑性应变,表面温度也迅速上升。温度曲线的波动主要是由于试验时焊接件发生了较大位移,其相对于红外摄像仪的方位发生变化,导致实际发射率改变,而测量中发射率固定为0.9,未考虑方位改变的影响。在前12个循环载荷阶段,温度上升速度较快,之后应变峰值保持稳定,温度持续均匀升高。到第38个循环载荷(A时刻)时,通过检查试样图像发现,此时试样表面出现了裂纹,不同时刻的裂纹扩展图像如图9所示。到第97个循环载荷(C时刻)时,表面裂纹尺寸扩大到2.764 mm。在之后的循环载荷作用下,裂纹快速扩展,温度上升的斜率增大,直到第115个循环(E时刻),裂纹已贯穿整个表面,至第124个循环(F时刻),结构发生断裂。在此全过程中,试样表面温度从初始时的21.1 ℃上升到最高的89.8 ℃(D时刻),最大温升达68.7 ℃。从第97个循环开始,裂纹迅速扩展,这在应变和温度上都有体现,即伴随着应变增加和温度上升的斜率增加。然而,实际中全场应变的测试分析相对复杂,而温度可以通过红外热像仪很方便地进行全场实时测量,因此未来红外温度测量有望用于识别发动机故障发生前的结构性能退化。图10C时刻试样表面的应变和温度云图。可以看出,试样根部应变最大,而最大温度出现位置与裂纹位置一致。
1) 通过DIC和IR耦合测试进行同步应变和温度分析是可行的,且有助于解释结构损伤过程。
2) ±16 mm位移循环加载下,试样最大温升达到了68.7 ℃。经过38个循环,焊接结构表面出现了裂纹,97个循环后裂纹开始迅速扩展,并最终在124个循环后结构断裂。
3) 在97个循环载荷后裂纹迅速扩展时,裂纹处温度上升的斜率增加,这种温度的变化可实现实时测量,在未来能够用于实时检测发动机结构的性能退化,并提前预警可能出现的结构故障。
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doi: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.020
  • 接收时间:2023-04-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-05
  • 修回日期:2023-07-27
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    1航天液体动力全国重点实验室 西安,710100
    2西安航天动力研究所 西安,710100
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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