Article(id=1244336748499682189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676908800000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-21, revisedDate=1686067200000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774602599501, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774602599501, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774602599501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602599501, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244336743298740932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='855', pageEnd='1056', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774602598261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603435030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244340253042000577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244340253042000578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=961, endPage=968, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244336748801672091, articleId=1244336748499682189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, language=EN, title=Detection of Planetary Gearbox Weak Fault Based on Sparsity‑Guided IEWT‑MOMEDA, columnId=1244336744728998604, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration,Measurement and Diagnosis, columnName=PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When early failures occur in planetary gearboxes,the weak fault features are difficult to extract and identify due to the interference of background noise in industrial environments and the attenuation of fault impacts in complex transmission paths. To address this issue,a sparse-guided improved empirical wavelet transform (IEWT) is proposed combined with multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjusted (MOMEDA) method for weak fault feature extraction. Firstly,a new fault composite index (FCI) is introduced,and the original signal is adaptively decomposed into a set of IEWT components based on the amplitude envelope of the signal spectrum. Secondly,the sensitive components,selected through the sparse-guided method,are used as the sparse representation of the original weak fault signal. Finally,the MOMEDA technique is applied to the sensitive component signals to reduce signal noise and extract the weak fault feature frequencies for identification. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through simulations and experiments,successfully extracting and identifying the weak fault features of planetary gearboxes. This demonstrates that the method has good diagnostic performance for noisy,non-stationary,and non-linear fault signals in planetary gearboxes,providing a new approach for the diagnosis and identification of weak faults in engineering practice.

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行星齿轮箱出现早期故障时,由于工业环境的背景噪声干扰和故障冲击在复杂传递路径中衰减,其微弱故障特征难以有效提取和识别。针对此问题,提出了稀疏引导的改进经验小波变换(improved empirical wavelet transform,简称IEWT)结合多点最优最小熵解卷积(multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjusted,简称MOMEDA)的微弱故障特征提取方法。首先,提出了一种新的故障综合指标(fault composite index,简称FCI),结合信号频谱的幅值包络线将原始信号自适应分解为一组IEWT分量;其次,通过稀疏引导方法选出敏感分量作为原始微弱故障信号的稀疏表示;最后,对敏感分量信号进行MOMEDA处理,降低信号噪声并提取微弱信号故障特征频率用于检测。仿真和实验结果表明,所提方法对含有噪声的非平稳非线性行星齿轮箱故障信号有良好的诊断效果,验证了该方法的有效性,为工程实践中行星齿轮箱弱故障的诊断和检测提供了一种方法。

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李宏坤,男,1974年9月生,博士、教授。主要研究方向为机械系统动态测控、微弱信号特征提取、故障诊断及可靠性分析。 E-mail:
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王子博,男,1996年12月生,硕士。主要研究方向为行星齿轮箱故障诊断和物联网的故障诊断应用。 E-mail:

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王子博,男,1996年12月生,硕士。主要研究方向为行星齿轮箱故障诊断和物联网的故障诊断应用。 E-mail:

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王子博,男,1996年12月生,硕士。主要研究方向为行星齿轮箱故障诊断和物联网的故障诊断应用。 E-mail:

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figureFileBig=z3S782L+5JBFen93YKsf8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244351843317433232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336748499682189, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Time-domain waveform of simulated signal, figureFileSmall=NH+TVHgsbyCNX+x/nskqHQ==, figureFileBig=PZZFzisGZonwFXHzq/G1oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244351843413902227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336748499682189, language=CN, label=图2, caption=仿真信号时域波形, figureFileSmall=NH+TVHgsbyCNX+x/nskqHQ==, figureFileBig=PZZFzisGZonwFXHzq/G1oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244351843539731350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336748499682189, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of IEWT and EWT spectrum division results for sun gear fault simulation signals, figureFileSmall=dubxGWqdM78ClUtqduxkVA==, figureFileBig=bCENsxQeFDhsC6Hq85wTvA==, tableContent=null), 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language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Processing results of simulated sun gear crack signal, figureFileSmall=Cw0YOQdbD6LT8nCQRuB9oA==, figureFileBig=yFM/3I6ScAuYeHv+ol1Uuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244351843946578854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336748499682189, language=CN, label=图5, caption=太阳轮裂纹故障仿真信号处理结果, figureFileSmall=Cw0YOQdbD6LT8nCQRuB9oA==, figureFileBig=yFM/3I6ScAuYeHv+ol1Uuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244351844022076331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336748499682189, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Diagram of the acquisition system and experimental platform, figureFileSmall=es/SCVLntarkvy/HyOxRSQ==, figureFileBig=e5y+jRnzrPHwdTVGfGxjHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244351844097573805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336748499682189, language=CN, label=图6, caption=采集系统和实验平台示意图, figureFileSmall=es/SCVLntarkvy/HyOxRSQ==, figureFileBig=e5y+jRnzrPHwdTVGfGxjHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244351844181459890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336748499682189, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Faulty parts of gear, figureFileSmall=+bVHS9ZrnhTEf9JfJqhbKQ==, figureFileBig=FOufC5ycO10QU1PHoozU5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244351844286317494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336748499682189, language=CN, label=图7, caption=齿轮故障件, figureFileSmall=+bVHS9ZrnhTEf9JfJqhbKQ==, figureFileBig=FOufC5ycO10QU1PHoozU5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244351844395369401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336748499682189, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Sun gear crack fault signal, figureFileSmall=uFnulC98mqfXMHnD5RAKfA==, figureFileBig=Uf2amT3NzIFYRh+MXC0Iaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244351844462478269, 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Gear parameters of gearbox

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太阳轮行星轮齿圈
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齿轮箱齿轮齿数

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Fault characteristic frequencies of gearbox

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太阳轮行星轮啮合频率输入转频
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齿轮箱故障特征频率

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太阳轮行星轮啮合频率输入转频
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基于稀疏引导IEWT‑MOMEDA的行星齿轮箱微弱故障检测
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王子博 , 李宏坤 , 张孔亮 , 曹顺心 , 孙福彪
振动、测试与诊断 | 论文 2025,45(5): 961-968
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振动、测试与诊断 | 论文 2025, 45(5): 961-968
基于稀疏引导IEWT‑MOMEDA的行星齿轮箱微弱故障检测
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王子博 , 李宏坤 , 张孔亮, 曹顺心, 孙福彪
作者信息
  • 大连理工大学机械工程学院 大连,116024
  • 王子博,男,1996年12月生,硕士。主要研究方向为行星齿轮箱故障诊断和物联网的故障诊断应用。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

李宏坤,男,1974年9月生,博士、教授。主要研究方向为机械系统动态测控、微弱信号特征提取、故障诊断及可靠性分析。 E-mail:
Detection of Planetary Gearbox Weak Fault Based on Sparsity‑Guided IEWT‑MOMEDA
Zibo WANG , Hongkun LI , Kongliang ZHANG, Shunxin CAO, Fubiao SUN
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering,Dalian University of Technology Dalian,116024,China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.014
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行星齿轮箱出现早期故障时,由于工业环境的背景噪声干扰和故障冲击在复杂传递路径中衰减,其微弱故障特征难以有效提取和识别。针对此问题,提出了稀疏引导的改进经验小波变换(improved empirical wavelet transform,简称IEWT)结合多点最优最小熵解卷积(multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjusted,简称MOMEDA)的微弱故障特征提取方法。首先,提出了一种新的故障综合指标(fault composite index,简称FCI),结合信号频谱的幅值包络线将原始信号自适应分解为一组IEWT分量;其次,通过稀疏引导方法选出敏感分量作为原始微弱故障信号的稀疏表示;最后,对敏感分量信号进行MOMEDA处理,降低信号噪声并提取微弱信号故障特征频率用于检测。仿真和实验结果表明,所提方法对含有噪声的非平稳非线性行星齿轮箱故障信号有良好的诊断效果,验证了该方法的有效性,为工程实践中行星齿轮箱弱故障的诊断和检测提供了一种方法。

行星齿轮箱  /  经验小波变换  /  多点最优最小熵解卷积  /  稀疏引导  /  微弱故障诊断

When early failures occur in planetary gearboxes,the weak fault features are difficult to extract and identify due to the interference of background noise in industrial environments and the attenuation of fault impacts in complex transmission paths. To address this issue,a sparse-guided improved empirical wavelet transform (IEWT) is proposed combined with multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjusted (MOMEDA) method for weak fault feature extraction. Firstly,a new fault composite index (FCI) is introduced,and the original signal is adaptively decomposed into a set of IEWT components based on the amplitude envelope of the signal spectrum. Secondly,the sensitive components,selected through the sparse-guided method,are used as the sparse representation of the original weak fault signal. Finally,the MOMEDA technique is applied to the sensitive component signals to reduce signal noise and extract the weak fault feature frequencies for identification. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through simulations and experiments,successfully extracting and identifying the weak fault features of planetary gearboxes. This demonstrates that the method has good diagnostic performance for noisy,non-stationary,and non-linear fault signals in planetary gearboxes,providing a new approach for the diagnosis and identification of weak faults in engineering practice.

planetary gearbox  /  empirical wavelet transform  /  multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjusted  /  sparse-guided  /  weak fault diagnosis
王子博, 李宏坤, 张孔亮, 曹顺心, 孙福彪. 基于稀疏引导IEWT‑MOMEDA的行星齿轮箱微弱故障检测. 振动、测试与诊断, 2025 , 45 (5) : 961 -968 . DOI: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.014
Zibo WANG, Hongkun LI, Kongliang ZHANG, Shunxin CAO, Fubiao SUN. Detection of Planetary Gearbox Weak Fault Based on Sparsity‑Guided IEWT‑MOMEDA[J]. Journal of Vibration,Measurement and Diagnosis, 2025 , 45 (5) : 961 -968 . DOI: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.014
行星齿轮箱在运行时,采集的振动信号受到安装环境、载荷复杂交变和传递路径时变等影响,且早期齿轮零件故障微弱、信噪比低和故障信号产生调制12,使得行星齿轮箱早期的微弱故障难以识别。
为了从信号中提取有效的行星齿轮箱微弱故障特征,学者们针对行星齿轮箱调幅‑调频信号特点进行了研究。传统的小波变换方法存在以下不足:小波基选定后无法更改;尺度无法变化;缺乏自适应性3。Gilles4提出了一种自适应信号分解方法,即经验小波变换(empirical wavelet transform,简称EWT)。EWT根据信号频谱幅值划分出一组极大值边界,并将该边界定义为正交滤波器组,然后分解为一组具有紧支撑的调幅‑调频信号分量。在实际工况下,非平稳非线性的含噪信号会导致EWT分解的故障频带效果不佳,频带含有冗余区域或被过度分割,导致分量混叠5,而分量选择错误会导致分量中不包含故障冲击信号。
近年来,针对EWT的研究方向集中在优化自适应频谱划分、敏感信号分量选取及敏感分量故障特征提取等。胡少梁等2使用基于尺度空间的EWT,提高了EWT在行星齿轮箱故障诊断中的自适应性。李政等6对傅里叶频谱求包络,通过包络线提高EWT自适应性和噪声环境分解效果。Zhang等7提出了多尺度的EWT变换方法重构出完整故障共振频带,检测出轴承故障。Sharma等8使用相关系数和峭度指标综合选取EWT的敏感分量,利用排列熵在轴承内圈和外圈故障的检测上取得了较好的效果。罗小燕等9使用相关系数和阈值方法,去除虚假分量后重构信号,提取的故障特征输入机器学习算法后能够有效识别球磨机故障。
EWT自适应性和敏感分量的选取能够影响从原始信号提取故障信号的效果。稀疏引导的改进经验小波分解方法被用于行星齿轮箱微弱故障检测,以抑制噪声和非平稳信号对EWT自适应性的干扰,正确提取故障敏感分量。
MOMEDA10是一种盲卷积算法,能从含有噪声的信号中提取周期性故障冲击,有效降低行星齿轮箱复杂传递路径和强环境噪声的干扰,在基于振动信号的旋转机械设备故障诊断中得到广泛应用。相比于最大相关峭度解卷积、最大2阶平稳度盲解卷积等盲卷积算法,MOMEDA具有以下优势:①非迭代最优滤波器计算速度快;②能处理非整数故障周期信号;③可应用于复合故障诊断。王志坚等11使用MOMEDA算法结合多点峭度谱图诊断出齿轮箱中齿轮点蚀和轴不对中复合故障。胡爱军等12使用MOMEDA算法提高了故障信号信噪比,并结合增强倒频谱实现了风电机组中相同转频、不同齿轮的故障诊断。Wang等13通过参数优化后的共振稀疏分解,利用复合故障解耦并结合改进的MOMEDA,实现了行星齿轮箱中的微弱故障诊断。
笔者提出了一种稀疏引导IEWT‑MOMEDA的行星齿轮箱微弱故障诊断技术,对太阳轮和行星轮裂纹故障进行了研究。首先,对信号进行IEWT分解,改进噪声和调幅‑调频信号下的EWT分解自适应性和正确性;其次,通过稀疏引导方法选择出敏感分量作为原始微弱故障信号的稀疏表示,获得正确的微弱故障频带;最后,利用MOMEDA处理敏感分量信号,提取微弱故障冲击进行检测。
EWT通过傅里叶频谱幅值进行自适应划分,根据频谱划分的边界建立一个正交滤波器组并对原始信号进行信号滤波,进而得到一组具有紧支撑的固有模态分量频谱。为满足香农准则,将信号频谱的频率横轴范围设为[0,π]。通过EWT将信号频谱划分为N个分量,即
其中:是以为边界的带通滤波器信号,
时,EWT能够将信号分解为一个经验尺度函数和多个经验小波函数4
类比于小波变换,经验小波的近似系数和细节系数分别通过原始信号与经验尺度函数和经验小波函数进行内积得到,即
其中:表示内积运算;表示其复共轭函数。
信号重构可以表示为
其中:表示卷积运算。
信号经过EWT分解,可以获得各个分量信号为
EWT自适应频带划分方法主要有以下2种:①“localmaxmin”方法,即选择频谱中最大的前N个极大值,并将极大值之间最小的极小值作为频带边界;②“localmax”方法,即选择频谱中最大的前N个极大值之间的中点作为频带边界。以上2种方法会受到噪声和调幅‑调频信号干扰,使故障频带被过度划分而陷入局部最优,信号分量之间存在频率混叠。此外,EWT还需要人为设置分量个数,若分量设置过多,故障频带会被过度划分;若分量设置过少,则分量中频带包含非故障频带的噪声干扰。
针对传统EWT在噪声干扰和微弱故障应用中的不足,IEWT分解可以提高频带划分的自适应性和正确性,具体步骤如下。
1) 计算行星齿轮箱的啮合频率,初始频带个数为,其中fs为信号采样频率,保证最大保留啮合频率的共振频带。对信号频谱做包络运算,采用极小值法划分出边界初始频带。包络线的极小值选取需要满足以下条件:①根据包络线极小值选择个边界;②该极小值与相邻的包络线极大值之差满足最大。
2) 计算初始频带信号的综合故障指标FCI,以区分初始频带中的故障频带和非故障频带,其公式为
其中:为理论故障特征频率;为分量信号与原始信号的互相关系数,互相关系数越大说明包含的原始故障信息越多;为信号的长度;为分量信号的峭度值,峭度值越大说明信号中产生的冲击越剧烈;F为故障特征指标,F值越大说明包络解调的分量信号含有更多的故障特征倍频的冲击成分;为频带中包络谱的幅值。
3) 合并初始频带,其计算公式为
其中:FCIi为第i个初始频带对应的FCI值;为均值。
将满足式(12)的初始边界合并为IEWT边界,并对IEWT边界进行EWT分解。
太阳轮故障仿真信号IEWT频带划分如图1所示。通过极小值法划分初始频带,计算出初始频带的FCI值来表征故障频带,并利用边界合并规则自适应重构出IEWT频带。
行星齿轮箱早期微弱故障信号通过改进经验小波变换后,需要选择包含故障冲击占比多的敏感分量进行分析。通过稀疏度1415来选择敏感分量中含有故障周期的共振频带是一种有效的方法,其将信号包络功率谱中的故障频率及其倍频作为行星齿轮箱故障冲击在频域中的稀疏表示。使用平方法计算包络功率谱,稀疏度值的计算公式为
其中:为分量对应的小波近似系数或者细节系数;分别为 L2范数和L1范数。
计算各小波分量的稀疏度,稀疏度值越大说明包络谱中包含的故障冲击成分越多,选取其中最大稀疏度值对应的分量作为IEWT变换后的敏感分量。
MOMEDA是一种不需要通过对有限脉冲响应滤波器迭代就能够对信号进行解卷积的算法,用于提取旋转设备噪声干扰信号中的周期性微弱冲击。为了恢复信号中周期性故障脉冲,MOMEDA在解卷积过程中以多点D范数(multi D‑norm,简称MDN)作为目标函数,通过求解其最大值以寻找到最优滤波器信号,达到原始最优的解卷积效果。MDN最大化问题表示为
其中:为原始振动信号;为通过解卷积后提取的故障脉冲信号;t为常数向量,表示解卷积目标脉冲位置和权重,向量长度与相同。
可见,当向量t与故障脉冲信号一致时,MDN达到最大值1。当微分等于0时得到MDN的极值,其非迭代求解式为
其中:为方程特解。
f可作为最优滤波器信号,通过重构出原始故障脉冲信号
结合稀疏引导的改进经验小波变换和多点最优最小熵解卷积算法,应用在噪声环境行星齿轮箱微弱故障诊断中,提高了经验小波变换对含噪信号处理的自适应性和分解有效性。采用多点最优最小熵解卷积算法实现齿轮的微弱故障特征提取和识别,其具体步骤如下:
1) 采集设备振动信号,对信号进行傅里叶变换;
2) 求出频谱极值的包络线,并根据极小值法划分初始频带;
3) 计算初始频带的故障综合指标FCI,区分出故障频带和非故障频带并划分出IEWT边界;
4) 利用IEWT边界构建经验小波正交滤波器组,将原始振动信号分解成一系列经验小波分量;
5) 计算各分量的稀疏度,选择稀疏度值最大的分量作为故障敏感分量;
6) 设置MOMEDA参数,对敏感分量进行MOMEDA解卷积运算,滤除噪声并提取微弱故障冲击信号;
7) 对解卷积后的信号进行包络解调,从包络谱中识别故障特征频率和故障类型。
分析行星齿轮箱的传动机理,利用数值模拟构建出行星齿轮箱中太阳轮故障仿真信号模型。参考实际情况下行星齿轮箱在噪声和复杂多变环境的载荷作用,齿轮产生的局部冲击受到运行环境下的随机振动噪声影响而淹没。考虑到行星齿轮箱的制造和安装误差等因素,仿真太阳轮故障点的周期性冲击在齿轮箱啮合过程产生的调幅调频效应,采用太阳轮故障特征频率与多阶啮合频率调频模型,该模型的仿真信号公式为
其中:,为太阳轮转频;,为齿轮(太阳轮)故障特征频率;,为行星齿轮箱啮合频率;分别为太阳轮故障的调幅和调频函数;为调制阶数,均为3;分别为调幅强度和调频强度,均设定为1;为初始相位,均为0;,为无量纲常数,用于定义仿真信号的幅值。
为了模拟齿轮箱运行时的环境噪声,加入信噪比为-15 dB的高斯白噪声。仿真信号采样频率,采样时长为1 s。仿真信号时域波形如图2所示,其冲击成分比较微弱。
太阳轮故障仿真信号IEWT与EWT频谱划分结果对比如图3所示。由图3(a)可知,仿真信号频谱中含有3阶啮合频率的调制频带,且边频带之间相互耦合,难以通过故障特征频率对故障类型进行判断。
根据IEWT步骤,计算出初始频带个数为10,采用频谱包络线和极小值法自适应划分出初始边界,计算其10个初始频带的FCI值,并根据初始边界构建出IEWT边界,其频谱划分结果见图3(b)
对于噪声干扰的调幅‑调频仿真信号,其边界之间难以区分,经验小波分量产生混叠,无法通过EWT提取完整的故障信号调制频带。使用EWT中的“localmaxmin”方法进行边界划分,其EWT频谱划分结果见图3(c)
通过IEWT重构的边界构建经验小波变换的正交滤波器组对信号进行分解,得到本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function,简称IMF)。图4为仿真信号IEWT分解结果。对比图4(a)和(b)可知,时域图部分IMF1存在明显周期性冲击,而IMF2信号平稳。因此,IEWT方法能够自适应提取出太阳轮故障仿真信号中的故障冲击部分。
计算各分量的稀疏度值,选择稀疏度最大的分量作为敏感分量。IMF1稀疏度为0.307,IMF2稀疏度为0.155,故选择IMF1作为太阳轮裂纹故障仿真信号的敏感分量。
对IMF1进行MOMEDA解卷积运算,MOMEDA算法需要设置解卷积参数。其中:滤波器长度L=400;故障周期T=/=162.54。
太阳轮裂纹故障仿真信号处理结果如图5所示。由图5(a)可知,敏感分量IMF1包络谱中存在太阳轮转频fsr、齿轮箱啮合频率、太阳轮故障特征频率及其倍频,且太阳轮转频边频带清晰。为与稀疏引导的IEWT效果进行对比,选择EWT分解的宽频分量IMFwide为敏感分量,得到的包络谱见图5(b)。由图可知,其噪声干扰严重,太阳轮转频较为明显,但故障特征信息难以识别。
图5(c,d)可知,经过稀疏引导IEWT‑MOMEDA处理后的包络谱图有明显的太阳轮故障特征频率及其倍频,而传统的EWT结合MOMEDA处理后的太阳轮故障特征频率不明显。
为进一步验证稀疏引导IEWT‑MOMEDA在实际工况下对行星齿轮箱早期微弱故障诊断和识别的有效性,笔者通过行星齿轮箱故障诊断实验台进行了研究和验证。采集系统和实验平台示意图如图6所示。实验平台由驱动电机、负载电机、加速行星齿轮箱、故障行星齿轮箱、变频器和采集系统组成。采集系统中加速度传感器为B&K 4535b001,测量范围为±71g,频率响应范围为0.3 Hz~10 kHz。图中3个加速度传感器分别布置在驱动电机侧、齿圈侧和齿轮箱输出轴侧。
驱动电机的输出速度为1 800 r/min,负载电机的载荷为300 N·m。行星齿轮箱由1个太阳轮、齿圈和3个行星轮装配而成。驱动电机轴通过联轴器与故障齿轮箱太阳轮连接,齿轮箱将动力通过联轴器输出给加速齿轮箱的行星架。信号采样频率为12 800 Hz,采样时间为5 s。
行星齿轮箱中齿轮齿数和齿轮故障特征频率分别见表1表2
齿轮故障件如图7所示。通过线切割方式,分别在行星轮和太阳轮齿根处加工2.5 mm的齿轮裂纹,模拟采集齿轮早期的微弱故障信号,将其安装在故障行星齿轮箱中。
为减小太阳轮裂纹故障信号在传递路径中的衰减,采集故障齿轮箱驱动电机侧加速度振动信号。太阳轮裂纹加速度信号如图8所示。时域信号中含有不规则的冲击成分,但无法识别该冲击并提取故障特征。
采用稀疏引导IEWT对太阳轮裂纹信号进行处理,结果如图9所示。对信号频域极值做包络计算,采用极小值法划分初始边界,初始边界划分与FCI值见图9(a)图9(b)为FCI重构后的IEWT边界。图9(c)为各IEWT分量的稀疏度分布,选择稀疏度值最大的IMF4作为原始故障信号的稀疏表示。敏感分量IMF4包络谱见图9(d),可以观察到太阳轮的故障特征频率及其倍频,但幅值较低,转频fsr为包络谱主要频率成分,难以进行故障检测。
对信号进行MOMEDA处理前需要设置解卷积参数。本研究设定滤波器长度,故障周期T=/=162.54。对敏感分量进行MOMEDA处理,MOMEDA提取太阳轮裂纹故障结果如图10所示。由图10(a)的时域信号波形可知,其中噪声被抑制,冲击信号被提取。对比图10(b)图9(d)敏感分量解卷积前后的包络谱可知,MOMEDA降低了太阳轮转频和其他噪声干扰,使太阳轮故障特征频率及其倍频成分清晰,可以提取并检测出太阳轮裂纹故障。
为减小行星轮故障冲击的衰减,采集故障齿轮箱齿圈侧加速度振动信号。行星轮裂纹故障信号如图11所示。
齿轮箱在噪声和负载条件下运行,行星轮裂纹故障冲击相对太阳轮啮合振动较弱。由图11(a)可知,行星轮周期性故障冲击信号难以提取。由图11(b)可知,太阳轮动力输入啮合转频成分比行星轮故障冲击频率更明显,难以找到行星轮的相关故障特征频率。
稀疏引导IEWT处理行星轮裂纹信号结果如图12所示。将稀疏度值最大的IMF4作为敏感分量,从敏感分量的包络谱中能观察到微弱幅值较低的行星轮故障特征频率,但由于噪声或其他频率部分干扰,难以依据该结果进行故障检测。
MOMEDA参数设置如下,滤波器长度,故障周期T=/=1 462.86。MOMEDA提取行星轮裂纹故障结果如图13所示。由图13(a)可知,相比于原始信号能观察到明显的冲击成分。对比图13(b)图12(d)敏感分量解卷积前后的包络谱,MOMEDA处理后的信号滤除了包络谱中其他频率成分,提取出行星轮故障特征频率及其倍频成分,可以检测出行星轮裂纹故障。
1) IEWT利用频谱极值包络线和极小值法能够自适应地划分初始边界,调幅‑调频信号在噪声干扰下也能避免因边界错误划分导致的分量混叠。其中,FCI值表征频带包含故障特征的程度,通过边界合并规则可以分解出完整的故障频带。利用仿真信号处理与EWT进行效果对比,验证了该方法的有效性。
2) MOMEDA将信号中的微弱冲击成分从含噪信号中提取出来。结合稀疏引导选择的敏感分量,能够降低敏感分量的噪声和其他频率成分干扰,提取出微弱故障冲击。通过实验,从敏感分量中提取了行星齿轮箱的微弱故障特征。但是,MOMEDA故障特征提取效果和计算时间依赖于参数设置和信号点数。
3) 通过稀疏引导IEWT和MOMEDA结合,可以分别提取行星齿轮箱中行星轮和太阳轮早期裂纹故障信号,为工程实践中行星齿轮箱微弱故障的检测和识别提供了一种方法。
  • 辽宁省科技计划联合计划(重点研发计划)资助项目(2023JH2/101800031)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.014
  • 接收时间:2023-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-21
  • 修回日期:2023-06-07
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辽宁省科技计划联合计划(重点研发计划)资助项目(2023JH2/101800031)
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    大连理工大学机械工程学院 大连,116024

通讯作者:

李宏坤,男,1974年9月生,博士、教授。主要研究方向为机械系统动态测控、微弱信号特征提取、故障诊断及可靠性分析。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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