Article(id=1244336747874730869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1675785600000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-08, revisedDate=1686326400000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774602599351, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774602599351, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774602599351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602599351, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244336743298740932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='855', pageEnd='1056', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774602598261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603435030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244340253042000577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244340253042000578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1019, endPage=1027, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244336748147360639, articleId=1244336747874730869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, language=EN, title=Non‑Gaussian Probability Distribution Characteristics and Extreme Wind Pressure on Long‑Span Roofs, columnId=1244336744728998604, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration,Measurement and Diagnosis, columnName=PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Wind tunnel pressure tests are conducted on a high-speed railway station roof to study the non-Gaussian characteristics and extreme wind pressure distribution on the long-span roof surface. First,the surface wind pressure is classified into Gaussian and non-Gaussian distributions. Then,the fitting effects of three different single probability distributions (Gumbel,Lognormal,and Weibull) and their corresponding combined distributions (double Gumbel,double Lognormal,and double Weibull) on the wind pressure time history of the roof surface are compared. The extreme wind pressures obtained from the combined probability distributions are compared with the estimates from the modified Hermite method. Finally,the extreme wind pressure distribution on the roof under all wind directions is presented. The results show that the combined probability distributions provide a better fit to the wind pressure time history than the single distributions. The extreme value estimates from each combined distribution at the same guarantee rate are more accurate than those from the single distribution. The combined distributions generally yield better estimates at the 99.90% guarantee rate compared to the modified Hermite method. The extreme wind pressure varies significantly with the wind direction,and under all wind directions,the minimum pressure coefficient reaches its lowest value at the middle of the roof edge side,reaching -5.9.

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为了研究大跨屋盖表面风压非高斯特性及极值风压分布,对某高铁站房屋盖进行了风洞测压试验。首先,对表面风压进行高斯分布和非高斯分布的划分;其次,对比3种不同单一概率分布(Gumbel、Lognormal和Weibull)及其对应的组合分布(双Gumbel、双Lognormal和双Weibull)对屋盖表面风压时程的拟合效果,并比较了组合概率分布获取的极值风压与修正Hermite法的估计结果;最后,给出全风向角下屋盖极值风压分布。结果表明:组合概率分布对风压时程的拟合效果优于单一分布,组合分布在同一保证率下的极值估计结果好于单一分布;组合分布在99.90%保证率下的估计效果总体上优于修正Hermite法;极值风压随风向角变化显著,在全风向角下极小值风压系数在屋盖边缘侧中部最小,可达到-5.9。

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杨雄伟,男,1992年5月,博士、讲师、硕士生导师。主要研究方向为结构抗风。 E‑mail:
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谢敬凯,男,1995年11月,硕士、助理工程师。主要研方向为大跨结构风荷载特性。 E‑mail:

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谢敬凯,男,1995年11月,硕士、助理工程师。主要研方向为大跨结构风荷载特性。 E‑mail:

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谢敬凯,男,1995年11月,硕士、助理工程师。主要研方向为大跨结构风荷载特性。 E‑mail:

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journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336747874730869, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Skewness and kurtosis values of typical pressure taps

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点风向角/(°)偏度峰度
55号180-0.878 85.259 0
10号1950.196 42.767 7
5号225-0.637 33.401 8
84号2700.631 63.881 7
), ArticleFig(id=1244351844949017559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336747874730869, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型测点偏度和峰度值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点风向角/(°)偏度峰度
55号180-0.878 85.259 0
10号1950.196 42.767 7
5号225-0.637 33.401 8
84号2700.631 63.881 7
), ArticleFig(id=1244351845020320731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336747874730869, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of the average D values of each distribution under wind direction angles of 180° and 225°

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风向角/(°)GumbelLognormalWeibullGGLLWW
1800.038 00.041 70.030 70.016 40.012 90.015 4
2250.050 90.060 00.047 40.018 30.012 40.017 4
), ArticleFig(id=1244351845104206815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336747874730869, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

180°和225°风向角下各分布平均D值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风向角/(°)GumbelLognormalWeibullGGLLWW
1800.038 00.041 70.030 70.016 40.012 90.015 4
2250.050 90.060 00.047 40.018 30.012 40.017 4
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大跨屋盖风压非高斯概率分布特性及极值研究
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谢敬凯 1 , 杨雄伟 2 , 李明水 3, 4 , 杜树碧 3, 4
振动、测试与诊断 | 论文 2025,45(5): 1019-1027
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振动、测试与诊断 | 论文 2025, 45(5): 1019-1027
大跨屋盖风压非高斯概率分布特性及极值研究
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谢敬凯1 , 杨雄伟2 , 李明水3, 4, 杜树碧3, 4
作者信息
  • 1广州地铁设计研究院股份有限公司 广州,510010
  • 2河北地质大学城市地质与工程学院 石家庄,050031
  • 3西南交通大学风工程试验研究中心 成都,610031
  • 4风工程四川省重点实验室 成都,611756
  • 谢敬凯,男,1995年11月,硕士、助理工程师。主要研方向为大跨结构风荷载特性。 E‑mail:

通讯作者:

杨雄伟,男,1992年5月,博士、讲师、硕士生导师。主要研究方向为结构抗风。 E‑mail:
Non‑Gaussian Probability Distribution Characteristics and Extreme Wind Pressure on Long‑Span Roofs
Jingkai XIE1 , Xiongwei YANG2 , Mingshui LI3, 4, Shubi DU3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangzhou Metro Design & Research Institute Co.,Ltd. Guangzhou,510010,China
  • 2.School of Urban Geology and Engineering,Hebei GEO University Shijiazhuang,050031,China
  • 3.Research Center for Wind Engineering,Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu,610031,China
  • 4.Wind Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu,611756,China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.022
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为了研究大跨屋盖表面风压非高斯特性及极值风压分布,对某高铁站房屋盖进行了风洞测压试验。首先,对表面风压进行高斯分布和非高斯分布的划分;其次,对比3种不同单一概率分布(Gumbel、Lognormal和Weibull)及其对应的组合分布(双Gumbel、双Lognormal和双Weibull)对屋盖表面风压时程的拟合效果,并比较了组合概率分布获取的极值风压与修正Hermite法的估计结果;最后,给出全风向角下屋盖极值风压分布。结果表明:组合概率分布对风压时程的拟合效果优于单一分布,组合分布在同一保证率下的极值估计结果好于单一分布;组合分布在99.90%保证率下的估计效果总体上优于修正Hermite法;极值风压随风向角变化显著,在全风向角下极小值风压系数在屋盖边缘侧中部最小,可达到-5.9。

大跨屋盖  /  非高斯特性  /  极值风压  /  组合概率分布  /  极值估计方法

Wind tunnel pressure tests are conducted on a high-speed railway station roof to study the non-Gaussian characteristics and extreme wind pressure distribution on the long-span roof surface. First,the surface wind pressure is classified into Gaussian and non-Gaussian distributions. Then,the fitting effects of three different single probability distributions (Gumbel,Lognormal,and Weibull) and their corresponding combined distributions (double Gumbel,double Lognormal,and double Weibull) on the wind pressure time history of the roof surface are compared. The extreme wind pressures obtained from the combined probability distributions are compared with the estimates from the modified Hermite method. Finally,the extreme wind pressure distribution on the roof under all wind directions is presented. The results show that the combined probability distributions provide a better fit to the wind pressure time history than the single distributions. The extreme value estimates from each combined distribution at the same guarantee rate are more accurate than those from the single distribution. The combined distributions generally yield better estimates at the 99.90% guarantee rate compared to the modified Hermite method. The extreme wind pressure varies significantly with the wind direction,and under all wind directions,the minimum pressure coefficient reaches its lowest value at the middle of the roof edge side,reaching -5.9.

long-span roof  /  non-Gaussian characteristics  /  extreme wind pressure  /  combined probability distribution  /  extreme value estimation method
谢敬凯, 杨雄伟, 李明水, 杜树碧. 大跨屋盖风压非高斯概率分布特性及极值研究. 振动、测试与诊断, 2025 , 45 (5) : 1019 -1027 . DOI: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.022
Jingkai XIE, Xiongwei YANG, Mingshui LI, Shubi DU. Non‑Gaussian Probability Distribution Characteristics and Extreme Wind Pressure on Long‑Span Roofs[J]. Journal of Vibration,Measurement and Diagnosis, 2025 , 45 (5) : 1019 -1027 . DOI: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.022
随着城市扩张,大跨曲面屋盖结构由于其跨度大、自重轻等优点而被广泛应用于机场、高铁站、会展中心和体育场等。风荷载是此类结构的主要控制荷载,强风经常导致结构局部区域发生破坏1。其中,屋盖风荷载极值被低估是造成破坏的重要原因之一2。但是,过于保守估计又会造成经济浪费,所以准确估计局部结构的极值风压十分重要。
当前,获得大跨曲面屋盖的极值风压主要是采用一定的极值方法分析试验得到的风压系数时程。根据采样时程的长短及样本数量,一般有两大类估计方法。第1类主要基于经典极值理论,当样本数量足够多时,可以从每个子样本提取极值,建立极值概率分布模型,从而求得一定保证率的极值。根据《屋盖结构风荷载标准》3,峰值分段平均法能直接从样本中获得极值,但需要较长的风洞试验样本,因此并不经济。基于经典极值理论,王飞等4在转化不同观测时距参数的方法5基础上,提出了利用自相关系数划分样本观测时距的方法。Feng等6基于互信息理论对样本进行重新划分,提出了改进的峰值分段平均法。第2类方法是利用单次短时程样本估计极值风压,工程上使用最多的是Davenport7提出的峰值因子法。我国《建筑结构荷载规范》8将表面风压分布视为高斯分布,取对应99.38%保证率的峰值因子为2.5,但此方法不适合非高斯样本极值风压的估计9。Winterstein10给出Hermite矩模型系数取值方法,将显式公式应用于2阶泰勒展开的软化过程,解决了样本的非高斯问题,但未考虑带宽因子的影响,在风振响应极值估计时会导致结果偏大。Kwon等11考虑了带宽因子并给出了峰值因子求解公式,但只能计算软化非高斯过程。Ding等12建立了硬化非高斯过程的Hermite矩模型。文献[1315]进一步对Hermite矩模型进行改进,通过大量风洞试验,对闭合解公式中的系数进行拟合,得出能求短时程样本的矩模型方法(本研究称为修正Hermite法)。
对于非高斯风压概率分布的拟合,Sadek等16研究了风压时程样本概率分布,当风压时程不符合高斯分布时,选取多种概率分布模型对不同偏度、峰度的风压概率分布样本进行拟合,并通过等效概率原则求得相应极值。陶玲等17对风压时程的拟合结果表明,偏度在0.8以内的时程与Lognormal分布吻合得最好,偏度大于0.8的时程与GEV分布吻合得最好,但缺少对负偏度样本的研究。李寿科等18在众多概率分布中,发现三参数Gamma分布对大跨屋盖风压系数时程的拟合效果最好。王旭等19对Normal分布、Lognormal分布、三参数Gamma分布及GEV分布对低矮建筑风压系数时程的拟合效果进行了对比,结果显示GEV分布的拟合效果最优。以上研究出现了不同的结论,这是由于传统指数类分布自身属性造成的20。Liang等21研究了测点出现双峰分布以后的风压时程,对不同双峰类型的风压系数时程进行拟合并取得了较好的效果。夏俞超等22提出用组合概率分布模型来拟合风压系数时程,取得了较好的拟合效果。Yang等2325通过多种单一分布函数拟合风压系数概率密度函数,获得了具有99.38%保证率的极值风荷载。
笔者提出了利用组合分布概率模型估计非高斯测点极值风压的方法。首先,研究了屋盖表面非高斯风压特性,采用多种概率分布模型对其进行拟合;其次,通过拟合的结果估计极值风压,并与修正Hermite法计算的极值风压进行对比;最后,分析了此类屋盖表面极值风压的分布特点,为复杂曲面大跨屋盖局部结构抗风设计提供参考。
进行测压试验的风洞试验段截面宽为22.5 m,高为4.5 m,长为36 m,风速范围为1.0~16.5 m/s,采用《建筑结构荷载规范》8规定的B类湍流风场。风洞中模拟的平均风速和湍流强度剖面如图1所示。其中:H为梯度风高度;U为梯度风速;UH为参考风速;为湍流强度;为地面粗糙度指数,B类风场取0.15。由图1可知,试验值与规范值基本吻合,满足试验要求。
对某具有复杂曲面屋盖的高铁站房进行研究,其屋盖实际尺寸长、宽和高分别为503.4、308.3和62 m,几何缩尺比为1∶200。试验模型采用ABS塑料制成,满足几何相似,并且试验阻塞率小于5%。试验模型共布置354个测压点,试验风向角与测点如图2所示。在360°内每隔15°进行一次表面风压测量,风洞试验模型如图3所示。采用Scanvalve电子扫描阀进行压力测量,为排除畸变影响,测压管长度满足要求。采样频率为256 Hz,单次采样时长为60 s,并在180°、225°和270°下增加长时程采样时间6 min。取屋盖31 cm高度处的风速U=6.6 m/s为参考风速,试验风速比为1∶4.36,对应的时间比为1∶45.87,试验采样13.08 s对应实际10 min。
以下计算均采用参考高度处的风压系数时程,其计算公式为
其中:为序列时间;分别为测点处的风压系数序列和风压序列;分别为参考高度处的总压和静压。
由于屋盖表面风压系数时程符合高斯特性的测点,用峰值因子法即可取得准确的极值结果,因此只需对非高斯测点进行研究,可以根据风压系数时程样本的偏度和峰度对屋盖风压进行高斯与非高斯测点的划分。偏度和峰度为风压系数时程样本的3阶矩和4阶矩,一般认为的样本为标准高斯分布,其计算式为
其中:为采样步长;为风压系数样本均值;为样本标准差。
典型风向角下脉动风压的偏度和峰度云图如图4所示。由图可见:180°风向角下靠近迎风侧边缘处和跨中凸起区域,由于气流分离,测点处于气流漩涡内,因此该区域偏度和峰度普遍偏离标准值,测点严重偏离高斯分布,而位于尾部及中间部分区域处于流动再附区域,测点基本满足高斯分布;225°风向角下随着迎风面的改变,屋盖表面流动分离更加复杂,此时非高斯区域明显增多。
通过对样本偏度和峰度的分析,可以定量判断样本偏离高斯分布的程度。针对不同的偏度和峰度累积分布函数(cumulative distribution function,简称CDF)值,其值越小,非高斯划分结果越保守。鉴于对复杂大跨屋盖非高斯区域无统一划分标准2628,本研究综合考虑偏度和峰度的影响,选取偏度和峰度的累积概率达到70%作为划分标准。
图5给出了180°风向角下,偏度与峰度的累计分布函数达到70%时的结果。由于存在偏度大于0的测点,且偏度无论正负都偏离高斯分布,因此偏度划分时应取临界值的绝对值。由图可知,当风压系数时程的偏度和峰度满足时,可以看作非高斯测点。同理,225°风向角下,测点风压系数概率分布为非高斯分布的条件为
全风向角下偏度‑峰度散点图如图6所示。本研究采用最小二乘法对其关系进行了拟合,可以看出,全风向角下风压系数时程的偏度和峰度分布较为离散,并且存在非线性关系。此外,两者的取值基本都在的范围内,且大多数测点的风压系数时程都不满足标准高斯特性。图6还给出了70%和80%作为划分非高斯标准的界限,可以发现70%所对应的非高斯测点划分结果多于80%所对应的结果,相对来说70%对应的结果更加保守。
全风向角下非高斯测点划分结果如图7所示。其中:红色为非高斯测点;黑色为高斯测点。可以看出,在全风向角下屋盖的边角区域以及跨中凸起部分均为非高斯测点,只有少部分屋盖中部区域为高斯测点。这是因为在各个风向角下流动分离区域均处在屋盖迎风边缘及跨中凸起处。从设计角度来看,非高斯风压区域的极小值风压往往较小,对围护结构的抗风设计起到控制作用。因此,在抗风设计时应加强非高斯区域的抗风性能。
对风压系数样本符合非高斯特性的测点,可以采用相应的概率分布模型进行拟合。笔者为研究组合概率分布模型对非高斯风压的描述,采用Gumbel、三参数Lognormal、三参数Weibull分布及其对应的组合分布,即GG分布(双Gumbel)、LL分布(双Lognormal)和WW分布(双Weibull)分别拟合风压时程。
Gumbel、三参数Lognormal和三参数Weibull分布的概率密度函数分别表示为
其中:为3种概率密度函数;为分布参数。
组合概率密度分布可以看成单一分布分别按照一定权重的组合,即有限混合模型(finite mixture models,简称FMM),可表示为
其中:p为权重,必须满足为单一概率密度函数。
根据式(7),二阶组合分布GG分布、LL分布和WW分布的概率密度函数分别为
其中:为3种组合概率密度函数;p1p2为随风压概率密度分布改变而变化的权重。
未知分布参数以及p1p2均通过对风压系数时程样本拟合求得。为定量分析各分布适用效果,叶继红等29采用K‑S检验方法来评价各分布模型。格里汶科定理30表明:样本容量够大时,经验分布函数非常接近实际分布函数,两者之间的最大差值D不会很大。K‑S检验借助D值评价分布的相似程度,D值越小,被检验的模型越接近于目标模型。D的表达式为
其中:分别为处目标累积概率密度和被检验累积概率密度。
本研究使用K‑S检验时,显著性水平取0.01。当H=0时表示检验结果为原样本与拟合分布相同,H=1时表示不同。分析不同风向角下典型测点偏度和峰度值,如表1所示。表中有正、负偏度及峰度较大的测点,能较好地代表屋盖表面测点的风压特性。
图8为典型测点风压系数时程拟合图。由图可知:5、10和55号测点在各自风向角下处于迎风侧边缘处,受流动分离的影响,概率分布呈现出明显的非高斯特性,以负压为主;84号测点在270°风向角下正对来流,非高斯特性相对较弱,此时以正压为主。因此,处于气流漩涡内的测点比正对来流的测点表现出更强的非高斯特性。从图8中典型测点的DH值发现:单一分布D值基本在0.03以上,组合分布D值基本在0.02以下,说明3种组合分布与风压样本的相似程度大于单一分布与风压样本的相似程度;单一分布H值均为1,组合分布H值多为0,也说明组合分布更适合描述曲面屋盖非高斯风压概率分布。对比图8(a)和(d)中单一分布和组合分布的拟合结果发现:当测点峰度越大,概率分布中间部分越上凸,单一分布越难在峰值处得到较好的拟合效果;当测点偏度越大,概率分布的正尾或负尾部越长,单一分布拟合效果越差;组合分布在峰度和偏度值较大时,既能保证尾部的拟合效果,也能保证中部的拟合效果。由图8(b)和(c)可以发现,测点风压时程概率分布较为复杂,尤其是出现双峰分布时,组合分布仍可以有较好的拟合效果,这是单一分布无法实现的。
在180°和225°风向角下,各分布所有拟合测点的D值如图9所示。由于模型双轴对称,因此只对图2中红色部分1/4测点进行分析。由图可知,各风向角下组合分布的拟合程度及离散程度均好于单一分布。在180°和225°下,各分布平均D值对比见表2。由表可知,对于单一分布,Weibull分布的拟合效果最好,而3种组合分布的拟合效果相差不大,且均优于单一分布,这进一步说明组合分布更适合描述屋盖表面非高斯风压概率分布。
为研究组合分布获取的极值风压精度,利用残差标准值来进行定量评价,即
其中:为所计算的总测点数;Cpi,esti测点的极值风压估计值;Cpi,std测点的极值风压标准值,采用《屋盖结构风荷载标准》3中长时程试验样本进行计算。
本研究取1/4测点进行分析,将长时程的风压系数时程275 min按每段实际时长10 min分为27段,提取每段样本里的极大值和极小值,再计算得到各测点极值风压系数的标准值。计算公式为
采用拟合效果较好的概率分布获取风压极值更为合理。得到拟合的概率密度函数以后,取某一保证率对应的累积概率密度,其相应的横坐标值就是极值风压。以55号测点为例,其在180°风向角下的累积概率密度如图10所示。根据我国《建筑结构荷载规范》8,当风压系数时程符合高斯分布时,取峰值因子2.5计算极值风压,此时极值对应的保证率为99.38%。当测点风压越偏离高斯分布且保证率越高时,对应的峰值因子和极值风压越大。
通过对比长时风洞获取的55号测点极值风压系数标准值(-4.07)可以发现:高斯分布在99.38%及99.90%保证率下的极小值分别为-2.90和-3.22,均严重低估了极小值;WW分布在2种保证率下的估计结果为-3.43和-4.11,优于单一Weibull分布的估计结果-3.23和-3.71;相同分布模型下,99.90%保证率下的估计结果优于99.38%保证率下的结果,且WW分布在99.90%保证率下的估计结果最为准确。
为进一步分析屋盖上的所有测点,笔者取上述6种概率分布模型在99.90%的保证率下所对应的非高斯风压极值进行研究,并与修正Hermite法和按高斯分布计算的峰值因子法的结果进行比较。各分布在180°风向角下的极值风压结果如图11所示。图中左下角为极小值,右上角为极大值。由图11(a)可知:6种分布模型的估计效果均好于高斯分布;Gumbel和Lognormal分布的残差标准值ε分别为0.233 1和0.232 3,其估计结果较差,且低估了大部分测点的极小值;Weibull分布的ε值为0.159 6,其估计结果相比于Gumbel和Lognormal分布更精确。由图11(b)可知: GG、LL和WW组合分布的ε值分别为0.139 6、0.148 0和0.139 2,对绝大部分测点极大值和极小值的估计都较为准确,其中WW分布的估计效果最好;修正Hermite法的值为0.150 0,因此组合分布的估计结果要好于修正Hermite法。修正Hermite法会高估某些测点极值,尤其是大跨屋盖表面的风压极大值,这是因为修正Hermite法在时峰值因子取定值3.5,取值较为保守。
图12给出了99.90%保证率时,各分布在225°风向角下的极值风压结果。图1112均表明,组合分布估计结果的离散程度好于单一分布,与表2的分析结果一致。这是因为3种组合分布对每个测点均有较好的拟合精度,而单一分布在测点偏度、峰度不同时呈现的拟合精度差异较大。可见,使用组合分布估计大跨屋盖的极值风压系数具有较高的准确性。
将工程上常采用的高斯分布(即峰值因子法)计算的极小值风压与WW分布计算的极小值风压间的相对误差定义为,其计算式为
其中:分别为峰值因子法和WW分布计算的非高斯测点极小值风压系数。
非高斯测点极小值相对误差如图13所示。由图可知,采用高斯分布会极大地低估非高斯测点极值风压,尤其是在边角处的强非区域低估情况更为明显。如180°风向角下1号测点的低估偏差为48%,225°风向角下2号测点的低估偏差达到81%,这将严重威胁围护结构的安全。
由于屋盖表面负压起到主要控制作用,因此仅给出极小值分析结果。
典型测点风压极小值系数随风向角的变化如图14所示。其中,5、10和55号测点位于屋盖边角位置,其风压极小值随风向角发生显著变化。因为在180°附近风向角下测点处于迎风侧,气流发生流动分离,此时漩涡内属于强非高斯区域,出现较大的负压,10、55号测点都出现最小值,所以在结构设计时应充分考虑风向角的影响,尤其是局部结构的抗风设计。84号测点位于屋盖跨中部分,受气流流动分离影响较小,因此风压极值随风向角变化更小,其非高斯特性相对较弱。但是,无论风向角如何变化,典型测点的极小值均为负压。
全风向角下风压极小值分布云图如图15所示。由图可见风压极小值的分布规律,负压较小部分均出现在边缘区域。对比图4可以发现,风压极小值的分布规律与非高斯特性有着较强的相关性,即较小负压存在于各风向角下迎风侧的流动分离区域,即非高斯区域。此外,屋盖跨中凸起部分也出现较小负压值,这说明气流在流动分离再附后在凸起处又发生了分离,但相比迎风处更弱。与典型测点类似,全风向角下屋盖的极小值风压均为负压,最小值出现在屋盖边缘中部处,达到-5.9,局部结构设计时应予以重点考虑。
1) 大跨屋盖表面边缘及凸起部分区域的测点风压时程呈现较强的非高斯特性,其概率分布与高斯分布相比存在较为明显的负偏和凸起。
2) 组合概率分布对非高斯测点风压时程的拟合具有更好的适应性,其拟合效果总体上优于单一分布,更适合用来描述非高斯风压概率特性。
3) 从极值估计偏差来看,同一保证率下各组合分布对大跨屋盖极值风压系数的估计结果优于单一分布的估计结果。组合分布在99.90%保证率下的估计结果优于修正Hermite法,能达到理想的估计效果,其中WW分布总体估计偏差最小。
4) 非高斯区域风压极值受风向影响较大,其中风压极小值在各风向角下均为负压,最小值达到-5.9。风压极小值分布较为规律,负压较小部分多出现在边缘及中部流动分离较强烈的非高斯区域。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878580; 52108477)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2023403007)
  • 河北省教育厅科学研究资助项目(BJK2024130)
  • 石家庄市驻冀高校基础研究资助项目(241790677A)
  • 河北地质大学博士科研启动基金资助项目(BQ2024047)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.022
  • 接收时间:2023-02-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-08
  • 修回日期:2023-06-10
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878580; 52108477)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2023403007)
河北省教育厅科学研究资助项目(BJK2024130)
石家庄市驻冀高校基础研究资助项目(241790677A)
河北地质大学博士科研启动基金资助项目(BQ2024047)
作者信息
    1广州地铁设计研究院股份有限公司 广州,510010
    2河北地质大学城市地质与工程学院 石家庄,050031
    3西南交通大学风工程试验研究中心 成都,610031
    4风工程四川省重点实验室 成都,611756

通讯作者:

杨雄伟,男,1992年5月,博士、讲师、硕士生导师。主要研究方向为结构抗风。 E‑mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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