Article(id=1244336744884192071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701273600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-30, revisedDate=1720627200000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774602598639, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774602598639, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774602598639, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602598639, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244336743298740932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='855', pageEnd='1056', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774602598261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603435030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244340253042000577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244340253042000578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=885, endPage=892, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244336745089712969, articleId=1244336744884192071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, language=EN, title=Flutter Monitoring of Screw Milling Based on RF‑LSSVM, columnId=1244336744728998604, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration,Measurement and Diagnosis, columnName=PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the chatter problem in the process of milling screw rotors,a chatter monitoring method based on RelifF algorithm to the least square support vector machine (RF-LSSVM) is proposed. Firstly,the vibration signals in the milling process of the screw rotor are decomposed,and feature extraction and selection are performed using the variational modal (VMD) and the RelifF algorithm. Secondly,the penalty factor,kernel parameter,the number of near neighbor samples of RelifF algorithm and the length of dimension reduction feature of LSSVM are iteratively optimized using the enhanced whale optimization algorithm (E-WOA). Finally,a flutter identification model is established by inputting the reduced-dimensional flutter eigenvector matrix and outputting the flutter occurrence state. The experimental results show that the proposed VMD-RF-LSSVM model has a higher recognition accuracy than the unoptimized variational modal decomposition-support vector machine (VMD-SVM) model,reaching 99.5% accuracy. The proposed method can effectively monitor the chatter problem in the screw milling process,provides a thought for the optimization of the screw milling processing.

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针对螺杆转子铣削加工过程中的颤振问题,提出了一种基于RelifF算法优化最小二乘支持向量机(RelifF‑least square support vector machine,简称RF‑LSSVM)的颤振监测方法。首先,使用变分模态分解(variational modal decomposition,简称VMD)和RelifF算法对螺杆转子铣削过程中的振动信号进行分解、特征提取与选择;其次,利用增强鲸鱼算法(enhanced whale optimization algorithm,简称E‑WOA)对LSSVM的惩罚因子、核参数、RelifF算法近邻样本数和降维特征长度进行迭代寻优;最后,将降维后的颤振特征向量矩阵作为输入,以颤振发生状态为输出,建立颤振识别模型。实验结果表明,提出的VMD‑RF‑LSSVM模型与未优化的变分模态分解‑支持向量机算法(variational modal decomposition‑support vector machine,简称VMD‑SVM)模型相比,识别准确率更高,可以达到99.5%。提出的方法能够有效监测螺杆铣削过程中的颤振问题,为螺杆铣削加工过程的优化提供了一种思路。

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杨赫然,男,1983年7月生,博士、副教授。主要研究方向为复杂曲面数字化制造技术与装备。 E-mail:
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孙兴伟,女,1970年12月生,博士、教授。主要研究方向为复杂曲面数控制造理论与技术、高端数控装备、复杂曲面精密测量与检测、CAD/CAM/CAE技术等。曾发表《基于CNN-GRU组合神经网络的数控机床进给系统热误差研究》(《仪器仪表学报》2023年第44卷第10期)等论文。 E-mail:

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孙兴伟,女,1970年12月生,博士、教授。主要研究方向为复杂曲面数控制造理论与技术、高端数控装备、复杂曲面精密测量与检测、CAD/CAM/CAE技术等。曾发表《基于CNN-GRU组合神经网络的数控机床进给系统热误差研究》(《仪器仪表学报》2023年第44卷第10期)等论文。 E-mail:

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孙兴伟,女,1970年12月生,博士、教授。主要研究方向为复杂曲面数控制造理论与技术、高端数控装备、复杂曲面精密测量与检测、CAD/CAM/CAE技术等。曾发表《基于CNN-GRU组合神经网络的数控机床进给系统热误差研究》(《仪器仪表学报》2023年第44卷第10期)等论文。 E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744884192071, language=CN, label=图11, caption=预测结果混淆矩阵图, figureFileSmall=5GM1JbxYqKSWzjuOkbGBRw==, figureFileBig=n5YwU19L5SdGWm+ywN/PbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244351834895266533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744884192071, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Characteristic index of vibration signal

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序号特征量序号特征量
19
210
311
412
513
614
715
816
), ArticleFig(id=1244351834991735532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744884192071, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

振动信号特征指标

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序号特征量序号特征量
19
210
311
412
513
614
715
816
), ArticleFig(id=1244351835084010226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744884192071, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Table of processing parameters for horizontal experiment

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序号主轴转速/(mm•rad-1)进给量/mm加工倍率/%
11603.010
21703.515
31804.020
41904.525
742004.025
752005.030
), ArticleFig(id=1244351835184673530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744884192071, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水平实验加工参数

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序号主轴转速/(mm•rad-1)进给量/mm加工倍率/%
11603.010
21703.515
31804.020
41904.525
742004.025
752005.030
), ArticleFig(id=1244351835272753919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744884192071, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Recognition accuracy of different models

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识别模型识别准确率/%
LS‑SVM陷入局部最优
RF‑LSSVM87.3
E‑WOA‑RF91.3
E‑WOA‑LSSVM90.0
WOA‑RF‑LSSVM97.8
E‑WOA‑RF‑LSSVM99.5
), ArticleFig(id=1244351835348251396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744884192071, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同模型识别准确率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
识别模型识别准确率/%
LS‑SVM陷入局部最优
RF‑LSSVM87.3
E‑WOA‑RF91.3
E‑WOA‑LSSVM90.0
WOA‑RF‑LSSVM97.8
E‑WOA‑RF‑LSSVM99.5
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基于RF‑LSSVM的螺杆铣削颤振监测
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孙兴伟 1, 2 , 李佳 1, 2 , 杨赫然 1, 2 , 张维锋 1, 2 , 董祉序 1, 2 , 刘寅 1, 2
振动、测试与诊断 | 论文 2025,45(5): 885-892
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振动、测试与诊断 | 论文 2025, 45(5): 885-892
基于RF‑LSSVM的螺杆铣削颤振监测
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孙兴伟1, 2 , 李佳1, 2, 杨赫然1, 2 , 张维锋1, 2, 董祉序1, 2, 刘寅1, 2
作者信息
  • 1沈阳工业大学机械工程学院 沈阳,110870
  • 2辽宁省复杂曲面数控制造技术重点实验室 沈阳,110870
  • 孙兴伟,女,1970年12月生,博士、教授。主要研究方向为复杂曲面数控制造理论与技术、高端数控装备、复杂曲面精密测量与检测、CAD/CAM/CAE技术等。曾发表《基于CNN-GRU组合神经网络的数控机床进给系统热误差研究》(《仪器仪表学报》2023年第44卷第10期)等论文。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨赫然,男,1983年7月生,博士、副教授。主要研究方向为复杂曲面数字化制造技术与装备。 E-mail:
Flutter Monitoring of Screw Milling Based on RF‑LSSVM
Xingwei SUN1, 2 , Jia LI1, 2, Heran YANG1, 2 , Weifeng ZHANG1, 2, Zhixu DONG1, 2, Yin LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mechanical Engineering,Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang,110870,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Numerical Control Manufacturing Technology for Complex Surfaces of Liaoning Province Shenyang,110870,China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.004
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针对螺杆转子铣削加工过程中的颤振问题,提出了一种基于RelifF算法优化最小二乘支持向量机(RelifF‑least square support vector machine,简称RF‑LSSVM)的颤振监测方法。首先,使用变分模态分解(variational modal decomposition,简称VMD)和RelifF算法对螺杆转子铣削过程中的振动信号进行分解、特征提取与选择;其次,利用增强鲸鱼算法(enhanced whale optimization algorithm,简称E‑WOA)对LSSVM的惩罚因子、核参数、RelifF算法近邻样本数和降维特征长度进行迭代寻优;最后,将降维后的颤振特征向量矩阵作为输入,以颤振发生状态为输出,建立颤振识别模型。实验结果表明,提出的VMD‑RF‑LSSVM模型与未优化的变分模态分解‑支持向量机算法(variational modal decomposition‑support vector machine,简称VMD‑SVM)模型相比,识别准确率更高,可以达到99.5%。提出的方法能够有效监测螺杆铣削过程中的颤振问题,为螺杆铣削加工过程的优化提供了一种思路。

变分模态分解  /  最小二乘支持向量机  /  加工颤振  /  特征降维

Aiming at the chatter problem in the process of milling screw rotors,a chatter monitoring method based on RelifF algorithm to the least square support vector machine (RF-LSSVM) is proposed. Firstly,the vibration signals in the milling process of the screw rotor are decomposed,and feature extraction and selection are performed using the variational modal (VMD) and the RelifF algorithm. Secondly,the penalty factor,kernel parameter,the number of near neighbor samples of RelifF algorithm and the length of dimension reduction feature of LSSVM are iteratively optimized using the enhanced whale optimization algorithm (E-WOA). Finally,a flutter identification model is established by inputting the reduced-dimensional flutter eigenvector matrix and outputting the flutter occurrence state. The experimental results show that the proposed VMD-RF-LSSVM model has a higher recognition accuracy than the unoptimized variational modal decomposition-support vector machine (VMD-SVM) model,reaching 99.5% accuracy. The proposed method can effectively monitor the chatter problem in the screw milling process,provides a thought for the optimization of the screw milling processing.

variational modal decomposition  /  least square support vector machine  /  machining chatter  /  feature dimension reduction
孙兴伟, 李佳, 杨赫然, 张维锋, 董祉序, 刘寅. 基于RF‑LSSVM的螺杆铣削颤振监测. 振动、测试与诊断, 2025 , 45 (5) : 885 -892 . DOI: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.004
Xingwei SUN, Jia LI, Heran YANG, Weifeng ZHANG, Zhixu DONG, Yin LIU. Flutter Monitoring of Screw Milling Based on RF‑LSSVM[J]. Journal of Vibration,Measurement and Diagnosis, 2025 , 45 (5) : 885 -892 . DOI: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.004
螺杆转子广泛应用于石油开采、食品加工等领域,其加工精度决定了螺杆机械系统的综合性能。伴随着加工系统自动化程度和复杂程度的不断提高,其加工过程监测也受到人们的广泛关注14
螺杆转子加工方式为外包络铣削,完成一周包络铣削后沿轴向进行进给,继续下一周的包络铣削。由于再生效应的存在,上次切削形成的振纹与本次切削的振动位移之间的相位差导致刀具切削的厚度不同,从而引起颤振。颤振作为一种复杂的非线性、非平稳、非期望的自激振动,是制约生产率和零件质量的主要因素之一,其严重影响加工性能,导致螺杆转子表面质量差、噪音过大、刀具过度磨损及能耗过高等问题56。因此,对切削过程中的颤振进行监测具有重要意义。当加工发生颤振时,将反映在振动状态、声音和切削载荷的变化上。因此,颤振监测可以采用不同类型的监测信号,包括振动信号、电机电流信号、切削力或扭矩信号及声音信号等710
颤振信号具有非线性、非平稳的特点,目前常用的信号处理方法有短时傅里叶变换、小波变换及经验模态分解等模态分解算法。由于短时傅里叶变换存在窗函数问题及小波变换存在小波基的选择问题,近年来自适应模态分解也得到了广泛应用1112
对信号处理之后,需要进一步对颤振状态进行预测与判断。在状态预测模型建立方面,机器学习方法得到广泛应用,一些学者采用经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,简称EMD)与小波变换对信号进行处理,利用混合高斯模型、支持向量机等方式进行了颤振分类13。然而,在现有的大多数常规颤振检测方法中,通常需要设计颤振指标的阈值,但这很难确定,并且固定的阈值可能不适用于其他切削工况。尽管一些基于人工神经网络或支持向量机的智能分类方法显示出无需阈值选择的优势,但颤振识别训练所选择的特征直接影响分类的性能,通常需要合适的特征。与此同时,在信号分解后模型训练前,信号特征过多将造成信息冗余,增大了模型训练难度,而特征过少可能导致信息缺失。基于以上分析,笔者针对螺杆铣削过程中颤振识别问题,提出了一种基于VMD‑RF‑LSSVM的加工颤振识别方法。首先,采用粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,简称PSO),利用以最小包络熵为目标优化的VMD将原始信号分解得到IMF,并提取对应的时频和频域特征;其次,利用RelifF算法进行特征提取,减少了模型计算时间,提高了信号特征质量;然后,利用E‑WOA优化LSSVM进行颤振识别模型的建立与训练;最后,得到螺杆铣削颤振识别模型,对加工过程中的颤振进行准确识别。
提取出有效表征不同振动状态的特征是振动监测的关键,也是进行颤振识别的前提。当发生颤振时,其振动信号为非线性、非平稳信号,在时频域均发生变化。变分模态分解是一种自适应的、非递归的模态变化和信号处理方法14,常用于处理非线性信号,可以将复杂的原始数据进行分解,得到一系列模态分量。VMD算法迭代过程如下。
1) 输入原始振动加速度信号xt),并计算对应的傅里叶变换Xω)。
2) 初始化k,分别为IMF数、中心频率、每个模态信号ukt)与拉格朗日乘子算子对应的傅里叶变换。
3) 根据式(1)和式(2)更新uk,即
其中:β为惩罚因子。
4) 更新,具体公式为
5) 根据式(4)重复步骤2与步骤3
其中:w为判别精度。
当符合式(4)条件时满足判别精度,结束迭代,这时分解为k个IMF。
VMD在抑制模态混叠及缓解端点效应方面高度依赖于两个关键参数的选择,即IMF数k和惩罚因子β,若选择错误易造成信号信息缺失或信息冗杂,影响信号特征矩阵的准确性。铣削颤振信号复杂多变,本研究采用PSO以平均包络熵作为目标对其进行优化。平均包络熵计算公式为
其中:pi为原始信号x经过Hilbert解调后的包络信号的归一化形式。
由式(5)、式(6)可以看出,包络熵反映了原始信号的稀疏特性。当IMF中噪声较多、特征信息较少时,包络熵值较大;反之,包络熵值较小。
PSO优化VMD关键参数的流程如下:
1) 初始化各项参数,包括IMF数k和惩罚因子β的取值范围、粒子初始位置与速度等;
2) 计算初始平均包络熵值;
3) 更新粒子的速度和位置;
4) 根据适应度函数即平均包络熵计算适应度值;
5) 根据适应度值更新个体与全局最优位置;
6) 达到迭代次数要求时输出VMD的最优参数组合,否则重复上述步骤。
利用PSO‑VMD模型对采集到的振动信号进行分解,计算分解得到的各IMF的时频域特征。在各项时频域特征中,平均振幅等时域统计指标容易受到切削条件的影响,不利于颤振监测。本研究增加了峰值因子、脉冲因子、裕度因子、峭度因子、波形因子及偏度等6个无量纲时域统计指标作为颤振监测的时域特征。为了保证特征指标的合理性和结果的可信度,本研究最终提取了振动信号的10个时域特征(T1~T10)和6个频域特征(T11~T16)构成信号特征矩阵。
振动信号特征指标见表1。其中:xt)为时域信号序列;N为样本点的个数;Xω)为对时域信号xt)进行快速傅里叶变换得到的频谱;fk为每个样本点的频率值。各特征量含义如下。
1) 时域:T1为峰峰值;T2为均值;T3为标准偏差;T4为均方根值;T5为峰值因子;T6为脉冲因子;T7为裕度因子;T8为峭度因子;T9为波形因子;T10为偏度。
2) 频域:T11为中心频率;T12为方差频率;T13为偏度频率;T14为峰值频率;T15为重心频率;T16为波形稳定系数。
通过这16个特征可以大致描述振动信号的时频域特征,从而区分出不同状态下的加速度振动信号之间的细微差别。
完成振动信号时频域特征计算之后,需要对特征矩阵进行特征选择,以减少特征矩阵维数。过多或过少的特征维数会造成信号信息的冗余或丢失,使后续颤振识别准确率下降或失败。ReliefF算法是一种权重评价特征选择方法。该算法可以根据每个特征与目标类别的相关性为每个特征分配不同的权重。ReliefF算法的原理15如下:假设有一个数据集Sn×p,其包含n个样本,每个样本有p个特征(f1f2,…,fp),首先,从S中随机选择一个样本R,根据样本的欧氏距离搜索v个同类别的近邻样本,记为最近邻样本Hihi1hi2,…,hip);其次,从和R不同类的样本中搜索v个最近邻样本,将其表示为最近邻样本Mimi1mi2,…,mip);如果R和最近邻样本Hi在某个特征上的距离小于R和最近邻样本Mi上的距离,则说明该特征对区分同类和不同类的最近邻是有益的,则增加该特征的权重;反之,说明该特征对区分同类和不同类的最近邻起负面作用,则降低该特征的权重。
每个特征权重矩阵Wf)的更新公式为
其中:为类别C在异构样本集中的先验概率;z为权重更新的迭代次数;为类别C不属于class(R)中第j个最近邻样本。
具体离散特征diff(xjyj)的计算公式为
其中:max(fj)和min(fj)分别为S中所有样本特征fj的最大值和最小值。
ReliefF算法更新分析图如图1所示。分别通过比较RHiRMi的差异来减小或增大特征权重,经迭代计算后得到特征权重矩阵Wfj),其反映了特征fj与目标类别之间的相关性,特征数据集的降维可以通过丢弃权重值相对较低的特征来实现。
根据加工颤振发生状态,将颤振识别问题抽象成一类高维特征输入、一维输出的分类问题,通过建立分类模型,依靠选择后的特征矩阵进行颤振识别。最小二乘支持向量机是在标准支持向量机的基础上改进的一种算法,LSSVM采用相等约束代替不等式约束,从而得到一个线性方程组。该算法在处理小样本、非线性和高维方面显示出强大的能力,具有学习速度快,泛化能力强的优点。其步骤如下。
1) 构建输入xi与输出yi的样本组D
2) 构造高维空间中的回归函数
其中:τ为权重向量;φx)为非线性映射函数;b为预设偏置常数。
3) 根据结构最小化原理得到最优的τb,即
其中:γ为正则化参数;εi为回归函数的输出与结果之间的误差。
4) 引入拉格朗日常数,将式(10)转换成更容易求解的对偶空间优化模型,即
其中:αi为拉格朗日常数。
式(11)可转化为
5) 消去τεi,用矩阵形式表示为
其中:e=[1,1,…,1]Ty=[y1y2,…,yn];α=[α1α2,…,αnTΩ为核函数矩阵径向基函数(radial basis function,简称RBF)。
由于Ω强大的逼近能力和学习速度而广泛用于回归模型,故本研究使用非线性系统中RBF函数作为LS‑SVM的核函数,RBF核定义为
6) 最后得到函数的线性模型为
在特征选择与识别模型建立过程中,模型参数对模型的建立与识别准确率有较大影响。不同近邻数下ReliefF算法权重值变化分析如图2所示。由图可知,ReliefF算法中最近邻数v的选择显著影响权重调整,不同v值下权重值变化明显,当v达到100时权重值趋于稳定。选择特征数g也会对后续训练精度产生很大的影响,其取值范围为IMF数量与时频域特征数的乘积。LSSVM模型的拟合能力主要取决于最优惩罚因子γ与核参数平方σ2的选择质量,γσ2影响LSSVM的泛化性能、计算复杂度和稳定性。为了确保可靠性能,应适当设置最近邻数v、选择特征数g、惩罚因子γ与核函数宽度值σ2。本研究通过E‑WOA进行关键参数寻优。
基本鲸鱼优化算法存在收敛速度慢、求解精度低、容易陷入局部最优等缺点。增强型鲸鱼优化算法(E‑WOA)通过引入池化机制和搜索策略改进了基本鲸鱼算法的性能1617
池化机制通过将每次迭代的最劣解与最优解交叉来保持种群多样性,在每次迭代结束时使用式(17)生成新成员加入种群,即
其中:为新成员;分别为随机向量及其逆向量;为搜索空间范围中的随机位置;为总群最劣解。
优先选择搜索策略是通过引入重尾柯西分布将鲸鱼分散在搜索空间的不同区域来增加解决方案的多样性,增大选优概率。E‑WOA对RF‑LSSVM模型进行参数寻优的具体流程如下:首先,初始化E‑WOA与RF‑LSSVM参数;其次,经ReliefF特征选择后的特征向量矩阵以7∶3比例划分训练集与验证集输入,训练集用于LS‑SVM分类训练,验证集用于模型验证与计算预测误差,并以预测误差作为适应度函数;然后,计算每个鲸鱼个体适应度以记录最佳个体位置,更新参数及鲸鱼位置;最后,满足终止条件时输出最优的RF‑LSSVM参数,否则重复执行上述步骤。
为了验证本研究提出的颤振监测算法,设计了一系列不同切削参数条件下的颤振监测实验,如图3所示。在LXK300G螺杆专用铣床上进行铣削实验,该铣床采用无瞬心包络方法加工螺旋槽类零件。由于加速度信号对颤振状态较为敏感,且传感器安装简单,因此本研究采用加速度传感器测得的振动信号进行颤振监测。实验时加速度传感器安装在主轴底部,传感器灵敏度为9.6 mV/g,量程为10 000 mV,采样频率为20 kHz。信号经数据采集分析系统采集后,传输到计算机进行数据存储和分析。工件的材料为45#钢;刀具为24齿盘铣刀,其直径为290 mm;工件长度为1 000 mm,直径为100 mm。颤振实验中设计了不同机床主轴转速、间歇进给量和加工倍率参数,其中加工倍率为刀具与工件联合进给熟读比率。将加工工艺参数设置为实验因素,根据取值范围等距选取作为各因素水平值进行轮换。机床主轴转速取值范围为160~200 r/min;间歇进给量变动范围为3~5 mm;加工倍率范围为10%~30%,组成75组三因素五水平正交实验,水平实验加工参数见表2。不同切削状态下的工件表面质量图片如图4所示。可以看出,颤振状态下加工表面质量较差,呈点蚀状,平均粗糙度有所增高。
在加工过程中,加工时长大约为6~12 h。由于全工件加工时间较长,导致全过程信号数据量庞大,因此根据加工工件五头螺杆形状特点将信号按照螺杆头数截断提取。将振动信号进行处理后导入PSO‑VMD中进行信号分解,分解后计算信号IMF的时频域特征。将特征矩阵划分为训练集与验证集,输入E‑WOA参数优化的RF‑LSSVM模型中进行训练,以测试集数据进行预测验证并计算分类准确率。
在变加工参数实验中,不同的切削条件下都会出现颤振现象,其中一些随着切削的进行转变成颤振状态,一些全程处于稳定的切削状态。不同加工参数的加速度信号时频谱如图5所示。由图可以看出,不同状态下振动信号在时域和频域的表现存在差异。在稳定切削状态下,随着切削参数的变化,振动信号时频域也发生变化,其幅值与分布均不相同;在颤振状态下,时频域幅值显著升高,能量分布更加集中,但由于不同加工参数下加工振动信号均不相同,即时频域幅值不同,不能仅依靠单一阈值进行判断,需要进一步进行颤振识别。
对采集信号进行VMD分解,最终以信号平均包络熵为目标寻优,得到参数如下:IMF数k取6;惩罚因子β取8.7。稳定状态振动信号以最优参数和默认参数进行VMD分解,分解成6项IMF。稳定状态下VMD信号分解时频谱如图6所示。由图可以看出,信号经PSO优化、VMD分解后的IMF在频域上重叠较少,混淆程度低,分解效果较好。分解后提取每段信号IMF的10个时域、6个频域的时频特征,每组信号有6个IMF,则每段数据的全特征包括加工颤振相关的96维特征。
将96维特征矩阵输入ReliefF算法中进行特征选择,分别绘制不同状态点三特征颤振状态与稳定状态分布图,如图7所示。特征选择后的不同特征状态点分布在高维空间成离散状态,具有分类趋势,但仍有交叉重叠部分。
如上所述,ReliefF算法的参数近邻数v决定了特征权重的分配,特征数g决定了输出特征矩阵维数,因此需要对其进行最优参数寻优。由于提取后的特征矩阵需要输入LS‑SVM中进行分类训练,且有着相同的目标函数即最小预测误差,将ReliefF与LS‑SVM结合并利用E‑WOA算法对其参数进行参数寻优,组成RF‑LSSVM综合模型进行颤振识别。将特征提取后的特征矩阵划分成训练集与验证集,并输入LS‑SVM利用训练集进行训练,同时以验证集进行预测误差计算。选用预测误差作为E‑WOA寻优目标函数,同时优化ReliefF算法的最近邻数v、训练特征数g、LS‑SVM的惩罚因子γ及核函数宽度值σ2。其寻优结果如下:最近邻数v取7;特征向量数g取15;惩罚因子γ取1.6;核函数宽度值σ2取1.4。将γσ2固定,在最近邻数v、训练特征数g取值范围内以最小步长历遍,计算各选值下的目标函数。ReliefF参数影响分析如图8所示。由图可以看出,随着特征数g的减小,目标函数值大致呈减小趋势,但当特征数量过小时模型计算失败。同理,将最近邻数v与特征数g固定,分析LS‑SVM参数对其影响,如图9所示。
为对比不同优化算法的优化效果,分别运用E‑WOA与WOA对RF‑LSSVM进行迭代寻优,迭代过程对比如图10所示。可以看出,与标准WOA优化算法相比,E‑WOA收敛速度更快且更不容易陷入局部最优解。
利用验证集对E‑WOA优化的RF‑LSSVM进行训练模型验证,预测结果混淆矩阵如图11所示。在LS‑SVM分类器中,颤振状态被定义为1,平稳状态为0。由图可知,存在一个平稳状态点被识别为颤振状态点,模型错报率为0.05%,总体识别准确率为99.5%,证明了本研究提出的RF‑LSSVM颤振识别模型可以有效识别出铣削加工的颤振状态。
为了验证ReliefF特征选择算法与E‑WOA优化算法的有效性,分别建立未经优化的LS‑SVM模型、RF‑LSSVM模型、E‑WOA优化ReliefF算法且未优化LS‑SVM模型、E‑WOA优化LS‑SVM模型且未优化ReliefF算法、WOA优化RF‑LSSVM模型与E‑WOA优化RF‑LSSVM模型,对经VMD分解特征提取后的特征矩阵进行模型训练,不同模型识别准确率见表3
表3可知:标准LS‑SVM模型训练陷入局部最优,导致模型训练失败;将特征矩阵降维后输入模型,准确率有显著提高,说明ReliefF算法可以有效提取颤振状态信息;E‑WOA算法优化相比于标准WOA与未使用优化算法,提高了准确率,说明模型基本参数的寻优选择对模型训练有一定的效果。
1) 提取加工振动信号,通过PSO‑VMD分解得到每个IMF的16个时频域特征向量,可用于表征加工颤振状态。
2) 对提取的振动信号特征矩阵采用ReliefF算法进行特征提取,可以有效避免特征信息冗余或缺失,能够提高后续颤振识别模型的输入矩阵质量,提高铣削颤振识别的精度和可靠性。
3) 通过引入E‑WOA算法对RF‑LSSVM进行工艺参数寻优,相对于基本LS‑SVM模型显著提高了预测性能和颤振状态预测率。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52005347)
  • 辽宁省教育厅科技创新团队资助项目(LJ222410142011)
  • 辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目面上资助项目(LJKMZ20220459)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.004
  • 接收时间:2023-11-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
补充材料
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30
  • 修回日期:2024-07-11
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52005347)
辽宁省教育厅科技创新团队资助项目(LJ222410142011)
辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目面上资助项目(LJKMZ20220459)
作者信息
    1沈阳工业大学机械工程学院 沈阳,110870
    2辽宁省复杂曲面数控制造技术重点实验室 沈阳,110870

通讯作者:

杨赫然,男,1983年7月生,博士、副教授。主要研究方向为复杂曲面数字化制造技术与装备。 E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdcsyzd/CN/10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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